硝化-厌氧氨氧化组合反应器的运行和评价

利用硝化-ANAMMOX组合反应器处理具有高氨氮、低有机质特点的城市厌氧消化污泥滤液。反应器稳定运行后,进水氨氮和亚硝态氮的质量浓度分别达到约360和400mg/L,水力停留时间为30h,总氮容积负荷达到493.4mg/(L·d)时,出水氨氮和亚硝态氮的质量浓度分别为73.6和69.2mg/L。实验中ANAMMOX反应器的启动和运行基本取得了成功。     

生物脱氮工艺的新发展-半硝化和厌氧氨氧化

传统生物脱氮工艺耗能多，反硝化时还消耗碳源，半硝化一厌氧氨氧化（SHARON－ANAMMOX）是一种全新的脱氮工艺，其原理是首先由亚硝化细菌将废水中1／2氨氮氧化为NO2^-，剩余的氨氮与所生成的NO2^-以等摩尔比例ANAMMOX菌作用生成N2，因耗能少且不消耗碳源，故具有可持续发展意义。     

厌氧氨氧化脱氮技术的研究进展

厌氧氨氧化具有无需外加有机碳源,耗氧量少,污泥产量低等优点,但厌氧氨氧化菌生长缓慢,倍增时间长,抗冲击能力弱,对环境条件要求苛刻,DO、温度、pH、有机物等会对厌氧氨氧化过程产生影响。因此在启动ANAMMOX工艺时,需根据不同水质及处理目的,选择合适的反应器及接种污泥。该文就厌氧氨氧化的发现,反应机理,影响因素,厌氧氨氧化菌的富集、生理生化特征,厌氧氨氧化的启动,厌氧氨氧化工艺等方面做一综述。     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺处理含氮废水的研究

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺是一种新型的废水脱氮工艺。实验采用模拟废水,进水氨氮浓度为600 mg/L。亚硝化SBR反应器在温度为30℃、HRT为24 h、DO≈0.2 mg/L的运行条件下,将废水中的一部分氨氮氧化成亚硝氮,并使得亚硝化SBR反应器出水中NH4+-N和NO2--N比值接近1∶1.32后,再作为厌氧氨氧化SBR反应器进水;厌氧氨氧化SBR反应器在温度为37℃、HTR为24 h的运行条件下,将氨氮和亚硝氮转化为N2。实验结果表明,部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺脱氮效果较好,废水中氮的去除率可达94.44%。     

限氧亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化新工艺评述

针对新的生物脱氮技术SHARON-ANAMMOX中亚硝化工艺的实现进行改良,根据国内外的研究,提出采用控制溶解氧的方法在生物膜中实现亚硝酸盐的积累较为合理.更可以减少运行费用.     

厌氧氨氧化工艺

荷兰B．V．Paques在PoUutec2006上展出了一项将氨选择性转化为氮气的生物脱氮工艺，并成为EPP环境保护奖的获得者之一。该厌氧氨氧化工艺由B．V．Paques与荷兰代尔夫特理工大学及奈梅亨大学研究人员联合开发而成，是目前对自然界氮循环最经济、简捷的一种新型生物脱氮工艺。该工艺利用planctomycete菌群为厌氧氨氧化菌，其中，Broeadiaanammoxidans是首个被确认有厌氧氨氧化作用的微生物。厌氧氨氧化微生物能将氨根离子（NH4^＋）和亚硝酸根离子（NO2^-）转化为氮气，由于其为自养型微生物，因此不需要外加甲醇等碳源。     

厌氧氨氧化技术研究进展

厌氧氨氧化技术具有工艺简单、能耗低、无二次污染等优点，是一新型生物脱氮技术。近年来国内外对其微生物特性、厌氧氨氧化反应途径、影响因素及工艺技术进行了研究。系统介绍了相关研究成果及进展。并提出进一步研究的内容及方向。     

厌氧序批式反应器的厌氧氨氧化工艺启动运行

在厌氧序批式反应器中接种好氧硝化污泥,进行了培养厌氧氨氧化污泥的研究。在进水pH值为7.2～7.8,温度为30±1℃的条件下运行142d,成功培养出厌氧氨氧化污泥。反应器内的污泥量(以VSS计)由原来的9.90g/L增加到18.99g/L,水力停留时间为1.20d,总氮容积负荷为0.4318kg/(m·3d)时,总氮去除率最高达到93.3%,平均为80.5%,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率最高分别达到93.9%和99.8%,平均去除率分别为81.2%和85.7%,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮去除的比例为1∶1.387±0.024。对该工艺优化实验研究表明,适宜pH值为7.2～7.8,最适宜温度为35℃;且适度强化反硝化作用有利于提高反应器的脱氮性能。     

亚硝酸型半硝化影响因素的试验研究

在成功完成亚硝酸型半硝化反应器启动的基础上,初步研究了pH、温度、FA、有机质及DO等对亚硝酸型半硝化反应过程的影响程度并确定各因素的最佳控制范围,得出亚硝酸型半硝化反应pH在8．0-8．5、温度范围为25-30℃、C／N为1．96、溶解氧浓度小于0.4mg／L时反应达到最佳状态,这为今后亚硝酸型半硝化一厌氧氨氧化脱氮技术深入的研究创造了条件。     

短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺

对短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺机理、工艺形式及特点进行了总结,并指出了该工艺存在的问题及发展方向。     

Effect of nitrapyrin on nitrous oxide emission from fallow soils fertilized with anhydrous ammonia

Nitrous oxide emission from three soils was measured using a chamber technique. Treatments sampled were unfertilized soil, and soil fertilized with 60 or 80 kg N ha^–1 of band-applied anhydrous ammonia ± nitrapyrin. The flux of nitrous oxide from unfertilized soil was very low (1.1 to 1.6 g N ha^–1 day^–1).Application of anhydrous ammonia caused a significant increase in the cumulative emission of nitrous oxide in two soils over 27 or 29 days compared with unfertilized soil. Fertilizer-induced loss of nitrous oxide was highest in a calcareous clay soil which had the highest nitrification rate and accumulated the highest concentration of nitrite within the fertilizer bands. Fertilizer-induced losses of nitrous oxide were < 0.05% of the applied fertilizer.Addition of nitrapyrin inhibited nitrification in all soils and reduced nitrite accumulation in the fertilizer bands. Nitrapyrin addition significantly reduced fertilizer-induced loss of nitrous oxide only in the calcareous clay soil. In the other soil, nitrapyrin had a lower bioactivity (relative inhibition of nitrification) which may have been due to its higher organic matter content.

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Resumo Este trabalho constitui de uma avaliação da quantidade de óxido nitroso emitido por três solos. A emissão de óxido nitroso foi determinada em solos não fertilizados e onde a amônia-anidra (60 e 80 kg de N ha^–1) foi aplicada, em bandas, com e sem nitrapyrin. O fluxo diário de óxido nitroso nos solos onde não se aplicou o fertilizante variou entre 1.1 e 1.6 g N ha^–1. A aplicação da amônia-anidra causou um significativo aumento na emissão de óxido nitroso em dois solos. A emissão de óxido nitroso induzida pela aplicação do fertilizante foi mais alta em um solo calcáreo-argiloso. Foi neste solo onde a nitrificação ocorreu mais intensamente e um maior acúmulo de nitrito foi observado. As perdas de óxido nitroso induzidas pela aplicação da amônia-anidra foram menores do que 0.05% do fertilizante aplicado. A aplicação conjunta de nitrapyrin com o fertilizante inibiu parcialmente a nitrificação nos três solos e reduziu o acúmulo de nitrito nas bandas do fertilizante. A adição de nitrapyrin reduziu significativamente a emissão de óxido nitroso somente no solo calcáreo-argiloso. No outro solo, a inibição relativa da nitrificação (bio-atividade) foi a mais baixa observada. A baixa bio-atividade do nitrapyrin sugere um efeito causado pelo mais alto teor de matéria orgânica verificado neste solo.

     

同时好氧缺氧生物反应器处理垃圾压缩站废水

试验采用同时好氧缺氧反应器处理垃圾压缩站废水。试验结果表明。反应器对垃圾压缩站废水的CODcrNNH^＋4-N和TN具有较好的处理效果。试验过程中,CODDcr NH^＋4-N和TN的平均去除率分别为71．30％,87．50％和67．76％。电子计量学研究表明。同时好氧缺氧生物反应器内存在比传统短程反硝化反应消耗碳源更少的脱氮反应形式。微环境和宏观环境理论表明。反应器具备厌氧氨氧化反应发生的条件。     

供氧速率影响同时硝化反硝化脱氮的研究

通过在实验室内建立同时硝化反硝化(SND)装置,考察了供氧速率对SND脱氮的影响。结果显示,当供氧速率由50 m L/(min·L)提高至100 m L/(min·L)时,COD与NH3-N去除效率变化不大,分别保持在96%与99%以上,而TN去除率由80%降低至70%左右。为研究造成脱氮性能差异的原因,采用批次试验测试了不同供氧速率下的脱氮过程。研究结果表明,供氧速率的增加不影响反硝化速率,但会提高碳氧化速率,从而加快有机物的消耗,缩短了反硝化的时间,从而造成TN去除率下降。     

FA与FNA对A/O工艺短程硝化处理垃圾渗滤液的影响

针对垃圾渗滤液的特殊水质特点,研究了游离氨(FA)与游离亚硝酸(FNA)对A/O工艺短程硝化反硝化处理垃圾渗滤液脱氮效果的影响。试验结果表明,当初始氨氮平均增大到300 mg/L时,系统可实现稳定的短程硝化反硝化,亚硝态氮积累率达到60.79%,并随着初始氨氮浓度的增加进一步提高,系统对氨氮的去除率始终维持在80%以上。初始氨氮浓度对系统硝化类型有极大影响,FA与FNA的交替抑制作用是系统启动并维持稳定短程硝化过程的关键。     

Effect of the new nitrification inhibitor DMPP in comparison to DCD on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and methane (CH4) oxidation during 3 years of repeated applications in field experiments

In a 3-year field experiment the effect of the new nitrification inhibitor DMPP (3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate, trade name ENTEC) on the release of N₂O and on methane oxidation was examined in comparison to dicyandiamide (DCD). Soil samples were analysed for the concentrations of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and for the degradation kinetics of DMPP as well as DCD. DMPP decreased the release of N₂O by 41% (1997), 47% (1998) and 53% (1999) (with an average of 49%) while DCD reduced N₂O emissions by 30% (1997), 22% (1998) and 29% (1999) (with an average of 26%), respectively. Both nitrification inhibitors (NI) failed to affect methane oxidation negatively. The plots that received DCD or DMPP, respectively, even seem to function as enhanced sinks for atmospheric methane. DMPP apparently stimulated methane oxidation by ca. 28% in comparison to the control. The concentrations of ammonium remained unaffected by nitrification inhibitors whereas the amounts of nitrite diminished in the plots treated with DCD by 25% and with DMPP by 20%, respectively. Nitrate concentrations in soil were in both NI treatments 23% lower than in the control. DMPP and DCD did not affect the yields of summer barley, maize and winter wheat significantly. Dicyandiamide was mineralized more rapidly than DMPP (data for the cropping season in 1997 as an example). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

硅胶膜曝气生物反应器同步短程硝化反硝化研究

以疏水性无孔硅橡胶管为膜曝气组件,通过长期的运行试验,对硅胶膜曝气生物反应器中实现同步短程硝化反硝化的可行性进行了研究。结果显示:在温度为32℃,p H为7.5~8.0,溶解氧为0.5 mg/L,HRT为12 h,进水COD为300 mg/L,NH4+-N为60 mg/L时,SMABR具有最佳去除效果,此时出水NO2--N为7.3 mg/L,NO3--N未检测到,NH4+-N、TN、COD去除率分别为82.9%、71.0%、90.0%。研究结果表明:SMABR通过改变反应条件能稳定实现同步短程硝化反硝化。     

苯酚对氨氧化菌硝化和污泥性能冲击影响

以苯酚为毒性抑制剂,短程硝化污泥为对象,分析研究了不同苯酚浓度对氨氧化菌硝化过程的抑制特性和抑制动力学,以及对污泥胞外聚合物组分及呼吸速率的短期冲击影响。结果表明,55 mg·L-1苯酚的存在使硝化速率降低37%;低浓度苯酚条件下（< 80 mg·L-1）符合Monod单分子一级动力学方程,且为可逆性抑制,恢复后呼吸速率可达20～25 mg O2·L-1·h-1;且因接种污泥含大量异养菌使得抑制常数（52.871 mg·L-1）远大于纯硝化菌群系统。另外,苯酚的存在促使菌群启动自我保护机制产生更多的胞外聚合物(EPS)抵抗环境变化。苯酚浓度升至135 mg·L-1时,蛋白质和多糖分别增加87.4%和311.7%;而且EPS组分发生相应变化,蛋白质/多糖（P/C）与初始COD/氨氮（C/N）比呈负相关性,P/C从22.1降至3.80。