异种搅拌摩擦焊接AA2024-7075接头沿厚度方向上的电子背散射衍射分析

本研究以5mm厚的AA2024-T351和AA7075-T651铝合金板材进行搅拌摩擦对接焊,研究了异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊AA2024-7075接头焊核区沿厚度方向的微观组织演化。研究结果表明：焊核区的晶粒尺寸从焊缝顶部到底部依次降低。轴肩区和焊缝底部区域的再结晶组分低于焊缝中心区。焊核区形成了简单的剪切织构且织构分布并不均匀。轴肩区主要是B 和?B织构组分,而底部区域主要是A 和?A织构组分,C织构组分则出现在中心区域。中心区域的织构强度低于焊核顶部和底部区域,这主要是由于该区域出现了洋葱环,是材料混合区域,使得晶粒取向更为随机。     

2A14-T4铝合金T形接头静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊组织结构与力学性能

采用静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接法（SSFSW）在不同的焊接速度下制备了2A14-T4铝合金T形接头。在优化的焊接工艺参数下,可以得到光滑的T形接头焊缝表面。结果表明：焊接熔核区（WNZ）的显微组织为完全动态再结晶产生的细小等轴晶,第2次焊核区（WNZ2）的平均晶粒尺寸最大,焊接重合区（WNOZ）次之,第1次焊核区（WNZ1）的平均晶粒尺寸最小。WNZ的再结晶机制主要是几何动态再结晶,并伴有部分连续动态再结晶。WNZ1和WNZ2织构类型为弱{111}<110>,而WNOZ经过2次搅拌后织构类型为弱{100}<001>。热机械影响区（TMAZ）发生塑性变形,而热影响区（HAZ）只受到焊接热循环作用,不发生塑性变形和晶粒的动态再结晶。WNZ的硬度较高,硬度最低的区域位于靠近TMAZ的HAZ。随着焊接速度的增加,接头抗拉伸强度先增大后减小。底板和加强板的主要断裂形式是脆性/韧性混合断裂。     

Microstructure Evolution and Recrystallization Behavior of Friction Stir Welded Thick Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloys: Influence of Pin Centerline Deviation

Four tools with different pin centerline deviations were fabricated to friction stir weld (FSW) thick plates of Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloys. The results show that, compared with the pin without pin centerline deviation, the applying of pin centerline deviation is favorable to improve the flowability of plastic material, enlarging the size of nugget zone, refining the grains and reprecipitated phase particles, enhancing the degrees of dynamic recrystallization and quantity of high angle grain boundaries owing to higher temperature and bigger eccentric force, resulting in the increase of strain hardening. Especially for the used pin with a centerline deviation of 0.2 mm, the highest average hardness and best metallurgical properties of thick FSW joints are produced, and which are consistent with the microstructure evolution and recrystallization behavior. Moreover, the fracture mode of the joints produced by the pins with centerline deviation from 0 mm to 0.3 mm changes gradually from a brittle fracture in the nugget zone (NZ) to a ductile failure in the HAZ.     

7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊动态再结晶组织影响因素

进行了不同旋转频率和焊接速度下的7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊试验,研究了搅拌头旋转频率和焊接速度对焊核区晶粒尺寸的影响．为进一步分析焊接参数影响焊核区晶粒尺寸的机理,进行了不同应变速率和变形温度下的等温压缩试验．分析了变形参数对动态再结晶的影响规律．结果表明,焊核区晶粒尺寸随搅拌头旋转频率的变化不大,随焊接速度的增加而减小．在发生完全动态再结晶的范围之内,再结晶晶粒尺寸随着lnZ值的增大而减小．焊接参数对z参数具有不同的影响规律,进而影响焊核区晶粒尺寸．     

ZL114A铸铝搅拌摩擦焊接头性能

研究了采用不同焊接参数时ZL114A铸铝搅拌摩擦焊接头的金相组织、硬度分布及力学性能。结果表明，ZL114A铸铝的搅拌摩擦焊焊接性良好。焊核区的微观组织是无方向性的、细小的等轴晶粒。细化的硅粒子均匀布满整个焊核区。与粗大的树枝状母材相比，焊核晶粒细小、均匀而致密，没有观察到气孔等缺陷。焊缝区硬度分布较母材稳定，变化范围小。随着焊速增加，硅粒子所占体积比逐渐下降。热一机械影响区晶粒被拉长。接头的力学性能与焊接参数的匹配有关系。采用高焊速及转速与焊速比在3左右，获得的接头抗拉强度可达到母材的91％。焊后经T6热处理，可与同炉热处理母材等强。     

6082铝合金双轴肩FSW接头组织及腐蚀性能

利用光学显微镜及动电位极化曲线技术,研究了12mm厚6082一T6铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头组织形貌及其电化学性能．结果表明,主轴转速600r／min,焊接速度为300mm／min,搅拌头倾角为0°的焊缝组织出现了明显的变化,焊合区组织发生了动态再结晶,形成细小的等轴晶结构;母材的腐蚀形貌比较粗糙,表面有较深的点蚀坑,而接头焊核区表面腐蚀形貌均一,点蚀现象较轻;动电位极化测试表明双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核区的腐蚀电压比母材高,耐腐蚀性能比母材好．     

静态再结晶过程的元胞自动机模拟（Ⅱ）——晶粒尺寸和边数的变化

根据元胞自动机的模拟结果,研究了静态再结晶过程中晶粒尺寸和晶粒边数的变化情况及分布规律。结果表明：在整个再结晶过程中,单个形变晶粒的消失速度和单个再结晶晶粒的生长速度呈现随机性;但品粒的平均直径随着时间先明显减小后小幅增加;虽然晶粒的尺寸分布不均,但此再结晶过程不会形成超大尺寸的晶粒。再结晶完成时,形变量越大,晶粒平均直径越小;晶粒边数的分布呈现正态分布的特征。本研究进一步加深了对再结晶过程的认识。     

基于CA模拟焊缝凝固过程枝晶生长的分析

将元胞自动机方法用于焊缝金属凝固组织演变的模拟中,不仅为焊缝微观组织演变的数值模拟开辟了一种新的途径,同时也有助于研究焊接接头组织并依此优化工艺来提高焊件质量.文中研究了焊缝凝固过程中的溶质扩散问题,构建了基于元胞自动机的焊缝枝晶生长速度模型,在此基础上进行了焊缝中心等轴晶和熔池边缘柱状晶生长的模拟.初步计算了焊缝中心等轴晶和熔池边缘柱状晶的生长形态,计算结果明显再现了二次、三次枝晶的生长及竞争生长等微观现象.结果表明,元胞自动机方法是研究和模拟焊缝微观组织的有效手段之一.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Characterization of Friction-Stir-Welded Dual-Phase Brass

Friction stir welding (FSW) is an ideal process to join brass to avoid the evaporation of zinc. In the present investigation, 6-mm-thick dual-phase brass plates were joined efficiently using FSW at various tool rotational speeds. The microstructures were studied using optical microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The optical micrographs revealed the evolution of various zones across the joint line. The microstructure of the heat-affected zone was similar to that of base metal. The weld zone exhibited finer grains due to dynamic recrystallization. The recrystallization was inhomogeneous and the inhomogeneity reduced with increased tool rotational speed. The dual phase was preserved in the weld zone due to the retention of zinc. The severe plastic deformation created a lot of dislocations in the weld zone. The weld zone was strengthened after welding. The role of tool rotational speed on the joint strength is further reported.     

Effect of nano TiN/Ti refiner on as-cast and hot-working microstructure of commercial purity aluminum

A novel type nano TiN/Ti composite grain refiner (TiN/Ti refiner) was prepared by high energy ball milling, and its effect on as-cast and hot-working microstructure of commercial purity aluminum (pure Al) was investigated. The results show that TiN/Ti refiner exhibits excellent grain refining performances on pure Al. With an addition of 0.2% TiN/Ti refiner, the average grain size of pure Al decreases to 82 μm, which is smaller than that of pure Ti and Al–5Ti–1B master alloy as refiners. The microstructure of weld joint of pure Al with 0.1% TiN/Ti refiner is fine equiaxed grains and the hardness of weld joint is higher than that of the base metal. For pure Al with 40% cold deformation and recrystallization at 250 °C for 1.0 h, the grains of the sample added 0.1% Ti powder have an obvious grain growth behavior. In contrast, oriented grains caused by deformation have been eliminated, and there is no obvious grain growth in pure Al refined with 0.1% TiN/Ti refiner, indicating that nano TiN in the refiner inhibits the growth of grain during recrystallization.     

A Study on the Recrystallization Behavior of Ni-Based Alloy G3 During Hot Deformation

An integrated microstructure evolution model of thermomechanical processing was developed in terms of dynamic recrystallization (DRX), post-dynamic recrystallization (PDRX) and grain growth. Hot compression tests were carried out on a Gleeble-1500 thermal simulator under different conditions to model DRX, PDRX and short-time grain growth during the post-deformation and cooling process. Furthermore, in combination with the established microstructure evolution models, an elastic–plastic finite element model was built using DEFORM-2D software to simulate the microstructure evolution during the hot extrusion process. The simulation result was compared with the microstructure of a hot-extruded pipe of alloy G3 manufactured in a factory. The simulation results agree well with the experimental ones, validating the accuracy of the established microstructure evolution model. Furthermore, the finite element simulation is an effective method for hot deformation analysis, which can provide theoretical guidance for the optimization manufacturing parameters.     

脉冲TIG焊接工艺参数对Inconel601H镍基合金焊缝晶粒大小的影响

为了控制镍基合金焊缝晶粒粗大倾向,研究工艺参数对焊缝晶粒大小的影响,采用脉冲TIG焊对Inconel601H镍基合金进行焊接,焊后借助光学显微镜对焊缝横截面金相组织进行观察并计算晶粒尺寸.结果表明,在Inconel601H镍基合金的脉冲TIG焊中,焊接工艺参数对焊缝晶粒大小的影响方式不同.并且在参数的一定范围内,随着峰值电流、脉冲频率及占空比的提高,晶粒细化效果明显;但随着基值电流提高,晶粒趋于长大.因此,采用适当的焊接工艺参数可以有助于改善镍基合金焊缝晶粒粗大问题.     

5A90铝锂合金电子束焊接头超塑性变形组织演变

对5A90铝锂合金电子束焊接头进行高温拉伸试验,使用光学显微镜观察试样变形过程中的组织演变,并对变形机理进行分析.结果表明,超塑性变形初期,接头超塑性变形机制以扩散导致的晶界迁移为主,焊缝细小等轴晶粒迅速长大.当应变大于100%时,接头中大晶粒开始发生动态再结晶,超塑性变形机制转变为动态再结晶机制.在超塑性变形过程中热影响区平均晶粒尺寸与焊缝平均晶粒尺寸逐渐接近,组织存在耦合均匀化过程.提出采用均匀化系数K来表征焊缝与热影响区的组织均匀化程度,随着变形的进行,K值逐渐升高.     

高频振动下的不锈钢激光焊接

在不锈钢激光焊接过程中对工件施加高频振动,研究不同焊接速度和振动频率对接头宏观成形、微观组织及显微硬度的影响. 结果表明,焊缝边缘为柱状树枝晶,中央为细小等轴晶,焊缝组织为奥氏体和残余δ铁素体. 焊接速度增加,虽可使熔宽和焊缝区晶粒尺寸减小,接头硬度增大,但无法阻碍树枝晶的生长. 施加高频振动可抑制枝晶的数量和大小,并增加焊缝中等轴晶的数量,优化接头综合性能. 振动频率增加,焊缝区晶粒尺寸减小、等轴晶数量增加且有细小等轴晶弥散分布于树枝晶之间,焊缝硬度增大,振动起到了细晶强化的效果. 而振动频率对熔宽并无明显影响.     

搅拌摩擦焊中动态再结晶及硬度分布的数值模拟

使用率相关弹粘塑性本构模型模拟了搅拌摩擦焊接过程,并着重研究了过程参数对搅拌摩擦焊接动态再结晶过程以及搅拌区内材料硬度的影响．结果表明,在搅拌区内焊接构件上、下表面沿垂直于焊缝方向的硬度分布规律不同．焊接构件顶部材料的硬度分布符合实验得到的结果,即焊缝中心线附近材料硬度较低,热力影响区外材料硬度逐渐升高并最终达到母材的硬度;但是在焊接构件下表面并不显示这一硬度分布规律．搅拌区内材料的硬度与搅拌头转速无明显关系,但随焊速的增加而增加．焊接构件中部材料的晶粒尺寸大于焊接构件底部材料的晶粒尺寸,且搅拌区内晶粒尺寸随搅拌头转速的增加趋于均匀．     

AZ91D薄板搅拌摩擦焊

实现了厚度为2.2 mm铸造镁合金AZ91D薄板的搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊,分析了搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对焊接接头成形的影响和接头组织变化,考察了搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能.在搅拌头旋转速度为1 380 r/min时得到了比较理想的焊接接头,而1 960 r/min的转速过大.接头不同区域所受的机械力和热量不同,显微组织明显不同.搅拌区晶粒细小,显微硬度和强度都有所提高.搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能与热输入有关;与氩弧焊接头相比,搅拌摩擦焊接接头的性能更好.     

纯镍动态再结晶过程的元胞自动机模型

将冶金学基本原理与元胞自动机方法相结合,建立了动态再结晶过程微观组织演变的实时计算模型。模型考虑到时间因素的影响,时间步长Δt定义为元胞尺寸与最大晶界移动速率的比值,每一时间步内每个元胞的位错密度随应变按一定规律增长。结果表明,利用此模型可以很好地模拟大应变速率下的动态再结晶过程微观组织变化,并能预测再结晶晶粒大小和热加工过程应力随应变的变化。     

挤压铝合金表面再结晶数值量化分析

铝合金挤压及热处理过程中,产品表面金属组织的再结晶现象是影响生产效率和产品质量较为重要的因素。通过模具优化设计和生产工艺参数优化设计,对包括挤压比、挤压轴速度、坯料温度、挤压模式等在内的参数调整,可以有效控制产品表面及内部组织的再结晶现象。为解决优化设计过程中普遍存在的成本较高和周期较长等制约因素,通过数值模拟及基于统计学原理的实验设计技术,包括FEM技术、材料微观冶金建模技术,基于统计学原理的Taguchi实验及结果分析相结合的方法;FEM结合冶金模型二次开发,可以较为精确的模拟挤压过程中金属组织结构的演化;结合实验设计(Design of Experiment,DOE),如Taguchi等方法,可以量化分析出主要的工艺参数对于产品表面再结晶的影响。该研究为工艺优化设计提供了有力的工具。     

压下变形参数对超高强钢再结晶规律的影响

以一种超高强钢为研究对象,对其进行了热力学计算分析和热模拟压下实验,采用金相组织和扫描形貌分析等手段,研究了压下变形参数对超高强钢再结晶的影响规律。研究结果表明：变形速率越大,变形温度越低,实验钢动态再结晶越不容易发生;变形温度为950 ℃,变形速率为0.1 s-1时,真应变为0.1,奥氏体晶粒尺寸为6524 μm;真应变为05时,稳态连续再结晶形成的奥氏体沿着原来奥氏体向晶内长大,尺寸较为均匀,晶粒细化到4821 μm;真应变为08时,发生非连续再结晶,晶粒细化到3045 μm,呈现多边形等轴状。     

Effects of Different Forging Processes on Microstructure Evolution for 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel

Forging experiments were designed and carried out on a 3150 kN hydraulic press to investigate the effects of different processes on the microstructure evolution for 316LN steel. The forging processes included single-pass (upsetting) and multipass (stretching) deformations, and the experimental results indicated that the average grain size varied with forging processes. Moreover, the size had distinct differences at different positions in the workpiece. Meanwhile, numerical simulations were implemented to study the influence of temperature, strain, and strain rate on microstructure evolution. The results of experiments and simulations comprehensively demonstrated that dynamic, static, and meta-dynamic recrystallization could coexist in the hot forging process and that the recrystallization process could easily occur under the conditions of higher temperature, larger strain, and higher strain rate. Moreover, the temperature had more significant influence on both recrystallization and grain growth. A higher temperature could not only promote the recrystallization but also speed up the grain growth. Therefore, a lower temperature is beneficial to obtain refinement grains on the premise that the recrystallization can occur completely.