基于TVDI的矿区土壤湿度反演及地形因子影响分析

为给我国西部资源开发、生态保护及旱灾预警等领域提供科学依据,以神东矿区为研究区,探索矿区土壤湿度变化。根据2000—2018年的MODIS长时间序列遥感影像,提取归一化植被指数（NDVI）和地表温度（Ts）,构建NDVI-Ts二维光谱特征空间,计算研究区的温度植被干旱指数,绘制矿区的地表土壤湿度等级分布图,从矿区尺度上给出地表土壤湿度的时空变化趋势,分析矿区的地形因子对地表土壤湿度的影响。结果表明：1) TVDI法能够较好地反演出矿区的土壤湿度;2）矿区土壤湿度呈现从西北部向东南部逐渐增加的趋势;3）高程、坡度和坡向3种地形因子在不同范围内,均对地表土壤湿度有着不同程度的影响。整体来看,2000—2018年,神东矿区土壤湿度有增有减,呈微弱上升的趋势,矿区环境得到改善。     

基于梯度视角的城市建筑形态对地表温度的影响

为探索不同城市建筑形态对地表温度影响的梯度与城市间差异,研究以西安、郑州、济南为研究区,基于Landsat-8 TIRS影像和城市三维建筑数据,通过多元线性回归模型分析了这3个城市中建筑形态对不同季节地表温度在城市整体和梯度尺度上的影响并比较其差异性：(1)夏季和冬季中地表温度受城市建筑形态影响最大的城市分别为西安（R2=0.414）和济南（R2=0.300）。建筑覆盖率和平均建筑高度分别对3个城市夏季和冬季地表温度影响最大,且分别表现为正向与负向影响。(2)对建筑覆盖率进行梯度分级后,发现当覆盖率小于20%时,建筑体积密度对3个城市有较强的降温作用;当覆盖率处于20%—40%时,平均建筑高度显著降低3个城市地表温度;当覆盖率处于40%—60%时,天空可视因子对3个城市有一定增温作用;当覆盖率大于60%时,平均建筑高度大幅度降低济南地表温度。(3)西安、济南、郑州低层建筑的平均地表温度分别为9.5℃、7.7℃、6.1℃,3个城市的地表温度由低层到高层都呈下降趋势,且每个梯度内西安的地表温度均高于郑州和济南。研究结果表明：合理规划城市建筑形态,有利于缓解中心城市地表温度过高的现象。     

基于Landsat8热红外遥感数据的山地地表温度地形效应研究

地表温度是影响地表能量收支平衡的重要参量,能够综合反演地表的水热交换过程。虽然当前在基于地表温度开展全球或者区域尺度的地表能量平衡研究方面取得一系列的进展,但是面向山地区域尺度的类似研究仍然面临较大的挑战。为分析山地复杂地形对山地地表温度时空分布的影响规律,基于具有较高空间分辨率的Landsat 8热红外数据,以我国西南典型山地为研究对象,定量反演该区域的地表温度空间分布状况,结合SRTM90DEM数据,选择从海拔、坡度和坡向3个关键地形因子角度分析山地地表温度的地形效应特征。结果发现:山地地表温度随地形因子均呈现出十分显著的变化特征。总体而言,地表温度均随着海拔和坡度的升高而降低,而在坡向方面,南坡的温度相比北坡的温度要高。在地形效应分析的基础上,通过开展1km空间尺度地形和地表温度的空间统计分析发现,山地1km尺度下地表温度存在较大的空间异质性,且其影响不可忽略。研究结果表明:开展山地地表水热过程遥感动态监测需高空间分辨率地表温度作为数据支持,以准确描述山地地形因素对地表能量交换过程的影响。     

基于遥感数据的城市地表温度与土地覆盖定量研究

利用Landsat TM数据,以徐州市为研究区,采用单窗算法反演地表温度,通过混合像元分解和V-I-S(植被—不透水面层—土壤)模型将土地覆盖类型分解为对城市热环境具有重要影响的植被、土壤、不透水面层3个分量,最后利用得到的3种地物比例、直接分类后的土地覆盖类型和地表温度对研究区城市热岛的空间分布特征、地表温度与土地覆盖类型以及各种影响因子之间的关系进行定量研究。研究成果能够有效地应用于城市人居环境研究和生态环境过程分析中。     

利用温度植被干旱指数反演三峡库区土壤水分

土壤水分是监测土地退化的一个重要指标,是气候、水文、生态、农业等领域的主要参数,在地表与大气界面的水分和能量交换中起重要作用。传统的监测土壤水分的方法只能得到单点的数据,很难获得大范围地区的土壤湿度。遥感能够快速方便地获取大区域的地表信息,因此使用遥感监测土壤水分意义重大。主要利用了温度指标干旱指数对三峡库区进行土壤水分反演及其验证。利用TM6波段的亮温方程,计算得出地表温度（Ts）,以TM3、TM4波段计算得出归一化植被指数（NDVI）;把Ts和NDVI作为基本参数,根据Ts-NDVI特征空间的形状,取中间范围的NDVI,拟合干湿边方程,确定干湿边参数;根据温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）进行土壤湿度等级划分。结果表明,利用TVDI可以很好地反演出地表的土壤湿度信息。     

遥感干旱指数在洛川苹果干旱监测中的适用性分析

目前对苹果干旱研究较少且主要运用站点数据,对空间信息表征有限,遥感干旱指数可用于大范围干旱时空动态监测,但在苹果干旱监测中的适用性还有待研究.基于2014～2018年MODIS反射率、地表温度以及地表覆被数据,结合土壤湿度数据和野外调查资料,分析洛川苹果区温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)、归一化植被水分指数(NDWI)、植...     

2000—2018年黄河上中游地区蒸散发年际时空变化及其影响因素分析

黄河流域水资源匮乏且生态系统脆弱,明晰气候与下垫面变化对蒸散发（ET）时空变化的影响机制对于未来黄河流域水资源优化配置与生态建设规划均具有重要意义。基于实测降雨、径流量和GRACE产品数据,利用线性加权融合方法对5种全球ET产品进行融合。利用去趋势法、多元线性回归、全微分和残差法定量计算ET对降雨（Pre）、温度（Temp）、日照时数（SD）、饱和水汽压差（VPD）、风速（WS）和植被叶面积指数（LAI）的敏感性系数,定量分析了各气象要素、植被和其他要素（微地形变化和农业灌溉等）对ET变化趋势的贡献作用。结果表明：(1)与验证精度最高的GLDAS＿CLSM相比,融合ET均方根误差和平均相对误差分别减小12.8 mm和2.2%。2000—2018年黄河上中游ET净增长率为3.82 mm/a,头道拐—龙门区间ET增长率最大（6 mm/a）。(2)植被LAI显著增加导致上中游区ET趋势增加2.49 mm/a。各气象要素的变化趋势与ET对其敏感性系数的空间异质性共同决定了气象要素对ET的影响作用空间分布,5个气象要素对ET总体趋势的净影响量均为正值,其中温度影响作用最大（0.33 mm/a）。...     

被动微波遥感反演土壤水分进展研究

在地球系统中, 地表土壤水分是陆地和大气能量交换过程中的重要因子, 并对陆地表面蒸散、水的运移、碳循环有很强的控制作用, 大面积监测土壤水分在水文、气象和农业科学领域具有较大的应用潜力。被动微波遥感是监测土壤含水量最有效的手段之一, 相比红外与可见光, 它具有波长长, 穿透能力强的优势, 相比主动微波雷达, 被动微波辐射计具有监测面积大、周期短, 受粗糙度影响小, 对土壤水分更为敏感, 算法更为成熟的优势。然而微波辐射计观测到的亮温除了受土壤水分影响外, 还要考虑如植被覆盖、土壤温度、雪覆盖以及地形、地表粗糙度、土壤纹理和大气效应以及地表的异质性等其它因子的影响。目前, 已研究出许多使用被动微波辐射计反演土壤水分的方法,这些方法大部分是围绕着土壤湿度与亮温温度之间的关系进行, 同时也考虑其它各种不同因子对 地表微波辐射的影响。从介绍被动微波反演地表参数的原理入手, 重点介绍被动遥感反演土壤水分当前的算法进展、研究趋势等。     

义能矿区景观格局及生态环境时空动态遥感监测

煤炭资源在国民经济中占有非常重要的地位,而煤炭的开采则会引发诸多环境问题,制约矿区绿色可持续发展。对矿区的景观格局及生态环境时空动态监测,能为矿区生态环境治理提供决策支持,缓解人与自然之间的矛盾,引导矿区生态环境协调发展。以山东省济宁市汶上县义能矿区为研究区,基于2000～2021年Landsat影像,采用景观分类方法、景观格局指数法、遥感生态指数（Remote Sensing Ecological Index,RSEI）法和重心迁移模型,分析义能矿区景观格局及生态环境时空动态变化。结果表明：2000～2021年义能矿区最大斑块指数下降,景观破碎度和形状指数上升,煤矿开采对矿区原有景观格局影响较大;生态环境质量呈现下降—上升—下降变化趋势;绿度和干度指标对生态环境影响较大;义能矿区差等级和优秀等级迁移幅度较大。     

基于Copula函数的地表温度空间降尺度研究

Copula函数能够用于构建粗尺度数据与细尺度数据间的二维联合分布实现降水、土壤湿度空间降尺度。为了探讨Copula函数在地表温度空间降尺度研究中的适用性,选取黑河中游荒漠绿洲区作为研究区,以2012年7月10日ASTER、MODIS地表温度影像作为数据源,开展基于Copula函数的地表温度空间降尺度研究,并利用地面实测地表温度数据对降尺度结果进行验证。结果表明:基于Copula函数的空间降尺度方法能够较好地刻画出细尺度像元的温度值,但是不易捕捉到地表温度突变区域的细节信息;能够显著地提高热红外遥感影像反演得到的地表温度数据的精度,MAE和RMSE分别从2.99K、3.87K减小至1.51K、2.36K。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.