The role of apatite fractionation and REE distribution in alkaline rocks from Mt. Etna, Sicily

Summary Melt inclusions in olivine and apatite, and REE distribution of apatite were studied in one of the least differentiated members of the oldest alkaline succession of Mt. Etna. Apatite occurs both as microphenocrysts and as inclusions in olivine crystals, even in the most Mg-rich ones (Fo₈₂). In addition phenocrysts and groundmass are composed of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, olivine and magnetite. Apatite is fluor-apatite, with rather homogeneous major element (measured by electron microprobe, EMP) and REE (measured by laser-ablation microprobe, LAM, and by secondary ion mass spectrometer, SIMS) contents. REE are enriched when compared to the whole rock, with contents in olivine-hosted apatite lower than or the same as those of the microphenocryst cores; these in turn show lower REE values than their edges. Distribution coefficients, calculated from LAM data of microphenocryst edges and whole rock analyses, are higher for LREE (8–12) than for HREE (5–4). In the SiO₂ vs. P₂O₅ diagram melt inclusions and whole rock samples define a trend that is consistent with continuous apatite extraction from a “high P” basalt magma. Finally, whole rock data show LREE/HREE (La/Lu)_n enrichment ratios from hawaiites to mugearites (=1.14), consistent with apatite fractionation, lower than those documented for lavas of the “low P” type (enrichment ratio = 1.34–1.37), where conditions for apatite saturation were not established. Received January 2, 2000; revised version accepted April 2, 2001     

贵州织金磷块岩型稀土矿含矿岩系REE地球化学特征与稀土富集

贵州织金下寒武统戈仲武组(?1gz)磷矿富集大量稀土,但是磷块岩中REE富集机制问题尚不清楚。本文对贵州织金不同稀土含量区间(262×10~(-6)、262×10~(-6)～527×10~(-6)、527×10~(-6)～761×10~(-6)、761×10~(-6))的磷块岩的研究表明,磷块岩的稀土配分均显示出Ce负异常、Eu无明显异常、MREE富集以及富集重稀土元素Y的特征。(La/Sm)N-δCe及δPr-δCe图解显示织金磷块岩Ce异常为真实的Ce异常,代表磷块岩形成在氧化环境。但当时海水的氧化环境并不是控制MREE富集的决定因素。(La/Sm)N-SmN、(Gd/Yb)N-YbN散点图显示MREE富集是稀土在富集过程中稀土发生分异的结果。(Dy/Sm)N-δEu散点图以及Eu无明显异常说明织金磷块岩形成过程中可能无热水作用的参与。地史时期"老磷块岩"普遍存在重稀土亏损的特征。     

赣南新元古代变质岩稀土矿物及其地球化学特征

近年来赣南地区首次报道了变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床的发现,为离子吸附型稀土的找矿提供了新思路。赣南地区新元古代变质岩大面积分布,风化壳也广泛发育。文章对30件稀土元素含量(300×10~(-6))高的变质岩矿物样品进行了详细的电子探针分析,旨在查明赣南新元古代不同类型变质岩中的稀土矿物种类及特征,探讨其成因、对全岩稀土元素含量的贡献以及离子吸附型稀土元素的成矿潜力。研究表明,区域上变质岩可大致分为6类,分别是变质凝灰岩类、板岩类、千枚岩类、片岩类、变砂岩类和变粒岩类,不同类型变质岩的稀土矿物组合不同,除了普遍存在的、难风化的独居石、磷钇矿和锆石外,部分岩性中出现易风化的褐帘石、含稀土元素绿泥石和含稀土元素金红石,及表生的水磷酸盐和磷铝酸盐等矿物。这些富稀土矿物贡献了全岩中大部分稀土元素,且部分矿物成因与后期流体作用相关,为成矿提供了良好的条件。文章总结分析认为,赣南地区广泛分布的变质岩中,片岩类、变砂岩类和变质凝灰岩类均具有相对易风化的稀土矿物组合,尤其变质凝灰岩类和变砂岩类,能为离子吸附型稀土成矿提供充足的物质来源,具有可观的离子吸附型稀土成矿潜力。     

江陵凹陷古新统沉积岩稀土元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

稀土元素因其化学性质稳定已成为研究湖泊沉积物的物源、古环境和古气候等变化的良好示踪剂。笔者采集江陵凹陷GK2井古新统沙市组上段岩芯样品21件、新沟嘴组下段岩芯样品39件,并采用电感耦合等离子体质谱技术对其稀土元素进行测试分析。结果表明:∑REE为67.941~284.385μg/g,平均值为174.63μg/g,高于全球平均大陆上地壳值,稍大于北美页岩。样品的δEu值为0.61~0.89,平均为0.71,中度Eu异常;δCe值为0.88~0.99,平均为0.93,Ce微负异常。稀土元素的配分模式为LREE、HREE分异明显,LREE呈现右倾,HREE较为平坦,富集LREE,HREE相对亏损。δEu、δCe值的变化表明当时的水体为还原环境;∑REE和(La/Yb)N值的变化表明,从沙市组上段到新沟嘴组下段气候由干热变得相对暖湿;物源以沉积岩为主,也有部分可能来自花岗岩和玄武岩。黄陵隆起的隆升剥蚀过程和东秦岭、华容地区花岗岩稀土元素配分模式与江陵凹陷样品的对比分析结果,表明东秦岭、黄陵隆起和华容地区花岗岩在古新世时期可能向江陵凹陷提供了物源。     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

REE Geochemical Characteristics of Volcanic Rocks in Zhejiang and Jiangxi Provinces and Their Gological Significance

Based on the data of 64 samples ,the REE geochemical characteristics of volcanic rocks in northern Zhejiang and eastern Jiangxi provinces are discussed in this paper.The REE distribution patterns in acid and intermediate-acid volcanic rocks in these areas display some similarities,as indicated by rightward-inclined V-shaped curves with negative Eu anomalies,which are parallel to earch other.In addi-tion,their REE parameters(ΣREE,ΣLREE/ΣHREE,δEu,Ce/Yb,La/Sm,La/Yb,etc)also va-ry over a narrow range with small deviations.HREE are particularly concentrated in the volcanic rocks as-sociated with uranium mineralization.The initial ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio in the volcanic rocks is about 0.7056-0.7139.All these features in conjunction with strontium isotopic data indicate that the rock-forming materials come from the sialic crust.The REE distribution patterns and REE geochemical parameters of the volcanic rocks ,as well as La/Sm-La and Ce/Yb-Eu/Yb diagrams may be applied to the sources of rock-forming and ore-forming materials.     

西藏仲巴地块加达钾质火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征

新生代青藏高原钾质火山岩发育,主要集中于藏北地区和拉萨地块内,仲巴地块中鲜见报道。对仲巴地块中发现的加达钾质火山岩进行研究,其岩石类型以粗面质为主,岩浆以溢流相-喷发相不间断喷发。样品普遍显示高钾高铝,低碱,偏酸性,富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,具弱负Eu异常,贫Y和Yb,Sr含量较高,类似于典型的埃达克质岩的地球化学特征。粗面玄武安山岩样品LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为17.03±0.32Ma,形成时代为中新世。加达钾质火山岩浆来源于挤压增厚的下地壳部分熔融,其产出的构造背景是后碰撞伸展环境。     

辽北德仁组火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及岩石地球化学特征

通过对辽北平岗盆地中德仁组火山岩的岩石学、地球化学和年代学的研究,探讨了其岩石成因、形成时代、构造环境,以及华北克拉通东部岩石圈减薄时间和减薄机制。用LA-ICP-MS技术测定了平岗盆地中德仁组中部英安质角砾晶屑岩屑凝灰岩和上部流纹岩中的锆石U-Th-Pb同位素组成。获得前者的锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为246.8±3.5Ma和169.6±4.6Ma,代表了2期岩浆活动的年龄,是平岗盆地基底早三叠世和中侏罗世岩浆活动的表现;后者的锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为117.0±0.9Ma,表明流纹岩形成于早白垩世。德仁组火山岩富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Y、Yb;富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,表现出壳源特征。德仁组火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘火山弧环境,原始岩浆来源于盆地基底岩浆岩重熔。研究区在117~135Ma期间,发生了由正地形向负地形的重大转变,区域上发育伸展盆地和变质核杂岩,并在基底岩石重熔过程中受到地幔混染作用,表明研究区在早白垩世发生了岩石圈减薄,且减薄的起始时间早于117.0±0.9Ma,减薄机制为拆沉作用。     

太行山南段安林地区侵入岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、 地球化学特征及其构造意义

太行山南段安林地区中生代侵入岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明侵入岩形成于129. 1±1. 0~129. 7±1. 1 Ma,属于早白垩世,与太行山其他地区乃至整个华北地区侵入杂岩体具有相近的形成年代,表明在晚中生代太行山地区与华北地区经历了相同的地球动力学背景和构造环境,即南太行山地区处于华北克拉通岩石圈减薄范围之内。安林地区中生代侵入岩轻稀土总量（LREE平均为113. 71×10-6）明显高于重稀土总量（HREE平均为11. 97×10-6）,具有相对明显的富集轻稀土元素的右倾型配分形式、Eu的弱正异常及大离子亲石元素相对富集的特征,且具有Sr、Ba含量高、Sr/Y、（La/Yb）N比值高的特征,表明壳幔岩浆混合是太行山南段安林地区中生代岩浆作用的主要成因机制。     

REE geochemical characteristics of the two types of granitic rocks in Jiangxi Province and their metallogenic significance

Preliminary studies have shown that REE geochemical characteristics are useful criteria to discriminate the two types of granitic rocks in Jiangxi Province. They are also of significant indication of metallization. The principal REE geochemical indices are ΣREE, ΣCe/ΣY andδEu, as well as REE distribution pattern. Each of the two types of granitic rocks has a metallogenic evolutionary series of its own with a successive decrease inδEu. The application of REE geochemistry in the study of petrogenesis and ore genesis has been receiving increasing attention. As will be shown in this paper, REE geochemical characteristics, especially ΣREE, ΣCe/ΣY,δEu and REE distribution pattern, are efficient indicators for distinguishing between the two series of granitic rocks in Jiangxi, and thus enable us to have a better understanding of the ore-forming processes in this region.     

滇西龙陵－瑞丽断裂带早白垩世火山岩LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学特征

通过对龙陵-瑞丽断裂与主高黎贡断裂夹持区内构造混杂岩进行地质填图和剖面研究,在原划的三叠纪扎多组中发现沿龙陵-瑞丽断裂带呈透镜状断续分布的中酸性火山岩,并获得LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄130.0Ma±1.7Ma,首次证实滇西龙陵-瑞丽断裂带存在早白垩世火山岩。结合岩石学特征和地球化学特征判断该火山岩形成于岛弧环境,可能是早白垩世怒江洋闭合过程中岩浆活动的产物。     

滇西龙陵-瑞丽断裂带早白垩世火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学特征

通过对龙陵-瑞丽断裂与主高黎贡断裂夹持区内构造混杂岩进行地质填图和剖面研究,在原划的三叠纪扎多组中发现沿龙陵-瑞丽断裂带呈透镜状断续分布的中酸性火山岩,并获得LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄130.0Ma±1.7Ma,首次证实滇西龙陵-瑞丽断裂带存在早白垩世火山岩。结合岩石学特征和地球化学特征判断该火山岩形成于岛弧环境,可能是早白垩世怒江洋闭合过程中岩浆活动的产物。     

滇西龙陵－瑞丽断裂带早白垩世火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学特征

通过对龙陵-瑞丽断裂与主高黎贡断裂夹持区内构造混杂岩进行地质填图和剖面研究,在原划的三叠纪扎多组中发现沿龙陵-瑞丽断裂带呈透镜状断续分布的中酸性火山岩,并获得LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄130.0Ma±1.7Ma,首次证实滇西龙陵-瑞丽断裂带存在早白垩世火山岩。结合岩石学特征和地球化学特征判断该火山岩形成于岛弧环境,可能是早白垩世怒江洋闭合过程中岩浆活动的产物。     

Isotope and geochemical characteristics of rocks from the Oshurkovo apatite-bearing massif,Western Transbaikalia

We present the results of a study on gabbroic rocks, syenites, pegmatites, carbonatites, and hydrothermal products of the Oshurkovo apatite-bearing massif. The results include Nd and Sr isotope ratios; the isotope compositions of carbon and oxygen in calcite; oxygen in apatite, magnetite, and silicate minerals (phlogopite, titanite, diopside, amphibole, K-feldspar, and quartz); sulfur in barite; and hydrogen in mica. The isotopic data are close to the EM-1 enriched mantle values and confirm a comagmatic relationship between the gabbros and carbonatites. The binary plot ?_Nd vs. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr demonstrates strong differentiation between silicate rocks and carbonatites, as is the case with the other Late Mesozoic carbonatite occurrences of southwestern Transbaikalia. The oxygen isotope composition of all comagmatic phases also falls within the range of mantle values. A clear trend toward heavier oxygen and lighter carbon isotope compositions is observed in all successively emplaced phases, which is consistent with a trend defined by hydrothermal products formed under the influence of the parent magma chamber. Carbonates formed during the greenstone alteration of gabbroic rocks are enriched in the light oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O from ?2.8 to ?7.3‰), suggesting a contribution of vadose water.     

Tectonic controls on the geochemical composition of Cenozoic,mafic alkaline volcanic rocks from West Antarctica

Cenozoic, mafic alkaline volcanic rocks throughout West Antarctica (WA) occupy diverse tectonic environments. On the Antarctic Peninsula (AP), late Miocene-Pleistocene (7 to <1 Ma) alkaline basaltic rocks were erupted <1 to 45 million years after subduction ceased along the Pacific margin of the AP. In Marie Byrd Land (MBL), by contrast, alkaline basaltic volcanism has been semi-continuous from 25–30 Ma to the present, and occurs in the West Antarctic rift system. Together, these Antarctic tectono-magmatic associations are analogous to the Basin and Range, Sierran, and Coast Range batholith provinces. Unlike the western US, however, basaltic rocks throughout WA have uniform geochemical characteristics, with especially narrow ranges in initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7026–0.7035),¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.51286–0.51299), and La/Nb (0.6–1.4) ratios, suggesting very limited liput from old subcontinental lithosphere or crustal sources during magma genesis. However, there are significant differences in the relative and absolute abundances of the LILE (large-ionlithophile elements), and these divide WA into two provinces. Basalts from the AP region have unusually high K/Ba and K/Rb ratios (50–140 and 500–1500 respectively) and marked Ba depletion (Ba/Nb=2.5–8.0; Ba ppm 66–320) relative to MBL basalts, which have LILE distributions within the range for OIB (ocean-island basalt) (K/Ba <50, Ba/Nb 5–20). This geochemical contrast is accompanied by a three-fold increase in the age range of volcanic activity and a three orders of magnitude increase in the volume of eruptive products, within MBL. The regional differences in geochemistry, and in the volume and duration of volcanic activity, are best explained by a plume-related origin for MBL basalts, whereas alkaline magmatism in the AP is causally related to slab window formation following the cessation of subduction. Plume activity has alreadybeen proposed to explain tectonic doming and associated spatial patterns of volcanism in MBL. Most MBL geochemical traits are shared by the volcanic rocks of the western Ross Sea, suggesting that a large plume head underlies the West Antarctic rift system. The uniformity of basalt compositions throughout WA and the entire rift system suggest uniformly minimal extension throughout this region during late Cenozoic time. Differences in crustal thicknesses can be explained by early Cenozoic or pre-Cenozoic extension, but restraint on extension is suggested by the size of the region and the implied size of the plume. The c. 95% encirclement of the Antarctic plate by mid-ocean ridges and transforms restrains extension on a regional scale, leading to nonadiabatic plume rise and correspondingly little decompression melting.     

西准噶尔马拉苏早泥盆世火山岩LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb 年龄、地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

马拉苏地区早泥盆世地层为一套滨海—浅海相火山—沉积岩系,对其中的火山岩夹层进行锆石U-Pb同位素定年和岩石地球化学研究,定年结果显示有大量的新太古代和中新元古代锆石,表明该区存在古老的大陆地壳物质。火山岩样品SiO2含量为52.38%~69.6%,Na2O含量为2.80%~4.85%,K2O为0.16%~0.96%,TiO2为0.5%~1.96%,Al2O3为14.62%~18.18%,MgO（1.08%~5.75%）变化范围较大,Mg#值在22.92~38之间,具有高钠、低钾的特征,属于钙碱性、低钾拉斑系列。稀土元素总量∑REE=73×10-6~115×10-6,LREE/HREE值为2.66~3.25,具有明显的Eu负异常（0.83~0.92）。玄武安山岩样品相对富集K、Rb、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素,与典型火山弧玄武岩地球化学特征一致。英安斑岩样品也具有富集大离子亲石元素、亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素的特征,反映源区可能有较多壳源物质的加入,其稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图与玄武安山岩相似,表明其可能为同源岩浆演化的产物。综合研究认为,这套火山岩具有岛弧火山岩特征,形成于板块俯冲拼贴过程中的岛弧环境。     

中国萤石矿床分类及稀土元素地球化学特征

中国萤石资源丰富,矿床数量众多,但尚无统一的分类标准。在总结现有萤石矿床分类基础上,以成矿热液来源为依据,将单一型萤石矿床划分为岩浆期后热液型、火山-次火山热液型及热卤水型3种,并介绍了各类萤石矿床的主要地质特征。结合已有文献资料,总结归纳各类型萤石矿床的稀土元素组成特征,探讨了成矿热液演化过程。岩浆期后热液型矿床萤石具有较高的稀土总量(∑REE均值约70×10^-6)、较显著的铕负异常(δEu峰值在0.6～0.7)和较小的Y/Ho比值(主要变化范围30～65);火山-次火山热液型矿床萤石稀土总量与岩浆期后热液型接近,但具有显著的铕负异常或弱-中等的铕正异常(δEu峰值分别在0.1～0.2和1.1～1.2)和较小的Y/Ho比值(集中在40～50);热卤水型矿床萤石具有较低的稀土总量、显著的铕正异常(平均δEu>2)及较大的Y/Ho比值(均值约83)。与岩浆期后热液型和火山-次火山热液型矿床相比,热卤水型矿床的成矿流体可能经历了更复杂的演化过程。