湖南石门地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气储层特征及储集条件分析

本文主要从岩性组合特征、岩石学特征、孔渗特征、比表面积、储集空间及其吸附性能等方面系统分析了湖南石门地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气储层特征及储集条件。该地区牛蹄塘组页岩脆性矿物含量为40.8%~79.6%,平均60.15%,脆性矿物含量丰富;脆性指数分布在0.41~0.82之间,平均0.61,脆性指数高。页岩有效孔隙度为0.69%~16.07%,平均10.16%,孔隙度中等偏高,且差异较大;渗透率为0.00027×10~(-3)μm~2~0.0057×10~(-3)μm~2,平均0.00092×10~(-3)μm~2(0.00092m D),渗透率相对较低。页岩中发育基质晶间孔、粒间孔、溶蚀孔以及有机质纳米孔等,且页岩原生孔隙系统的渗透率相当低,但原生孔隙内表面积大,拥有较多潜在的吸附空间。等温吸附试验结果表明,石门地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩的吸附含气量范围为0~6.5048cm~3/g,含气量推测值0.06m~3/t~3.32m~3/t,具有较好的吸附气性能,具备较好的页岩气资源前景。     

莱阳盆地水南组含气性研究

以山东莱阳盆地莱阳群水南组为研究对象,通过分析水南组岩性特征和沉积环境,发现水南组利于页岩气的形成。对水南组有机地化样品分析研究,有机碳含量介于0.62%~23.00%之间、镜质体反射率介于0.62%~2.14%之间、干酪根类型以Ⅰ,Ⅱ型为主;认为水南组具备页岩气形成的物质基础和地质条件。利用水南组泥页岩的试验测试数据,探讨了水南组泥页岩的游离气含量、吸附气含量和溶解气含量特征及变化规律,获得水南组泥页岩总含气量为1.538m~3/t,以游离气含量(占57%)为主,吸附气含量次之,揭示了莱阳盆地水南组页岩气具有一定勘查潜力。     

湘中涟源凹陷下石炭统天鹅坪组页岩气成藏条件及主控因素

下石炭统天鹅坪组页岩是湘中地区页岩气勘探的新层系。基于野外地质调查、页岩气钻井的样品采集和分析测试等对湘中涟源凹陷石炭系天鹅坪组泥页岩的发育特征、有机地球化学特征、储层特征和含气性等页岩气成藏地质条件进行了分析。结果表明:涟源凹陷石炭系天鹅坪组有机质丰度较高,w（TOC）分布在0.78%~2.84%之间,有机质类型以Ⅱ₁型为主,有机质成熟度R_o分布在1.48%~2.09%之间,处于高成熟演化阶段;泥页岩矿物成分以石英和黏土矿物为主,黏土矿物主要由伊蒙混层、伊利石和绿泥石组成;泥页岩有机质孔较发育,孔隙度平均为1.97%,渗透率平均为0.847×10-3 μm2,但大多小于0.1×10-3 μm2;湘新地4井天鹅坪组泥页岩含气量分布在1.64~4.29 m3/t,平均2.69 m3/t（不含残余气）。结合区域构造-沉积演化背景的分析表明,涟源凹陷下石炭统天鹅坪组页岩气成藏条件的主控因素为沉积环境、构造保存条件,其中深水陆棚相是页岩气有利相带,复杂构造背景下由对冲式构造样式形成的向斜对页岩气保存条件最为有利,是研究区页岩气勘探的"甜点区"。研究成果可以为该区后续油气勘探提供参考。      

沁水盆地古县区块煤系泥页岩储层特征研究

文章通过地球化学分析、X射线衍射(XRD)、薄片分析、扫描电镜、压汞实验和等温吸附等多种实验分析方法,对沁水盆地古县区块煤系泥页岩储层特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:古县地区煤系泥页岩累计厚度较大,而单层厚度较小,一般小于30m,页岩层最大埋深在800-1100m之间,埋深较浅。有机碳(TOC)含量较高,介于0.14%-31.66%之间,平均为2.58%;有机质成熟度R介于1.32%-2.89%之间,平均为2.05%,处于热裂0解生凝析油阶段或生干气阶段;脆性矿物含量较丰富,介于36.20%-71.97%之间,平均为46.90%;多种孔隙类型3 3发育;页岩气总含气量介于0.43-1.04m~3/之间,平均为0.75m~3/t,含气饱和度较低。综合研究认为,页岩有一定的储集条件,具有一定的页岩气勘探前景,但本区泥页岩埋深较浅,含气饱和度较低。     

武威盆地上石炭统羊虎沟组页岩气成藏条件

武威盆地上石炭统羊虎沟组是中小盆地海陆过渡相泥页岩层系的典型代表,分析其页岩气成藏条件对揭示该区页岩气潜力和勘探方向具有重要意义.对野外露头和钻井样品进行了采集,并分析了泥页岩的发育特征、有机地球化学、储层物性和含气性.结果表明,羊虎沟组泥页岩单层厚度薄、累计厚度大、连续性差;有机质丰度高、热成熟度适中、类型以Ⅱ１~Ⅱ２ 型为主.Pr/nC１７和 Ph/nC１８相关性揭示羊虎沟组泥页岩形成于还原性较强的沉积环境.矿物组成以黏土矿物为主,质量分数为２８．５％~７３．４％,平均为５３．０７％,其次是石英和少量的菱铁矿.孔隙类型主要为有机质孔和微裂缝,钻井样品的平均孔隙度为４．８９％,渗透率主要分布在０．００１×１０－３ ~０．１×１０－３ μm２,比表面积介于４．７４~２２．２９m２/g.２个钻井样品的解析气含量分别为２．１９cm３/g和２．３９cm３/g,气体组成以 CH４ 为主;泥页岩甲烷等温吸附量为０．６８~８．５７cm３/g.TOC和 Ro 是武威地区海陆过渡相泥页岩物性和含气能力的主控因素,伊蒙混层含量的增加也可使泥页岩孔隙度和含气能力轻微增加.      

低压气体吸附实验在页岩孔隙结构表征中的应用

页岩孔隙结构特征直接影响气体在其中的吸附和运移。以长宁示范区下志留统龙马溪组下部富有机质页岩样品为例,利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、低压CO2气体吸附及低压Ar气体吸附等实验,对长宁示范区开发主体层段富有机质页岩的孔隙结构进行定性描述和定量表征。结果表明:长宁示范区富有机质页岩主要发育有机质孔隙,页岩孔隙结构非均质性强,平均比表面积为42.19m2/g,平均孔体积为0.059 1cm3/g,孔径小于2nm的微孔提供页岩60%以上的比表面积,是页岩气主要的吸附场所;孔径大于10nm的介孔和宏孔提供页岩70%以上的孔体积,是页岩气主要的储存场所。改进的气体吸附法可实现对页岩纳米级孔径分布的连续定量表征,研究结果对了解富有机质页岩纳米级孔隙结构特征、评价页岩含气性具有指导意义。     

赣西北武宁地区新开岭组页岩含气潜力新认识

鉴于赣西北武宁地区新开岭剖面附近一口水井钻遇新开岭组黑色页岩新鲜样品,开展了相关实验分析并对该层位页岩含气潜力进行了评价;通过岩心观察、有机地球化学分析、矿物组成分析、扫描电镜观察、比表面积分析以及等温吸附等研究方法,对武宁地区新开岭组页岩的生气条件和储集条件进行了研究,并分析了其含气潜力.研究结果表明,武宁地区新开岭组黑色页岩样品有机质类型为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,w(TOC)介于１．１８％~３．１１％之间,平均为２．１１％,Ro 平均为２．９９％,处于过成熟早期－中期阶段,生气条件较好;宏观裂缝上高角度剪切裂缝、层间页理缝以及成岩收缩缝发育,微观孔隙上有机质孔隙、黏土矿物粒间微裂缝、粒间溶蚀孔隙以及矿物间孔隙发育,储集空间类型丰富,储集条件较好,且脆性矿物含量高易于后期压裂改造,储层条件较好;吸附气量介于２．１２~３．４７m３/t之间,具有较好的吸附能力.武宁地区新开岭组与中上扬子地区龙马溪组关键参数的对比分析表明,武宁地区新开岭组具备形成页岩气的有利条件,页岩气资源潜力较大.      

贵州北部安场向斜下志留统龙马溪组页岩气保存条件

利用野外地质路线调查、岩心观察及地球化学数据分析,探讨了贵州北部安场向斜龙马溪组页岩气保存状况。研究结果表明:含气页岩顶底板致密、封盖性能好,有效阻止了气体逸散;东翼陡峻西翼较缓、轴面微向北西倾斜的不对称向斜构造样式使其核部龙马溪组页岩埋深介于2 500~3 000 m,适宜保存。断裂虽发育但集中在寒武系、奥陶系地层中,仅有2条断层切穿含气目的层段,但并未与大气连通,裂缝的发育有效改善了页岩储集物性。埋深小于600 m的页岩测试结果显示含气量较高,均值达2.19 m3/t,初步推断研究区龙马溪组页岩保存较好。通过此次研究,为页岩气资源勘探寻找了新的突破口。      

山东省上古生界页岩气资源潜力评价

以山东省上古生界海陆过渡相富有机质泥页岩为研究对象,对泥页岩的沉积环境、厚度及分布、有机质类型及含量、有机质演化程度等资料进行分析,认为石炭-二叠纪山西组和太原组泥页岩发育厚度大而稳定,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,镜质体反射率一般在0.7%~1.7%之间,有机碳含量一般在1.5%~9.0%之间,是页岩气主要富集层位。以含气量不小于0.5m3/t、镜质体反射率不小于0.5%、有机碳含量平均不小于2.0%等为资源量评价标准,建立有机碳含量与含气量关系模型,估算山东省上古生界页岩气潜在地质资源总量为5 736.75×108 m~3,明确了具有勘查价值的区域有鲁西南含煤区、黄河北含煤区、阳谷-茌平含煤区和临清坳陷,为山东省上古生界页岩气下一步勘查指明了方向。     

陆相页岩气的泥页岩评价——以延长下寺湾区上三叠统延长组长7段为例

以鄂尔多斯盆地的延长下寺湾区中生界延长组长7段陆相泥页岩为研究对象,在样品实验数据分析和单井岩心观察的基础上,根据泥页岩的发育与分布特点和有机地球化学特征对陆相页岩气的泥页岩进行评价.结果表明:延长下寺湾区延长组长7段泥页岩主要为浅湖—深湖相沉积,泥页岩累计厚度适宜,有机质类型以Ⅱ1为主,有机质丰度较高,具备页岩气生成的物质基础,有机质演化主要处于成熟阶段.分析美国海相产气页岩与中国陆相产气页岩的综合特征,长7段泥页岩脆性矿物质量分数大于25%,有利于储层的后期改造.相对美国储层物性较好的页岩,根据现场解析法测得的长7段泥页岩含气量较高(平均为4.5m3/t),埋深适中,分布稳定,具有勘探潜力和开发前景.     

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素,正常情况下成人摄入量不超过F4 mg/d、C11.7～5.1g/d、I 100～200μg/d;少年不超过F 3 mg/d,儿童I1μg/kg-d,婴儿Cl0.3～1.2 g/d.过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素,都可能导致疾病的发生.而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、C1＜50mg/L、Br＞100μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水,有利于人体健康.     

Controlling mechanisms for the trace metals, (Cu,Zn, Cd,Fe, Co and Ni) in anoxic sea water in Saanich Inlet,British Columbia,Canada

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawater. Data on the concentration of these trace metals and H₂S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruises. Equilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and/or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S₄) ₂ ³⁻ and Cu(Sn₄S₅)³⁻, Zn(HS) ₂ ⁰ and ZnHS ₂ ⁻ , Cd(HS) ₂ ⁰ and Ni(HS) ₂ ⁰ , respectively. The solid species controlling Fe²⁺ and Co²⁺ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H₂S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new species of trace metals are still in the processes of reduction and precipitation. Contribution No. 1428 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION & POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE FRESHWATER CRAB SINOPOTAMON YANG TSEKIENSE BOTT, 1967, FROM ZHEJIANG, CHINA

Monthly investigatiom were made on the population of Chinese freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangteskiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to Match, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occured from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June-October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June-August, and crabs with young were found from July-October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-bom crabs become mature after 1-2 yeats. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution of S. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs     

气、水、岩、生、人相互作用及其环境效应

这里所指示的大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈以及人类的作用千变万化,从而对人类的生存造成巨大影响,构成了一个复杂的生态环境,讨论这些问题,对人类生存至关重要。     

Growth,reproduction & population structure of the freshwater crabSinopotamon yangtsekiense bott, 1967, from Zhejiang,China

Monthly investigations were mae on the population of Chinese freshwater crab,Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to March, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occurred from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June–October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June–August, and crabs with young were found from July–October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-born crabs become mature after 1–2 years. The sex ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution ofS. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs (over 70%) from June to October and more immature crabs (over 50%) from November to May.     

CONTROLLING MECHANISMS FOR THE TRACE METALS,(Cu,Zn, Cd, Fe, Co AND Ni) IN ANOXIC SEA WATER IN SAANICH INLET, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawaler. Data on the concentrations of these trace metals and H2S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruisesEquilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The" results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and /or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S4)23- and Cu(S4S5)3-, Zn(HS)20 and ZnHS2-, Cd(HS)20 and Ni(HS)20 respectively. The solid species controlling Fe2 + and Co2+ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H2S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new s     

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发,依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征,着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子.石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础,以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力,以资源退化和恶化为本质,基岩不断裸露,生态环境不断恶化,周而复始的恶性循环过程.提出对石漠化的研究重点是成因机理研究,对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主导因子的防治,阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议.     

Plate subduction,oxygen fugacity,and mineralization

Plate subduction is the largest natural factory that processes elements, which controls recycling and mineralization of a variety of elements. There are three major ore deposit belts in the world: the circumPaci?c, the central Asian, and the Tethys belts. All the three belts are closely associated with plate subductions, the mechanism remains obscure. We approached this problem from systematic studies on the behaviours of elements during geologic processes. This contribution summaries the recent progress of our research group. Our results suggest that porphyry Cu deposits form through partial melting of subducted young oceanic crust under oxygen fugacities higher than ? FMQ ～+1.5, which is promoted after the elevation of atmospheric oxygen at ca. 550 Ma. Tin deposits are associated with reducing magmatic rocks formed as a consequence of slab rollback. The Neo-Tethys tectonic regime hosts more than 60% of the world's total Sn reserves. This is due to the reducing environment formed during the subduction of organic rich sediments. For the same reason, porphyry Cu deposits formed in the late stages during the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Tungsten deposits are also controlled by slab rollback, but is not so sensitive to oxygen fugacity. Subduction related W/Sn deposits are mostly accompanied by abundant accessory ?uorites due to the breakdown of phengite and apatite. Decomposition of phengite is also signi?cant for hard rock lithium deposits, whereas orogenic belt resulted from plate subduction promote the formation of Li brine deposits. Cretaceous red bed basins near the Nanling region are favorable for Li brines. Both Mo and Re are enriched in the oxidationreduction cycle during surface processes, and may get further enriched once Mo-, Re-enriched sediments are subducted and involved in magmatism. During plate subduction, Mo and Re fractionate from each other. Molybdenum is mainly hosted in porphyry Mo deposits and to a less extent, porphyry Cu-Mo deposits, whereas Re is predominantly hosted in porphyry Cu-Mo deposits and sedimentary sul?de deposits.