3D打印技术在下颌骨缺损重建中的临床应用

目的评价3D打印技术在下颌骨节段性缺损采用髂骨移植重建中的作用。方法本组选取8例下颌骨病变病例,术前采用3D打印技术制作下颌骨实体模型,并利用镜像和反求技术重塑下颌骨正常模型,在模型上设计下颌骨切骨范围和拟用髂骨骨瓣的截骨范围,预弯重建钛板,最终按拟定3D方案完成手术,术后定期观察随访。结果 8例患者手术顺利,术后观测髂骨瓣均顺利成活。经3年随访,下颌骨形态和功能恢复稳定,取得满意效果。结论 3D打印技术为下颌骨缺损采用髂骨重建提供了有力的支持。     

吻合血管的腓骨瓣移植一期重建双侧下颌骨

目的探讨下颌骨巨大肿瘤截骨切除后应用游离腓骨复合组织瓣一期重建双侧下颌骨方法和疗效。方法2000年7月至2002年10月,分别对波及双侧下颌骨的4例巨大成釉细胞瘤、2例牙龈癌施行截骨切除,手术造成跨中线的双侧下颌骨巨大缺损。根据下颌骨缺损的特点,以腓动静脉为血管蒂切取腓骨肌(皮)瓣,经截骨塑形后,用微形钛板将移植骨与双侧下颌骨残端坚固内固定,腓动、静脉与颈部小血管吻合,形成血管化腓骨复合组织瓣一期重建双侧下颌骨。结果6例移植腓骨复合组织瓣全部成活。随访6个月-2年,面下部外形恢复良好,移植腓骨与上颌骨相对位置正常,接受活动义齿修复后咬合关系和咀嚼功能均较满意。结论腓骨复合组织瓣节段性的骨膜供血和骨髓滋养动脉的双重供血特点十分适合塑造成下颌骨的弓状形态,是修复下颌骨巨大肿瘤导致的跨中线双侧下颌骨巨大缺损的理想材料。     

CTA及CAD\CAM技术在吻合血管的游离腓骨瓣下颌骨重建中的应用

目的 探讨CT血管造影技术（CTA）及计算机辅助设计制造技术（CAD＼CAM）在吻合血管的游离腓骨瓣移植下颌骨缺损重建中的应用。方法 游离腓骨瓣下颌骨复杂缺损重建的患者7例，术前常规行下肢CTA检查；并经CAD＼CAM技术模拟下颌骨切除及重建、制作手术模板，进行游离腓骨瓣下颌骨重建。结果 患者术前CTA检查顺利，术前拟了解的下肢解剖情况显示清晰。手术过程顺利，所有游离腓骨瓣及皮岛均成活（成功率100％），外形基本对称，患者对手术效果满意。结论 CTA及CAD＼CAM技术在游离腓骨瓣复杂下颌骨重建的术前供区评价选择、手术设计及术中腓骨瓣塑形等方面具有很好的应用价值。     

下颌骨节段性缺损修复方法的探讨

目的 采用4种方法修复下颌骨节段性缺损,观察临床应用效果. 方法 自2002年1月至2009年12月,对下颌骨节段性缺损患者80例进行修复,方法包括单纯重建钛板修复、钛板加软组织瓣修复、钛板加游离髂骨修复、钛板加血管化游离腓骨修复,术后定期复查,对面部外形、咬合关系、颞颌关节功能,开口度,并发症进行回访评价. 结果 术后3个月～2年随访,在80例中,72例愈合良好,较好的恢复了下颌骨的连续性及功能,2例发生金属外露,1例发生口内瘘,1例发生骨瓣缺血坏死且肿瘤复发,2例钛板折断,2例螺钉松动. 结论 4种方法修复下颌骨节段性缺损各有其适应证,应根据患者不同要求和下颌骨缺损情况选择修复方法.     

吻合血管的双侧髂骨复合瓣重建下颌骨缺损

吻合血管的双侧髂骨复合瓣重建下颌骨缺损南欣荣唐友盛沈国芳叶为民自从Ｔａｙｌｏｒ〔１〕将吻合旋髂深动脉（ＤＣＩＡ）的髂骨复合瓣应用于重建下颌骨缺损以来，由于其诸多的优越性已成为重建下颌骨缺损的首选复合瓣，但其有限的供骨长度使其难以修复下颌骨大部或全部复...     

数字化技术辅助下颌骨修复重建的临床疗效分析

目的:分析数字化技术辅助下颌骨修复重建的临床疗效。方法:选择笔者科室2016年1月-2017年6月收治的15例下颌骨缺损患者,术前选择螺旋CT扫描下颌骨,经计算机辅助手术设计,3D打印技术得到个体化模型及手术导板,利用模型及手术导板,根据手术方案制备游离腓骨瓣并切除病变下颌骨,将腓骨瓣移植修复下颌骨缺损。记录手术时间、创面愈合、并发症、面部外形恢复情况。结果:15例患者依据术前三维图像及数据均制备了与下颌骨缺损切除部位相匹配的修复假体模型、手术导板,创面均一期愈合,术中均未见穿孔,术后患者未发生排斥反应及麻木表现。术后定期全景片或CBCT检查移植骨愈合良好,无患者因感染等因素取出假体,面部外形均恢复良好。结论:数字化技术辅助下颌骨修复重建的临床疗效肯定,可较好地实现精确化、个体化修复。     

带血管自体髂骨复合瓣移植修复下颌骨缺损的手术配合

下颌骨肿瘤切除下颌骨致组织缺损,选用带血管自体髂骨复合组织瓣修复下颌骨缺损,已为临床广泛应用。其特点是供区隐蔽,血供丰富,对功能和外观影响小。该类手术时间长,手术创面大。为缩短手术时间,手术通常分2组同时进行,即病灶切除组及切取带血管髂骨组,最后吻合血管。现将术中配合介绍如下: 手术配合一、麻醉经鼻腔插管行气管内麻醉加静脉复合麻醉。在配合麻醉时,建立1～2条静脉通路,为补液、输血创造条件。     

前臂皮瓣串联髂骨肌瓣一期重建面下1／3大型复合缺损

目的：行面下１／３复合组织缺损的一期重建，改善患者术后面部外形及口腔功能，提高患者的生存质量。方法：使用游离桡侧前臂皮瓣串联髂骨肌瓣。前臂皮瓣重建口腔粘膜、面部皮肤及部分舌体，髂骨肌瓣重建下颌骨缺损。结果：４例患者９块游离组织瓣全部存活，术后随访３～１２月，外形及功能满意。结论：前臂皮瓣串联髂骨肌瓣是一期重建面下１／３大型复合缺损较理想的方法，能较好的改善患者术后的面部外形及口腔功能，尤其适用于头颈部多次手术及放疗后的患者病例。     

颞肌瓣加预制钛网复合松质骨Ⅰ期重建上颌骨缺损

目的：探讨上颌骨肿瘤切除后面部缺损的功能及外形修复方法。方法：回顾分析1999～2003年我科因肿瘤行上颌骨全切术或次全切除术的患者共8例，所有患者均行颞肌瓣加预制钛网复合松质骨Ⅰ期上颌骨重建。术前制作上颌骨缺损区的钛网支架，肿瘤切除后即刻植入，充填髂骨骨松质，并以颞肌瓣包裹重建上颌骨。结果：所有8例患者，术后面部外形满意，发音正常，颞肌瓣生长良好，钛网固定稳定。结论：用颞肌瓣及钛网修复上颌骨缺损，方法简便，手术切口隐蔽，对颌面部塌陷畸形、口鼻腔穿通造成的发音进食障碍，一次手术即可达到较满意的修复效果。     

数字化外科在游离腓骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损中的应用

目的总结在数字化外科技术指导下,应用游离腓骨瓣修复不同类型下颌骨缺损的临床效果。方法术前收集21例患者相关区域的CT资料,数字重建下颌骨三维立体图形,模拟病变切除,并利用镜像技术进行腓骨的分段成角塑性。通过快速打印技术获得头模,进行钛板预成型,指导手术完成。结果全部手术成功,病灶组织按计划准确切除,术中腓骨瓣制备准确,术后腓骨瓣全部成活,患者咬合关系良好,面容恢复理想。结论应用数字化外科技术可以简化手术过程,节省手术时间,精确修复,提高游离腓骨瓣修复颌骨缺损的治疗效果,是一种较为理想的颌面部手术辅助方法。     

Oromandibular reconstruction for oncological purposes

The authors compared different vascularized bone grafts in 15 patients with different oncological diagnoses that were treated with hemimandibulectomy in 9 patients, total mandibulectomy in 1 patient, resection of the mandible involving the anterior arch and the symphysis in 3 patients, 1 patient who underwent a segmental mandibular resection, and 1 patient in whom the entire hemimandible was reconstructed because of mandibular hypoplasia diagnosed during the resection of a parotid neoplasm. The flaps used included fibular free flaps in 11 patients, iliac crest in 3 patients, and a radial forearm osteocutaneous flap in 1 patient. Two patients had major complications and 1 patient experienced recurrence of the primary tumor. The fibular free flap was the preferred method in this series due to the size of the defect, which in most patients did not require extensive soft-tissue reconstruction, and due to the nature of the bone defect involving the symphysis and condyle in 9 patients. The different vascularized bone grafts provided adequate osseous and soft tissue for oromandibular reconstruction.     

The free iliac crest and fibula flaps in vascularized oromandibular reconstruction: comparison and long-term evaluation.

BACKGROUND: A variety of free flaps have been successfully used for mandible reconstruction. This study compared the short- and long-term results of using the free iliac crest and fibula flaps. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 117 patients who underwent mandibular reconstruction, 59 patients with iliac crest and 58 with free fibula. Accurate long-term functional assessment was possible in 31 cases in the iliac crest group and in 48 patients with fibular reconstruction. Anterior or combined anterolateral defects formed 72% and 64% in the iliac crest and fibula groups, respectively. The remainder were pure lateral defects. In both series, a skin paddle was included to provide either lining, skin cover, or both in 77% of the cases, whereas in 23% bone only was used. RESULTS: Complications included two perioperative deaths and three flap losses in the iliac crest group and five flap losses in the fibula group. Long-term functional and cosmetic assessment showed no statistically significant differences in oral continence (p > 0.9), speech (p = 0.57), and contour results (p = 0.80) between the two groups. However, oral deglutition was statistically significantly better in the fibula free flap group (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Although the fibula free flap is the flap of choice, the iliac crest is an excellent and reliable complementary flap for mandibular reconstruction.     

Single osteotomized iliac crest free flap in anterior mandible reconstruction

While the iliac crest flap provides a natural contour for the lateral segment of the mandible, for the anterior segment en bloc, the use of the iliac graft, even harvested in a V shape, fails to yield a three-dimensional natural-shaped reconstruction. In this report, we present our experience with reconstruction of the anterior segment of the mandible using a single osteotomized free iliac crest flap in 5 patients. The study comprised 4 male patients and 1 female patient, their ages ranging between 34-82 years. In all patients, composite iliac osteomusculocutaneous flaps were harvested based on the deep circumflex iliac artery in the standard manner, and the bony segment of the flap was divided into two segments, performing a single osteotomy. The fixation of bone segments was performed in new positions, sliding the segments in different planes to provide the original shape of the resected mandible segment, and in a manner appropriate to the defect. The overall flap success rate was 100%. In no cases were wound infections or hematomas observed. X-rays showed bone healing without resorption. In conclusion, the use of a single osteotomy for an iliac crest flap in the reconstruction of the anterior segment of the mandible is a simple and safe procedure, and provides a natural and acceptable jaw appearance. The risk of devascularization is quite low when compared with the multiple osteotomy procedure, and it does not need to be fixed with complex devices such as reconstruction plates or external fixators.     

髂深血管蒂髂骨-腹内斜肌同蒂双岛状瓣修复下颌复合组织缺损

目的评价以髂深血管为蒂的髂骨—腹内斜肌双岛状瓣（简称同蒂双岛状瓣）修复下颌复合组织缺损的临床应用价值。方法2005年1月至2006年10月,应用同蒂双岛状瓣修复10例下颌骨复合组织缺损（包括下颌骨体部、下颌角和下颌骨升支及其周围软组织,其中有7例还包含髁突的缺损）。结果10例同蒂双岛状瓣移植均获成功,仅1例出现局部轻度感染,换药后二期愈合。术后随访3～24个月,均无肿瘤复发,颌面外形两侧基本对称,咬合关系恢复正常,且供区未见明显的并发症。结论同蒂双岛状瓣具有切口隐蔽、单一,对供区功能影响小,软硬组织复合缺损同期修复效果好等特点,是半侧下颌骨复合周围软组织大型缺损功能重建的较好方案。     

A comparison between fibula and iliac crest in mandibular reconstruction

Nowadays the vascularized free fibula flap and the free iliac crest flap are the methods most frequently used to reconstruct the mandible. This is also the case in our clinic. A retrospective nonrandomized study was performed to compare both flaps. The vascularized fibula free flap and the iliac crest free flap were compared in terms of logistics, flap failure, revisionary surgery, donor site morbidity, and recipient site morbidity. No significant differences in flap failure and revision surgery were found between the fibula group and the iliac crest group. Recipient site and donor site complications (major and minor) were significantly less in the fibula group compared to the iliac crest group. In mandibular reconstruction, the free vascularized fibula flap appears to be superior to the free vascularized iliac crest flap in terms of both recipient site and donor site morbidity.     

Total mandibular reconstruction using four free flap transfers in a patient with large mandibular osteosarcoma

Mandibular reconstructions with composite defects are complex procedures that aim to achieve soft tissue closure, bony support and to restore facial contours. When large defects are present, multiple flaps may be required for optimal aesthetic and functional outcomes. Facial reconstruction using multiple flaps has been described. In 1993, Sanger et al. reported the use of three free flaps in a patient with osteoradionecrosis of the mandible. However, the feasibility of using more than three free flaps in a mandibular reconstruction remained to be determined. In this report, we describe the use of bilateral deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) iliac crest flaps and two radial forearm free flaps for the mandibular reconstruction in a 19-year-old male with radical excision of mandibular osteosarcoma and total mandibulectomy. Level of Evidence: Level V, therapeutic study.     

Microvascular flap reconstruction of the mandible: a comparison of bone grafts and bridging plates for restoration of mandibular continuity.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of vascularized bone grafts and bridging mandibular reconstruction plates for restoration of mandibular continuity in patients who undergo free flap reconstruction after segmental mandibulectomy.Study design and setting A total of 210 patients underwent microvascular flap reconstruction after segmental mandibulectomy. The rate of successful restoration of mandibular continuity in 151 patients with vascularized bone grafts was compared to 59 patients with soft tissue free flaps combined with bridging plates. RESULTS: Mandibular continuity was restored successfully for the duration of the follow-up period in 94% of patients who received bone grafts compared with 92% of patients with bridging mandibular reconstruction plates. This difference was not statistically significant. In patients who received bone grafts, most cases of reconstructive failure occurred during the perioperative period and were due to patient death or free flap thrombosis. In patients who received bridging plates, all instances of reconstructive failure were delayed for several months and were due to hardware extrusion or plate fracture. CONCLUSIONS: Vascularized bone-containing free flaps are preferred for reconstruction of most segmental mandibulectomy defects in patients undergoing microvascular flap reconstruction. However, use of a soft tissue flap with a bridging mandibular reconstruction plate is a reasonable alternative in patients with lateral oromandibular defects when the nature of the defect favors use of a soft tissue free flap. SIGNIFICANCE: Both bone grafts and bridging plates represent effective methods of restoring mandibular continuity following segmental mandibulectomy, with the former being the preferred technique for patients undergoing microvascular reconstruction.     

Major mandibular reconstruction with vascularized bone grafts: Indications and selection of donor tissue

Free vascularized bones have been shown by many specialists to exhibit specific capabilities of reconstructing a major mandibular defect and can solve problems that may be insoluble by other methods. Nevertheless, absolute indications for using vascularized bone for major mandibular reconstructions have not been sufficiently well delineated to convince people of always considering vascularized bone for major mandibular reconstructions as a first option. Based on our experience with 55 major mandibular reconstructions, we might delineate the absolute indications for using free vascularized bone for major mandibular reconstructions explicitly: (1) osteoradionecrosis of mandible or on irradiated tissue bed; (2) hemimandibular reconstruction with a free end facing the glenoid fossa; (3) long segment mandibular defect, especially across the symphysis; (4) inadequate skin or mucosal lining; (5) defects demanding sandwich reconstruction; (6) inability to obtain secure immobilization on the reconstructed unit; (7) failure of reconstruction by other methods; (8) near total mandibular reconstruction. Selection of donor tissue should be according to (1) the amount of tissue deficiencies, (2) composition of the defect, (3) design and placement of the flap, (4) irradiation on the recipient site or not, (5) which vessels to be used, (6) which flap has the appropriate vessel length (7) skin color and texture of the donor tissue, (8) how many osteotomies required to simulate the curvature of the resected mandible (9) speed of bony union, (10) feasibility of future osseointegration. We have used three kinds of vascularized bones (iliac bone, fibula, scapula). lliac bone was most frequently used, and has always been our first choice, since it can carry good quality bone, a large skin flap, and ample soft tissue. The fibula has the merit of being less bulky and good for simultaneous intraoral lining, but the contour is more rigid and the bony height is insufficient. The scapula bone is rarely used at present because of its relative inconvenience. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.