Osteocalcin gene HindIII C/T polymorphism is a biomarker for prostate cancer and responsiveness to hormone therapy

OBJECTIVES: Osteocalcin is a vitamin-K dependent protein which is related to the metabolism of bone and calcium. The formation or progression of prostate cancer is presumed to be associated with the osteocalcin gene. The most frequently seen polymorphism is HindIII which is located at the promoter region. HindIII is therefore a possible genetic marker in the search for the association between prostate cancer and normal control subjects. METHODS: In our study, a normal control group of 132 healthy people and 96 patients with prostate cancer were examined. The polymorphism was seen following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based restriction analysis. RESULTS: The result revealed significant differences between normal individuals and cancer patients (p=0.034) and the distribution of the "CC" homozygote in the control group was higher than that in the patient group. No statistical differences were found in clinical staging and grading. The 54 patients who received hormone therapy were further categorized into response and non-response groups, statistical differences between these two groups were revealed (p=0.007, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, we conclude that the HindIII polymorphism of the osteocalcin gene is a suitable genetic marker of prostate cancer which can be used in the prediction of the outcome of patients who receive hormone therapy.     

E-cadherin gene 3'-UTR C/T polymorphism is associated with prostate cancer

INTRODUCTION: E-cadherin (CDH-1) is a cell-cell adhesive molecule which maintains cell integrity and communication between the intracellular and extracellular world. CDH-1 may therefore be related to carcinogenesis. A polymorphism located at the 3'-UTR of the CDH-1 gene is associated with stone disease; however, its relationship to prostate cancer has not been reported. We aimed to study whether there is an association between the 3'-UTR polymorphism and prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected 96 patients with prostate cancer and 114 normal controls for this study. The polymorphism of the CDH-1 gene was studied by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction analysis. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in genotype distribution of the CDH-1 gene polymorphism between cancer patients and normal controls (p < 0.001). The distribution of the CDH-1 gene CC genotype in prostate cancer patients (51.0%) was higher than in the controls (10.5%). The odds ratio for the CDH-1 'C' allele was 2.896 (95% CI = 1.908-4.396). There was no significant difference according to age, pathological grading, clinical staging, and responsiveness to hormonal therapy among patients. Only 3 patients (3.1%) had a history of urolithiasis. CONCLUSIONS: The CDH-1 gene 3'-UTR C/T polymorphism is associated with prostate cancer. The 'CC' homozygote indicates a relatively higher risk for developing prostate cancer than other genotypes.     

Transforming growth factor beta as a clinical biomarker for prostate cancer

ObjectivesTumor biomarkers to detect prostate cancer earlier may reduce prostate cancer deaths. Transforming growth factor-beta1 and -beta2 (TGF-beta1 and -beta2) become overexpressed in prostate cancer and might be useful tumor markers of prostate cancer.MethodsPlasma and urinary TGF-beta1 and plasma TGF-beta2 levels were studied preoperatively in 74 consecutive patients who had prostate cancer and underwent radical prostatectomy and were compared with those of 29 similarly aged male control patients who had no clinical evidence of prostate cancer.ResultsPlasma TGF-beta1 levels were similar in both prostate cancer and control groups and did not correlate with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), clinical and pathologic stages, or Gleason grade. Urinary TGF-beta 1 levels, however, increased 3.5-fold in patients with prostate cancer relative to controls and tended to be higher with advancing clinical and pathologic stages. Plasma TGF-beta2 levels, like plasma TGF-beta1 levels, were similar for both the study and control groups, but when stratified by pathologic stage or Gleason grade, patients with prostate cancer with pathologic Stage T2a and Gleason grade of 3 or less had significantly increased plasma TGF-beta2 levels as compared with either control patients or patients with prostate cancer with pathologic Stages T2b/T2c and T3/T4 or Gleason grade of 4 or more, suggesting that early prostate cancer may contribute to plasma TGF-beta2 levels.ConclusionsUnlike plasma TGF-beta1 levels, urinary TGF-beta1 and plasma TGF-beta2 levels were higher in patients with prostate cancer and may be useful biomarkers of prostate cancer. Copyright 1997 by Elsevier Science Inc. UROLOGY 49: 151-155, 1997.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphism is associated with calcium oxalate stone disease

Growth factor-related genes regulate cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis in the kidney in response to cellular injury. One of the theories of stone formation is that cellular injury, and thus growth factors, play a role. We therefore investigated the association between growth factor genes and calcium oxalate stone disease. The most frequently seen polymorphism of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene is Bst U I C/T, which is located upstream at the -460th nucleotide. Other growth factor-related gene polymorphisms include the cytochrome P450c17alpha enzyme (CYP17) gene MspA I C/T polymorphism at the 5'-UTR promoter region, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene Bsr I polymorphism (A to T) at position 2,073, and the insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) gene Apa I A/G at exon 9. All four polymorphisms were used as genetic markers in this study in the search for an association between stone disease and growth factor related genes. A normal control group of 230 healthy people, and 230 patients with calcium oxalate stone, were examined. The polymorphism was seen following polymerase chain reaction based restriction analysis. The result revealed a significant difference between normal individuals and stone patients (P=0.0003, Fisher's exact test) in the distribution of the VEGF gene polymorphism as well as an odds ratio of 1.30 (95% confidence interval=0.993-1.715) per copy of the "T" allele. Whereas, the IGF-2, EGFR and CYP17 gene polymorphisms did not reveal a significant association with stone disease. We conclude that the VEGF gene Bst U I polymorphism is a suitable genetic marker of urolithiasis.     

RNA干扰对膀胱癌T24细胞血管内皮生长因子C表达的影响

目的 观察RNA干扰(RNAi)抑制膀胱癌T24细胞中血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)表达和提高化疗敏感性.方法 根据转染效率最高时pEGFPN1质粒与脂质体的比例,转染T24细胞,实验分为3组,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测VEGF-C mRNA的表达,流式细胞仪分析细胞凋亡率.结果 转染后24 h,即有mRNA表达水平的下降,Quantity one半定量:24 h 0.57±0.17,48 h 0.42±0.11,72 h0.33±0.09.VEGF-C抑制后,吉西他滨诱导的凋亡率明显升高,转染组为(41.38±1.54)%,明显高于未转染组(22.87±1.40)%与脂质体组(23.47±1.58)%(P<0.05).结论 RNAi可高效稳定抑制膀胱癌T24细胞中VEGF-C的表达,明显提高吉西他滨诱导膀胱癌T24细胞凋亡的药物敏感性.     

血管内皮生长因子936 T/C基因多态性与结直肠癌及术后吻合口瘘的关系

目的通过研究血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）936T／C基因多态性了解该因子对结直肠癌生成及术后结肠吻合口瘘的影响。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR—RFLP）方法检测结直肠癌及正常对照的VEGF936T／C基因型。结果结直肠癌患者VEGF936T／C基因型或等位基因与对照组相比无差异。伴有术后结肠吻合口瘘的结直肠癌患者其VEGF936C／C基因型及C等位基因比例低于无术后结肠吻合口瘘的患者,两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论VEGF936C／C基因型或936C等位基因与结直肠癌的发生无关,但提示术后结肠吻合口瘘的发生率降低。     

Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin are required for prostate regeneration

BACKGROUND: The regulation of the prostate size by androgens may be partly the result of androgen effects on the prostatic vasculature. We examined the effect of changes in androgen levels on the expression of a variety of angiogenic factors in the mouse prostate and determined if vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and the angiopoietins are involved in the vascular response to androgens. METHODS: Expression of angiogenic factors in prostate was quantitated using real-time PCR at different times after castration and after administration of testosterone to castrated mice. Angiopoietins were localized in prostate by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The roles of VEGF and the angiopoietins in regeneration of the prostate were examined in mice inoculated with cells expressing soluble VEGF receptor-2 or soluble Tie-2. RESULTS: Castration resulted in a decrease in VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, placenta growth factor, FGF-2, and FGF-8 expression after 1 day. In contrast, VEGF-D mRNA levels increased. No changes in angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), hepatocyte growth factor, VEGF receptor-1, VEGF receptor-2, or tie-2 mRNA levels were observed. Administration of testosterone to castrated mice had the opposite effect on expression of these angiogenic factors. Ang-2 was expressed predominantly in prostate epithelial cells whereas Ang-1 was expressed in epithelium and smooth muscle. Inoculation of mice with cells expressing soluble VEGF receptor-2 or Tie-2 blocked the increase in vascular density normally observed after administration of testosterone to castrated mice. The soluble receptors also blocked the increase in prostate weight and proliferation of prostatic epithelial cells. CONCLUSION: VEGF-A and angiopoietins are required for the vascular response to androgens and for the ability of the prostate to regenerate in response to androgens.     

前列腺癌患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性的研究

目的 探讨前列腺癌(PCa)患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性在PCa发生中的作用.方法采用病例对照研究方法提取259例PCa、301例非肿瘤非前列腺疾病患者外周血中基因组DNA,应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性分析MIF基因-173位点的多态性,比较不同基因型与PCa易感性的关系,并分析基因多态性与年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史的关系.结果 PCa患者中携带*C等位基因比例为36%,显著高于对照组的15%;携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险为G/G基因型的2.96倍(OR=2.96,95%CI:1.92～4.57);年龄>70岁、浅吸烟、有肿瘤家族史人群携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险显著高于G/G基因型个体,校正OR值分别为3.66(95%CI:2.02～6.62),2.83(95%CI:1.07～7.45)和3.26(95%CI:1.24～8.55).结论 MIF-173*C等位基因可能与PCa发生有关,年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史是PCa发病中的重要影响因素.     

前列腺癌患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性的研究

目的 探讨前列腺癌(PCa)患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性在PCa发生中的作用.方法采用病例对照研究方法提取259例PCa、301例非肿瘤非前列腺疾病患者外周血中基因组DNA,应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性分析MIF基因-173位点的多态性,比较不同基因型与PCa易感性的关系,并分析基因多态性与年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史的关系.结果 PCa患者中携带*C等位基因比例为36%,显著高于对照组的15%;携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险为G/G基因型的2.96倍(OR=2.96,95%CI:1.92～4.57);年龄>70岁、浅吸烟、有肿瘤家族史人群携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险显著高于G/G基因型个体,校正OR值分别为3.66(95%CI:2.02～6.62),2.83(95%CI:1.07～7.45)和3.26(95%CI:1.24～8.55).结论 MIF-173*C等位基因可能与PCa发生有关,年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史是PCa发病中的重要影响因素.     

前列腺癌患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性的研究

目的 探讨前列腺癌(PCa)患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性在PCa发生中的作用.方法采用病例对照研究方法提取259例PCa、301例非肿瘤非前列腺疾病患者外周血中基因组DNA,应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性分析MIF基因-173位点的多态性,比较不同基因型与PCa易感性的关系,并分析基因多态性与年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史的关系.结果 PCa患者中携带*C等位基因比例为36%,显著高于对照组的15%;携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险为G/G基因型的2.96倍(OR=2.96,95%CI:1.92～4.57);年龄>70岁、浅吸烟、有肿瘤家族史人群携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险显著高于G/G基因型个体,校正OR值分别为3.66(95%CI:2.02～6.62),2.83(95%CI:1.07～7.45)和3.26(95%CI:1.24～8.55).结论 MIF-173*C等位基因可能与PCa发生有关,年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史是PCa发病中的重要影响因素.     

前列腺癌患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性的研究

目的 探讨前列腺癌(PCa)患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性在PCa发生中的作用.方法采用病例对照研究方法提取259例PCa、301例非肿瘤非前列腺疾病患者外周血中基因组DNA,应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性分析MIF基因-173位点的多态性,比较不同基因型与PCa易感性的关系,并分析基因多态性与年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史的关系.结果 PCa患者中携带*C等位基因比例为36%,显著高于对照组的15%;携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险为G/G基因型的2.96倍(OR=2.96,95%CI:1.92～4.57);年龄>70岁、浅吸烟、有肿瘤家族史人群携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险显著高于G/G基因型个体,校正OR值分别为3.66(95%CI:2.02～6.62),2.83(95%CI:1.07～7.45)和3.26(95%CI:1.24～8.55).结论 MIF-173*C等位基因可能与PCa发生有关,年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史是PCa发病中的重要影响因素.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor production in human prostate cancer cells is stimulated by overexpression of platelet 12-lipoxygenase

BACKGROUND: Elevated platelet 12-Lipoxygenase (P12-LOX) expression is associated with advanced stage and grade prostate cancer and overexpression in PC-3 cells promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis. The mechanisms underlying the role of P12-LOX in angiogenesis remain unclear. METHODS: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in conditioned media of PC-3 cells stably overexpressing human P12-LOX. Immunoblotting was used to observe stimulation of signal transduction in prostate cancer cell lines following exposure to 12(S)-HETE. RESULTS: P12-LOX overexpression promotes increased accumulation of 12(S)-HETE and VEGF in culture media leading to constitutive ERK1/2 phosphorylation. 12(S)-HETE stimulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation via a pertussis toxin sensitive G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and MEK; the inhibition of which reduces VEGF accumulation by 36% and 70%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide insight into a possible mechanism by which prostate cancer cells with elevated expression of P12-LOX stimulate VEGF production, thus increasing their angiogenic potential.     

前列腺癌患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性的研究

目的 探讨前列腺癌(PCa)患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性在PCa发生中的作用.方法采用病例对照研究方法提取259例PCa、301例非肿瘤非前列腺疾病患者外周血中基因组DNA,应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性分析MIF基因-173位点的多态性,比较不同基因型与PCa易感性的关系,并分析基因多态性与年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史的关系.结果 PCa患者中携带*C等位基因比例为36%,显著高于对照组的15%;携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险为G/G基因型的2.96倍(OR=2.96,95%CI:1.92～4.57);年龄>70岁、浅吸烟、有肿瘤家族史人群携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险显著高于G/G基因型个体,校正OR值分别为3.66(95%CI:2.02～6.62),2.83(95%CI:1.07～7.45)和3.26(95%CI:1.24～8.55).结论 MIF-173*C等位基因可能与PCa发生有关,年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史是PCa发病中的重要影响因素.     

前列腺癌患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性的研究

目的 探讨前列腺癌(PCa)患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性在PCa发生中的作用.方法采用病例对照研究方法提取259例PCa、301例非肿瘤非前列腺疾病患者外周血中基因组DNA,应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性分析MIF基因-173位点的多态性,比较不同基因型与PCa易感性的关系,并分析基因多态性与年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史的关系.结果 PCa患者中携带*C等位基因比例为36%,显著高于对照组的15%;携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险为G/G基因型的2.96倍(OR=2.96,95%CI:1.92～4.57);年龄>70岁、浅吸烟、有肿瘤家族史人群携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险显著高于G/G基因型个体,校正OR值分别为3.66(95%CI:2.02～6.62),2.83(95%CI:1.07～7.45)和3.26(95%CI:1.24～8.55).结论 MIF-173*C等位基因可能与PCa发生有关,年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史是PCa发病中的重要影响因素.     

前列腺癌患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性的研究

目的 探讨前列腺癌(PCa)患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性在PCa发生中的作用.方法采用病例对照研究方法提取259例PCa、301例非肿瘤非前列腺疾病患者外周血中基因组DNA,应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性分析MIF基因-173位点的多态性,比较不同基因型与PCa易感性的关系,并分析基因多态性与年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史的关系.结果 PCa患者中携带*C等位基因比例为36%,显著高于对照组的15%;携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险为G/G基因型的2.96倍(OR=2.96,95%CI:1.92～4.57);年龄>70岁、浅吸烟、有肿瘤家族史人群携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险显著高于G/G基因型个体,校正OR值分别为3.66(95%CI:2.02～6.62),2.83(95%CI:1.07～7.45)和3.26(95%CI:1.24～8.55).结论 MIF-173*C等位基因可能与PCa发生有关,年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史是PCa发病中的重要影响因素.     

前列腺癌患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性的研究

目的 探讨前列腺癌(PCa)患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性在PCa发生中的作用.方法采用病例对照研究方法提取259例PCa、301例非肿瘤非前列腺疾病患者外周血中基因组DNA,应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性分析MIF基因-173位点的多态性,比较不同基因型与PCa易感性的关系,并分析基因多态性与年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史的关系.结果 PCa患者中携带*C等位基因比例为36%,显著高于对照组的15%;携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险为G/G基因型的2.96倍(OR=2.96,95%CI:1.92～4.57);年龄>70岁、浅吸烟、有肿瘤家族史人群携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险显著高于G/G基因型个体,校正OR值分别为3.66(95%CI:2.02～6.62),2.83(95%CI:1.07～7.45)和3.26(95%CI:1.24～8.55).结论 MIF-173*C等位基因可能与PCa发生有关,年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史是PCa发病中的重要影响因素.     

前列腺癌患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性的研究

目的 探讨前列腺癌(PCa)患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性在PCa发生中的作用.方法采用病例对照研究方法提取259例PCa、301例非肿瘤非前列腺疾病患者外周血中基因组DNA,应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性分析MIF基因-173位点的多态性,比较不同基因型与PCa易感性的关系,并分析基因多态性与年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史的关系.结果 PCa患者中携带*C等位基因比例为36%,显著高于对照组的15%;携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险为G/G基因型的2.96倍(OR=2.96,95%CI:1.92～4.57);年龄>70岁、浅吸烟、有肿瘤家族史人群携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险显著高于G/G基因型个体,校正OR值分别为3.66(95%CI:2.02～6.62),2.83(95%CI:1.07～7.45)和3.26(95%CI:1.24～8.55).结论 MIF-173*C等位基因可能与PCa发生有关,年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史是PCa发病中的重要影响因素.     

前列腺癌患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性的研究

目的 探讨前列腺癌(PCa)患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性在PCa发生中的作用.方法采用病例对照研究方法提取259例PCa、301例非肿瘤非前列腺疾病患者外周血中基因组DNA,应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性分析MIF基因-173位点的多态性,比较不同基因型与PCa易感性的关系,并分析基因多态性与年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史的关系.结果 PCa患者中携带*C等位基因比例为36%,显著高于对照组的15%;携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险为G/G基因型的2.96倍(OR=2.96,95%CI:1.92～4.57);年龄>70岁、浅吸烟、有肿瘤家族史人群携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险显著高于G/G基因型个体,校正OR值分别为3.66(95%CI:2.02～6.62),2.83(95%CI:1.07～7.45)和3.26(95%CI:1.24～8.55).结论 MIF-173*C等位基因可能与PCa发生有关,年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史是PCa发病中的重要影响因素.     

前列腺癌患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性的研究

目的 探讨前列腺癌(PCa)患者外周血中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)基因-173位点单核苷酸多态性在PCa发生中的作用.方法采用病例对照研究方法提取259例PCa、301例非肿瘤非前列腺疾病患者外周血中基因组DNA,应用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性分析MIF基因-173位点的多态性,比较不同基因型与PCa易感性的关系,并分析基因多态性与年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史的关系.结果 PCa患者中携带*C等位基因比例为36%,显著高于对照组的15%;携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险为G/G基因型的2.96倍(OR=2.96,95%CI:1.92～4.57);年龄>70岁、浅吸烟、有肿瘤家族史人群携带MIF-173*C等位基因的个体PCa发病风险显著高于G/G基因型个体,校正OR值分别为3.66(95%CI:2.02～6.62),2.83(95%CI:1.07～7.45)和3.26(95%CI:1.24～8.55).结论 MIF-173*C等位基因可能与PCa发生有关,年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤家族史是PCa发病中的重要影响因素.