内循环生物流化床处理N、P废水的试验研究

采用内循环生物流化床系统,进行N、P废水的试验研究,通过控制曝气时间和溶解氧浓度,能同时达到脱氮除磷的效果.对于N、P废水,COD在352～1048 mg/L,TN在46.9～76.4 mg/L,TP在5.8～14.4 mg/L时,COD、TN、TP去除率分别为92%、80%、93%,处理后的水可达到国家二级排放标准.     

添加N、P后复合型人工湿地系统的脱氮除磷效果研究

文中介绍了采用向复合型人工湿地系统中添加氮、磷等营养物质,提升湿地系统的污染负荷,研究湿地系统4级组成湿地的脱氮除磷效果。结果表明,在湿地系统总氮、总磷进水浓度提升至4．02mg·L^-1、0．41mg·L^-1,经湿地系统运行52hr后分别下降至1．68mg·L^-1、0．16mg·L^-1,湿地系统对总氮、磷的总去除率分别为58．0％、61．0％。4级不同湿地的脱氮除磷能力不同。二级表面流湿地对总氮的去除贡献最大,一级水平流潜流湿地对总磷的去除贡献最大。湿地系统的脱氮除磷效果与湿地进水污染负荷成正相关．湿地系统进水的污染负荷是影响湿地系统脱氮除磷效率的主要因素。     

被动处理技术SAPS处理酸性矿山废水实验研究

酸性矿山废水(AMD)的排放不但造成矿山资源的流失,而且会造成受其影响的陆地和海洋生物量的严重减少,直接威胁人类生存.国外应用被动处理技术处理AMD在过去20年间有了很大发展,已从实验室规模发展到大规模地实际应用.本文研究了被动处理技术SAPS(Successive Alkalinity Producing System)对AMD处理效果、影响因素及净化机理,创新性的应用锯屑与鸡粪混合物的发酵产物作为硫酸盐还原菌的碳源.实验结果表明:AMD在实验装置内停留一定时间后获得充足的碱度,Fe2 和Cu2 的去除率均超过90 %,SO42-的浓度也有大幅度降低,但对Mn2 的去除效果一般.当处理效果以净碱度衡量时,净碱度的产生与废水在装置中的停留时间和废水中Fe2 的浓度有关.停留时间越长,Fe2 的浓度越大,产生的净碱度越大.     

废水生物除磷技术综述

介绍和评述了生物除磷的两种机理,基于两种机理的除磷工艺,指出了它们的特点,探讨了今后除磷技术的发展方向.     

Energy requirements for waste water treatment

The actual mathematical models describing global climate closely link the detected increase in global temperature to anthropogenic activity. The only energy source we can rely on in a long perspective is solar irradiation which is in the order of 10,000 kW/inhabitant. The actual primary power consumption (mainly based on fossil resources) in the developed countries is in the range of 5 to 10 kW/inhabitant. The total power contained in our nutrition is in the range of 0.11 kW/inhabitant. The organic pollution of domestic waste water corresponds to approximately 0.018 kW/inhabitant. The nutrients contained in the waste water can also be converted into energy equivalents replacing market fertiliser production. This energy equivalent is in the range of 0.009 kW/inhabitant. Hence waste water will never be a relevant source of energy as long as our primary energy consumption is in the range of several kW/inhabitant. The annual mean primary power demand of conventional municipal waste water treatment with nutrient removal is in the range of 0.003-0.015 kW/inhabitant. In principle it is already possible to reduce this value for external energy supply to zero. Such plants should be connected to an electrical grid in order to keep investment costs low. Peak energy demand will be supported from the grid and surplus electric energy from the plant can be is fed to the grid. Zero 'carbon footprint' will not be affected by this solution. Energy minimisation must never negatively affect treatment efficiency because water quality conservation is more important for sustainable development than the possible reduction in energy demand. This argument is strongly supported by economical considerations as the fixed costs for waste water infrastructure are dominant.     

Risk management in waste water treatment.

With the continuous restructuring of the water market due to liberalisation, privatisation and internationalisation processes, the requirements on waste water disposal companies have grown. Increasing competition requires a target-oriented and clearly structured procedure. At the same time it is necessary to meet the environment-relevant legal requirements and to design the processes to be environment-oriented. The implementation of risk management and the integration of such a management instrument in an existing system in addition to the use of modern technologies and procedures can help to make the operation of the waste water treatment safer and consequently strengthen market position. The risk management process consists of three phases, risk identification, risk analysis/risk assessment and risk handling, which are based on each other, as well as of the risk managing. To achieve an identification of the risks as complete as possible, a subdivision of the kind of risks (e.g. legal, financial, market, operational) is suggested. One possibility to assess risks is the portfolio method which offers clear representation. It allows a division of the risks into classes showing which areas need handling. The determination of the appropriate measures to handle a risk (e.g. avoidance, reduction, shift) is included in the concluding third phase. Different strategies can be applied here. On the one hand, the cause-oriented strategy, aiming at preventive measures which aim to reduce the probability of occurrence of a risk (e.g. creation of redundancy, systems with low susceptibility to malfunction). On the other hand, the effect-oriented strategy, aiming to minimise the level of damage in case of an undesired occurrence (e.g. use of alarm systems, insurance cover).     

溶解氧对A~2/O工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响及解决方法

溶解氧对微生物生长的影响很大,通过溶解氧对硝化、反硝化、除磷的影响试验,详细论述了溶解氧对A2/O工艺脱氮除磷的效果影响.试验结果表明,在保证足够好氧泥龄的前提下,提高曝气池的溶解氧,可以改善硝化效果.在好氧段末端设置20～30 min的非曝气区,可以使内回流中的DO降低2～3 mg/L,当内回流比为400%时可节约碳源28～41 mg/L.曝气段中过度曝气会造成生物除磷能力下降.因此,必须通过自动控制维持好氧段的溶解氧在合理水平,并通过设立非曝气区和预缺氧区,消除内外回流中溶解氧过高造成的缺氧区和厌氧区氧化还原电位的提高,从而保证进水中碳源有效用于脱氮除磷.     

人工湿地系统处理糠醛废水的研究

文章阐述了人工湿地处理糠醛废水的机理,利用数学公式模型分析计算出建设湿地的面积,可以为相似企业合理有效利用湿地系统提供借鉴。     

人工快速渗滤系统处理高速公路服务区污水

利用人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)处理高速公路服务区生活污水,工程试验结果表明:在水力负荷不小于1m/d的条件下,CRI系统对服务区生活污水具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力和较好的污染物去除效果。其对SS、COD_(Cr)和NH_3—N的平均去除率分别为92.74%、91.12%和84.34%;处理出水中SS、COD_(Cr)和NH_3—N的平均浓度分别为5.25mg/L、25.7mg/L、4.32mg/L。     

Possible denitrification technology for small settlement water supplies

A biological denitrification technology has been developed and tested. In the laboratory, the denitrifying bacteriumHyphomicrobium X was immobilised on polyurethane and polyvinylacetate foams, glass beads, glass wool, coarse river sand and also entrapped in alginate beads. In all cases the bacteria retained their capacity to actively denitrify with methanol as the carbon source. The establishment times and longevity of the bacteria on polyurethane and sand columns was studied, as was the effect of methanol/nitrate ratios on the denitrification process in flow-through experiments. Conditions were achieved where both nitrate and methanol were removed stoichiometrically. Complete removal of nitrate could be achieved in the temperature range 4 to 48 °C. Flow-through and batch procedures were investigated and a prototype batch system was developed which was capable of treating 200 litres of nitrate-containing water per day.     

一体式净水设备在废水处理工程中的应用

以中铝山东分公司新建废水处理站为例,介绍了一种集合多种水处理功能单元的一体式净水设备的结构、工作原理及设计中应注意的事项.一体式净水设备各水处理功能单元竖向排列,占地面积少,具有污泥浓缩的功能,可以达到节能减排的目的.     

华山沟水电站工程施工期废水处理措施初探

水电工程为非污染生态影响工程,运行期间基本没有污染物排放。而在建设期,施工废水排放量大、强度高,会对工程区地表水水质造成一定影响。根据四川巴郎沟华山沟水电站工程特点、施工布置及环境条件等,结合当前水电工程施工废水处理的经验,有针对性地提出施工期废水的处理工艺及设计参数,同时对水电工程施工废水处理措施设计中存在的问题进行了相关探讨。