高等院校建设用地定额标准研究

建设用地定额标准是控制土地利用的有效工具。近年来各地高等院校建设快速发展,而相关的用地标准涵盖内容不全,致使新建校区用地规模过大、容积率偏低等问题较为普遍。通过对教育部及北京、江苏、上海等省市相关的高校用地定额标准的对比分析,并结合上海部分高校的调查,提出合理确定规划指标、优化土地利用结构布局与比例等完善高校用地定额标准的建议。     

Data for coastal GIS: issues and implications for management

Geographic information systems can provide easy access to large quantities of geographically-referenced data for monitoring, planning and environmental decision support for coastal applications. The dynamic and variable nature of the coastal ocean environment gives rise to data issues different than those associated with land-based GIS. This paper investigates, in particular, the use of different data, including those produced by numerical simulations or ocean models, for coastal management and is illustrated with examples from a Baltic Sea GIS implementation. Implications for the use of these data in environmental management are discussed.     

河口海岸桥隧工程设计流速推算

跨海桥隧工程设计需要推算工程位置不同重现期设计流速,由于现场缺乏长期实测流速资料,设计流速推算存在很大困难。研究提出了采用不同重现期典型风暴潮过程推算河口海岸设计流速的数值模拟方法,对河口地区考虑洪水径流与风暴潮流的耦合。在依据澳门验潮站1925—2003年实测潮位资料分析珠江口海域风暴潮过程特征的基础上,结合潮位和潮差年极值频率分析结果构建了不同重现期典型风暴潮潮型。采用平面二维水动力数学模型模拟了不同重现期风暴潮和上游一般洪水组合条件下珠江口水域的流场,得出港珠澳大桥沿线各控制点处设计流速。     

水文土壤学面临的机遇与挑战

水文土壤学是以土壤发生学、土壤物理学和水文学为主的新兴交叉学科,综合研究不同时空尺度土壤与水的相互作用关系,在地球表层系统科学综合集成研究中具有特殊地位和重要作用。阐述了水文土壤学形成背景与内涵、学科与理论基础及研究进展,并展望未来面临的机遇与挑战。水文土壤学重点解决以下2个科学问题:①土壤结构及土壤—景观分布格局在不同时空尺度上如何主导和影响水文过程以及与其相关的生物地球化学循环和生态系统演变;②景观系统水文过程如何影响土壤发育、演变、异质性及其功能。水文土壤学面临研究方法和理论创新、多尺度综合观测网络体系构建及人才培养等方面的挑战。     

New geological framework for Western Amazonia (Brazil) and implications for biogeography and evolution

Although many of the current hypotheses to explain the origin and distribution of the Amazon biodiversity has been based directly or indirectly on geological data, the reconstruction of the geological history of the Amazon region is still inadequate to analyze its relationship with the biodiversity. This work has the main goal to characterize the sedimentary successions formed in the Brazilian Amazon in the Neogene-Quaternary discussing the evolution of the depositional systems through time and analyzing their main controlling mechanisms in order to fill up this gap. Radar image interpretation, sedimentological studies, and radiocarbon dating allowed the mapping of Plio-Pleistocene to Holocene units along the Solimões-Amazonas River, Brazil. This integrated work led to the characterization of five sedimentary successions overlying Miocene deposits of the Solimões/Pebas Formation, which include the following: Içá Formation (Plio-Pleistocene), deposits Q1 (37,400-43,700 ¹⁴C yr B.P.), deposits Q2 (27,200 ¹⁴C yr B.P.), deposits Q3 (6730-2480 ¹⁴C yr B.P.), and deposits Q4 (280-130 ¹⁴C yr B.P.). These deposits occur mostly to the west of Manaus, forming NW-SE elongated belts that are progressively younger from SW to NE, indicating a subsiding basin with a depocenter that migrated to the NE. The reconstruction of the depositional history is consistent with significant changes in the landscapes. Hence, the closure of a large lake system at the end of the Miocene gave rise to the development of a Plio-Pleistocene fluvial system. This was yet very distinct from the modern drainage, with shallow, energetic, highly migrating, braided to anastomosed channels having an overall northeast outlet. This fluvial system formed probably under climatic conditions relatively drier than today's. During the early Pleistocene, there was pronounced erosion, followed by a renewed depositional phase ca. 40,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., with the development of prograding lobes and/or crevasse splays associated with a lake system (i.e., fan-delta) and/or fluvial flood plain areas. After a period of erosion, a fluvial system with eastward draining channels started to develop at around 27,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. The fluvial channels were overflooded in mid-Holocene time. This flooding is attributed to an increased period of humidity, with a peak between 5000 and 2500 ¹⁴C yr B.P. The data presented herein support that, rather than being a monotonous area, the Amazonia was a place with frequent changes in landscape throughout the Neogene-Quaternary, probably as a result of climatic and tectonic factors. We hypothesize that these changes in the physical environment stressed the biota, resulting in speciation and thus had a great impact on modern biodiversity.     

Plastic flow and state-dilatancy for geomaterials

In this paper, the stress-dilatancy hypothesis is revisited and a stress-dilatancy framework is established such that it can be compatibly used for different yield functions. The influence of density–pressure and other state variables are systematically accommodated. The framework is further evaluated by obtaining and extending some flow rules for the Mohr–Coulomb criterion and novel stress-dilatancy formalism for the Hoek–Brown criterion.     

Evidence for wildfire in the Meishan section and implications for Permian-Triassic events

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and black carbon (BC) in sediments are powerful tools in the identification of the combustion process throughout geologic history. In this study, combustion-derived PAHs and BC were carefully investigated in sediments from the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic (P/Tr) boundary in Meishan, China. Quantitative analyses of combustion-derived PAHs and BC demonstrate anomalously high concentrations in the boundary event beds that coincide with the mass extinction horizon. The prevalence of parent polynuclear aromatics (e.g., phenanthrene) in PAHs, together with non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, confirms that the PAHs are mainly derived from vegetation burning instead of having a coal and/or oil origin. BC detected in sediment occurs in various forms from large irregular charcoal particles to fine aciniform soot, with an equivalent reflectance of up to 3.5%. The results strongly suggest that a wildfire occurred during the P/Tr boundary, which served as one of the possible triggers of mass extinction on land. The wildfire occurrence indicates that the O₂ concentration of the atmosphere during (or before) the P/Tr mass extinction was probably >17%. The temporal coincidence of the mass extinction with intensive volcanic eruption, marine anoxia and wildfire events in the region of the Meishan section provides new insight into the mechanisms of the P/Tr biotic crisis. Our results show that wildfires could have played an important role in the collapse of the ecosystem in the Meishan P/Tr events.     

生态地球化学评价湿沉降和悬浮物样品分析方法体系研究

探讨生态地球化学评价湿沉降、悬浮物样品分析体系中,进行多元素含量测定的分析测试新方法及样品的制备技术。根据待测元素的不同,分别采用微波消解、酸溶、碱熔等方法进行样品制备,使用原子荧光光谱法、离子选择电极法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法等进行样品的测定。文章系统地建立了生态地球化学评价湿沉降、悬浮物样品的多元素分析体系,利用建立的方法对不同种类的国家标准物质进行测定,结果令人满意。     

用Excel2003和CGIS计算村庄压煤储量的简便方法

本文主要阐述了利用Excel2003和CGIS结合计算村庄压煤储量的简便方法。这种方法较之以前原始的计算村庄压煤的方法很简便,节省了时间和人力、财力,可以说是十分行之有效的方法。