Ammonia stomatal compensation point of young oilseed rape leaves during dark/light cycles under various nitrogen nutritions

The plant can be a source or a sink of ammonia (NH₃) depending on its nitrogen (N) supply, metabolism and on the background atmospheric concentrations. Thus plants play a major role in regulating atmospheric NH₃ concentrations. For a better understanding of the factors influencing the NH₃ stomatal compensation point, it is important to analyse the dynamics of leaf NH₃ fluxes. The relationship between the leaf NH₃ fluxes and the leaf apoplast ammonium and nitrate concentrations, N nutrition and the light and dark periods was studied here.We designed an experiment to quantitatively assess leaf-atmosphere NH₃ exchange and the stomatal compensation point and to identify the main factors affecting the variation of NH₃ fluxes in oilseed rape. We tested day and night dynamics as well as the effect of five different N treatments. Two experimental methods were used: a dynamic open flux chamber and extraction of the apoplastic solution.Chamber measurements showed that there was a good correlation between plant NH₃ fluxes and water fluxes. Compensation points were calculated by two different methods and ranged between 0.8 and 12.2 μg m⁻³ NH₃ (at 20 °C) for the different N treatments. Apoplastic solution measurements showed that there was no significant differences in the apoplastic NH₄⁺ concentrations ([NH₄⁺]_apo) extracted in dark and light periods for the same N treatment. Statistical analysis also showed that [NH₄⁺]_apo was correlated with [NH₄⁺] in the nutrient solution and weakly correlated with [NO₃⁻]. Apoplast NH₄⁺ concentrations ranged between 0.1 and 2.1 mM, bulk tissue NH₄⁺ concentrations between 3.9 and 6.6 mM and xylem concentrations between 2.4 and 6.1 mM depending on the N supply.Calculated NH₃ emission potential from the extraction measurements were over-estimated when compared with the value calculated from chamber measurements. Errors related to chamber measurements included separation of the cuticular and stomatal fluxes and the calculation of total resistance to NH₃ exchange. Errors related to the extraction measurements included assessing the amount of cytoplasmic contamination. We do not have another method to assess the NH₃ stomatal compensation point and the choice between these two measurement techniques should depend on the scales to which the measurements apply and the processes to be studied.     

西南典型岩溶地下河系统水文地球化学特征对比:以重庆市青木关、老龙洞为例

为探究不同土地利用类型和人类活动方式下西南典型岩溶地下河的水文地球化学特征,以地质背景相似的重庆青木关和老龙洞地下河为例,从月动态、单场降雨动态两个尺度,利用独立样本t检验、主成分分析(PCA)等方法对两岩溶地下河出口姜家泉、老龙洞的水文地球化学特征及其影响因素进行对比研究.结果表明,姜家泉与老龙洞的Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-、Mg~(2+)、K~+、NO_3~-、Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、电导率等差异显著,姜家泉K+、NO-3的月动态变化幅度和浓度均值大于老龙洞,Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-的月动态变化幅度和浓度均值则小于老龙洞.由PCA分析可知,水-岩作用对两岩溶地下河水的水化学特征及变化都起重要作用,但青木关主要受农业活动影响,老龙洞则主要受城镇活动、工业活动影响.由于人类活动影响方式和程度的差异,两岩溶地下河对单场降雨的响应也不同,姜家泉各指标变化与流量变化高度一致,老龙洞各指标的变化相对无序.青木关水化学特征的动态变化受水土流失、农业活动影响较大,水-岩作用次之.老龙洞则主要受到水-岩作用的影响,受城镇活动、工业活动、水土流失作用的影响也较明显.     

Performance and water-use efficiency (single-leaf vs. whole-canopy) of well-watered and half-stressed split-root Lambrusco grapevines grown in Po Valley (Italy)

‘Lambrusco a foglia frastagliata’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) were grown outdoors at Piacenza (44°55′N, 9°44′E, Po Valley, Italy) with the root system split between two 30-L pots and subjected from pre-veraison (17 July) to harvest (5 September) to soil drying of half of the root system (HS) induced by withholding water from one of the two pots as compared to well-watered (WW) vines (both pots daily recharged at field capacity). Volumetric soil-water content, pre-dawn and mid-morning leaf water potential, single-leaf gas-exchange as assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration were monitored throughout the trial. Whole-canopy gas-exchange as net CO₂ exchange rate (NCER) and transpiration were tracked from 31 August to 7 September on three vines per treatment on a 24-h basis using an enclosure method. Primary leaf carbon isotope (δ¹³C) composition, yield components and must composition were determined at harvest.Withdrawing water from one pot triggered a water stress response showing higher stomatal sensitivity to changes in air vapour pressure deficit, relatively low assimilation rates, high intrinsic and extrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE) and earlier cessation of shoot growth. Yet, mid-morning leaf water potential was consistently lower in HS treatment over stress as compared to WW, indicating an anisohydric adjustment. Canopy NCER given on a leaf-area basis showed mean daily rates ranging from 3.9 to 4.9 μmol m² s^?1 in WW canopies against 2.6–3.0 μmol m^?2 s^?1 in HS. Conversely, canopy transpiration rates varied from 0.915 to 1.157 mmol m^?2 s^?1 for WW to 0.630–0.714 mmol m² s^?1 in HS. Increased leaf-based intrinsic and extrinsic WUE in HS did not match the canopy response, which to some extent resulted in an opposite outcome, i.e. higher canopy WUE in well-watered vines especially in the morning hours. Likewise, δ¹³C did not differ between treatments. This suggests caution when point-time determinations of single-leaf-based WUE are extrapolated to the whole-canopy behaviour when assessing the water saving strategies of a given genotype. The stressed vines achieved no variation in yield level and components and had improved grape composition as to soluble solids and total anthocyanins. This optimal behaviour is likely due to earlier shoot growth cessation, enhanced maturity and a buffering leaf-to-fruit ratio (3.61 m² kg^?1) that mitigated the effects of post-veraison stress.     

Inhibition of photosynthesis and leaf conductance interactions induced by SO2, NO2 and SO2 + NO2

Effects of 2-h exposures to 0–1 μmol mol⁻¹ SO₂, NO₂ and (1:1) SO₂ + NO₂ on CO₂ uptake by standardized snap bean leaves were studied. Interactions resulting from pollutant-induced changes in leaf conductance were evaluated. Minimum exposure concentrations required to depress CO₂ exchange rates (CER) under the test conditions were:0.17 μmol mol⁻¹ SO₂, 0.38 μmol mol⁻¹ NO₂, and 0.08 μmol mol⁻¹ of each pollutant in the 1:1 mixture. Treatments with 1 μmol mol⁻¹ NO₂ reduced CER 10% without affecting leaf conductance. One μmol mol⁻¹ SO₂ depressed CER by 50%. Leaf conductances increased in SO₂-treated leaves showing 30% inhibition of CER. Greater inhibition led to subsequent stomatal closure. Inhibition caused by the individual pollutants (applied singly) was linear over the range of concentrations investigated. The dual-pollutant mixture produced a synergistic response that was most pronounced at the lower pollutant concentrations. The potentiated effect was correlated with marked stomatal closure.Experimental plants for this study were grown under low moisture stress conditions to enhance stomatal opening in the plant stock material and reduce (damp) the potential for further SO₂-induced stimulation of stomatal opening. The experiments were designed to obtain limiting data for the test conditions.     

凤眼莲对富营养化水体中氨氧化和反硝化微生物的影响

凤眼莲近年来广泛应用于富营养化淡水湖泊的生态修复中,但其对微生物的相互作用和对水体中氮素的去除鲜有报道.本研究在氮素去除过程中对比凤眼莲和细菌的相对重要性,并且检测浮游植物对硝化细菌和反硝化细菌相对丰度及多样性的影响.水体中氮素的去除率以及硝化和反硝化作用的潜在能力使用定量聚合酶链式反应(qPCRs)对硝化作用基因amoA和反硝化作用基因nirS/K进行检测,从微观角度研究富营养化水体中是否会受到凤眼莲存在的影响.结果表明,TN的减少在70d的实验周期中所有处理组表现较为一致,但凤眼莲存在的实验组在24h内TN和NH_4~+-N的去除上有显著的降低,并且amoA的丰度有所增加,nirS/K的丰度有所降低.T-RFLP结果表明亚硝化单胞菌在氨氧化微生物中占优势.凤眼莲的种植可以实现富营养化水体中NH_4~+-N的快速有效减少,且微生物的相互作用可以充分利用到淡水生态系统的修复中.     

K+强化高盐环境下厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能

针对含盐废水生物脱氮效能较低的问题,采用厌氧序批式反应器研究了K~+浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,适量的K~+可有效的提升反应器脱氮效能,K~+对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能的影响主要分为4个阶段:适应阶段,K~+浓度为(0~2 mmol·L~(-1)),K~+的突然添加破坏了原有反应平衡,但最终厌氧氨氧化菌适应了K~+的存在,由于K~+还未对厌氧氨氧化菌产生明显效果,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N去除率略有上升;活性提升阶段(2~8 mmol·L~(-1)),K~+对厌氧氨氧化生物系统有促进作用,随着K~+浓度的提升,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N去除率显著提升;活性稳定阶段(8~20 mmol·L~(-1)),厌氧氨氧化菌脱氮效能处于稳定状态,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N去除率虽有下降,但还是高于未添加K~+时;抑制阶段(大于20 mmol·L~(-1)),此时厌氧氨氧化菌活性降低,K~+对厌氧氨氧化产生较大抑制,脱氮效能已低于0 mmol·L~(-1).在整个周期内K~+浓度8 mmol·L~(-1)时达到最佳去除效果,NH_4~+-N与NO_2~--N的平均去除率为89.24%和84.87%,NRR为1.113 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).     

拟柱孢藻生长及碱性磷酸酶活性对不同磷浓度和磷形态响应的株系间差异

拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii)是热带地区普遍存在的蓝藻种类,近年来广泛扩张到温带地区水体,耐受低磷环境和多生态型的存在被认为是该藻能成功入侵的重要原因.为进一步了解不同藻株对磷波动的生理响应是否存在差异,本研究以广东省镇海水库分离的4株拟柱孢藻(N1、 N8、 N9和N10)为材料,观测它们的生长和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性在不同无机磷(Pi)浓度(HP=7.13 mg·L~(-1)、 MP=0.64 mg·L~(-1)、 LP=0.03 mg·L~(-1))和磷形态[磷酸氢二钾(K_2HPO_4)、焦磷酸钾(K_4P_2O_7)、三聚磷酸钾(K_5P_3O_(10))、 D-葡萄糖-6-磷酸(D-G-6-P)、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)]的变化.结果表明, 4株拟柱孢藻的生长对Pi浓度变化的响应基本一致,即它们的生物量都随Pi浓度的升高而增加,而ALP活性则反之;无论在LP、MP或HP条件下,N8藻株的ALP活性均显著低于其他3藻株,表明该藻株更能适应环境中的磷波动.在不同磷源培养下,拟柱孢藻N8和N9在3种无机磷下的生物量显著高于3种有机磷组,两者的比生长速率在K_2HPO_4最高,在ATP中最低,这表明拟柱孢藻偏好无机磷,但也能利用有机磷生长;在有机磷源条件下,N8藻株在ATP中的ALP活性显著高于其他2种有机磷,而N9藻株的ALP活性在3种有机磷培养下无显著差异,这表明N8藻株对无机磷缺乏的响应较N9藻株更为敏感.本结果表明来源于同一水库的拟柱孢藻藻株间存在显著差异,其中N8藻株对磷浓度变化的适应及响应能力均高于其它藻株.株系差异性的存在有利于拟柱孢藻适应各种环境变化,增强自身的竞争优势.     

模拟酸雨对不同土层酸度和K+淋失规律的影响

在江西表土施用KCl肥料后,用室内模拟酸雨的土柱实验,研究酸雨对不同土层酸度及K⁺淋失的影响.其结果表明,不同土层淋出液pH值的变化先下降后上升,但起始pH值存在明显差异,pH2.5酸雨在A层和AB层淋溶的中后期又下降;淋出液电导变化有一个峰值,其出现在淋溶的起始阶段,表明土壤中养分迅速向下迁移.K+的淋失与降雨的酸度有关,pH2.5酸雨会加速K⁺在土体内向下迁移,在A层土壤中K⁺的释放可分为2个阶段:快速释放过程和中速释放过程;至于pH4.5酸雨淋溶下,K⁺淋失分为快速释放过程和慢速释放过程.     

Modeling of acute cadmium toxicity in solution to barley root elongation using biotic ligand model theory

Protons（H⁺）as well as different major and trace elements may inhibit cadmium（Cd）uptake in aquatic organisms and thus alleviate Cd toxicity.However,little is known about such interactions in soil organisms.In this study,the independent effects of the cations calcium(Ca²⁺),magnesium(Mg²⁺),potassium（K⁺）,H+and zinc(Zn²⁺)on Cd toxicity were investigated with 5-day long barley root elongation tests in nutrient solutions.The tested concentrations of selected cations and trace metal ions were based on the ranges that occur naturally in soil pore water.The toxicity of Cd decreased with increasing activity of Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,H⁺and Zn²⁺,but not K⁺.Accordingly,conditional binding constants were obtained for the binding of Cd²⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,H⁺,and Zn²⁺ with the binding ligand:log K_CdBL5.19,logK_CaBL2.87,logK_MgBL2.98,logK_HBL5.13 and logK_ZnBL5.42,respectively.Furthermore,it was calculated that on average 29% of the biotic ligand sites needed to be occupied by Cd to induce a 50% decrease in root elongation.Using the estimated constants,a biotic ligand model was successfully developed to predict the Cd toxicity to barley root elongation as a function of solution characteristics.The feasibility and accuracy of its application for predicting Cd toxicity in soils were discussed.     

Behavior of the herbicide dimepiperate with homoionic clays in aqueous solution

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不同地质背景下河流水化学特征及影响因素研究:以广西大溶江、灵渠流域为例

2013年5月至2014年4月,对漓江上游两个具不同地质背景的地表河流域进行一个完整水文年的观测和采样,探讨河流水化学的季节性变化特征和主要影响因素.结果表明,无论是碳酸盐岩占一半的灵渠流域,还是仅占9%的大溶江流域,其水化学类型均为Ca-HCO_3型,HCO_3~-和Ca~(2+)是主要的阴阳离子.河水的主要离子浓度整体表现为冬高夏低的特征,主要受流量变化的影响.Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-主要源自流域内碳酸对碳酸盐岩的风化溶解,同时存在硫酸风化碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化的贡献.此外,相较于灵渠,大溶江流域上游具较强侵蚀性外源水对下游碳酸盐岩的侵蚀,增加了碳酸盐岩风化对河流水化学的贡献.而K~+、Na~+、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)主要受大气降水和人类活动的影响,相较而言,灵渠流域受人类活动影响更为显著.     

岩溶流域洪水过程水化学动态变化及影响因素

岩溶流域河流水化学对暴雨/洪水过程有着快速响应,是岩溶碳循环的重要过程,不应忽视.本文通过2015年11月8～12日阳朔断面洪水过程水化学特征的动态监测,分析了各主要离子变化特征和影响因素,计算不同来源无机碳浓度和通量.结果表明,阳朔断面洪水过程各阶段水化学类型为Ca-HCO_3型.水化学离子主要源自碳酸盐岩风化,同时有硅酸盐岩风化、降雨及人类活动的贡献.洪水过程中,受控于水文过程,碳酸盐岩风化强度先急剧减弱后缓慢加强,HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的浓度也呈现一致的变化趋势.而SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、Na~+和K~+动态变化主要受大气降水和人类活动的影响.碳酸风化碳酸盐岩是无机碳的主要来源,平均占总无机碳74. 3%;因硫酸/硝酸的输入,硫酸/硝酸风化碳酸盐岩在洪水过程中对无机碳的贡献明显增加,最高可达31. 7%.阳朔断面地质碳汇通量在洪水前、第一次洪水过程和第二次洪水过程分别为1. 28×10~8、5. 28×10~8和11. 52×10~8g·d~(-1).洪水前地质碳汇通量与年平均通量相当,而洪水过程数倍于年平均通量.并且,因两次洪水过程碳酸盐岩风化强度存在显著差异,第一次洪水过程地质碳汇通量在相同流量情况下仅为第二次洪水过程的58%.     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片质膜H~+-ATPase活性与矿质元素含量的影响

采用水培法研究模拟酸雨(p H=5.0、3.5、2.5)对水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性与矿质元素含量的影响.结果显示:与对照(CK)相比,酸雨处理5 d(胁迫期)后,p H=5.0组质膜H+-ATPase活性与活化能、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量均无显著变化,仅细胞渗透势下降.p H=3.5酸雨导致细胞渗透势、K+含量下降,质膜H+-ATPase活性、H+-ATPase活化能、Ca2+含量明显上升,Mg2+含量无显著变化.p H=2.5组H+-ATPase活性、细胞渗透势和K+、Mg2+含量明显下降,H+-ATPase活化能和Ca2+含量上升,表明矿质元素含量不仅受H+-ATPase活性的调控,还与酸雨强度和离子价态有关.经5 d恢复(恢复期)后,p H=5.0组各指标均恢复到CK水平,p H=3.5组除细胞渗透势外均恢复至CK水平,p H=2.5处理组各指标虽未达到CK水平,但较胁迫期有所恢复.表明K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量受H+-ATPase活性的调节,且恢复效果受酸雨强度影响.     

贵州威宁草海流域地下水水化学特征及无机碳通量估算

贵州威宁县草海是我国最大的岩溶湿地,岩溶地下水是其重要的补给水源和物质来源.本研究在丰水期、枯水期和平水期对草海流域内12处地下水进行了采集并测定,揭示了该流域地下水水化学特征和主要离子来源,并基于水化学径流模数法初步估算了草海流域岩溶碳汇通量.结果表明,草海流域地下水水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主,东南部个别泉点在平水期为SO₄-Ca型.地下水中优势离子均以Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-为主,季节上SO₄^2-和Mg²⁺平均质量浓度呈现出平水期 > 枯水期 > 丰水期,NO₃^-平均质量浓度则表现为丰水期 > 枯水期 > 平水期,其他离子季节变化特征不明显.空间上草海北部地下水中Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-质量浓度相对较高,K⁺、Na⁺和Cl^-在西南部地下水中质量浓度较高,东南部地下水中Mg²⁺、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-质量浓度较高.地下水中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-主要受到碳酸盐岩溶蚀的控制,碳酸、硫酸和硝酸均参与了流域内碳酸盐岩的风化,三期大部分地下水中NO₃^-主要受土壤氮和生活污水的影响,东南部地下水NO₃^-则主要受农业活动影响,K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-的来源则无明显时空差异,前3种离子主要受人类活动影响,而SO₄^2-则主要来源于地层中含硫化合物的溶解.研究区外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩风化具有较高比例,季节上表现为平水期外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩比例最高,丰水期最低的特征,在扣除外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩风化的比例后,初步估算草海流域无机碳通量平均约为181.5 t·a^-1,岩溶地下水向草海输送HCO₃^-量平均约为1144.1 t·a^-1.     

Japanese Papilio butterflies puddle using Na+ detected by contact chemosensilla in the proboscis

Many butterflies acquire nutrients from non-nectar sources such as puddles. To better understand how male Papilio butterflies identify suitable sites for puddling, we used behavioral and electrophysiological methods to examine the responses of Japanese Papilio butterflies to Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. Based on behavioral analyses, these butterflies preferred a 10-mM Na⁺ solution to K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ solutions of the same concentration and among a tested range of 1?mM to 1?M NaCl. We also measured the ion concentrations of solutions sampled from puddling sites in the field. Na⁺ concentrations of the samples were up to 6?mM, slightly lower than that preferred by butterflies in the behavioral experiments. Butterflies that sipped the 10?mM Na⁺ solution from the experimental trays did not continue to puddle on the ground. Additionally, butterflies puddled at sites where the concentrations of K⁺, Ca²⁺, and/or Mg²⁺ were higher than that of Na⁺. This suggests that K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ do not interfere with the detection of Na⁺ by the Papilio butterfly. Using an electrophysiological method, tip recordings, receptor neurons in contact chemosensilla inside the proboscis evoked regularly firing impulses to 1, 10, and 100?mM NaCl solutions but not to CaCl₂ or MgCl₂. The dose?Cresponse patterns to the NaCl solutions were different among the neurons, which were classified into three types. These results showed that Japanese Papilio butterflies puddle using Na⁺ detected by the contact chemosensilla in the proboscis, which measure its concentration.     

中亚热带常绿阔叶林湿沉降过程中盐基离子变化特征

基于野外实验和室内实验相结合的方法,于2012年9月至2013年8月对四面山常绿阔叶林大气降水、穿透水、地表枯透水、土壤渗滤液进行了持续一年的森林不同层次盐基离子季节动态变化特征的研究.结果表明,四面山大气降水全年pH平均值为4.90,最大值为5.14,大气降水明显偏酸性;土壤层和林冠层能使降雨的p H值有所升高,其中土壤层对p H值的调升幅度最大,其次为森林冠层;森林冠层只对Na~+有一定的截留作用,降雨能够淋溶森林冠层的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+;研究结果也表明,枯枝落叶的降解是导致各盐基离子质量浓度在枯透水中增加的主要原因;枯透水下渗的过程淋溶了森林土壤中的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+.四面山大气降水经过森林生态系统后Ca~(~(2+))、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+的总截留率分别为33.82%、-7.06%、74.36%、42.87%,森林生态系统对Ca~(2+)、Na~+、K~+表现出了截留作用,其中对Na~+截留率最大.     

新型环境材料提铯离子筛的铯离子交换性能初探

研究了提铯离子筛的颗粒性质对铯离子的交换容量和分配系数的影响，以及提铯离子筛在强酸介质中的稳定性和交换性能；探讨了在大量氢离子或钠离子存在时提铯离子筛对铯离子的选择性。实验结果表明提铯离子筛为多孔无定形物质，其对铯离子的交换容量和分配系数，随着颗粒粒度的减小而增加，但是酸度和钠离子的影响有限。在与模拟高放废液的静态交换中，提铯离子筛对铯离子的交换率可高达96％以上，基本达到了从高放废液中提取^137Cs的指标。     

Chemical characteristics of acidified waters in southwest China

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Estimates of ion sources in deciduous and coniferous throughfall

Estimates of external and internal sources of ions in net througfall deposition were derived for a deciduous and coniferous canopy by use of multiple regression. The external source component appears to be dominated by dry deposition of Ca²⁺, SO₂ and NO₃⁻ during dormant and growing seasons for the two canopy types. Increases in the leaching rates of K⁺ and Mg²⁺ during the growing season reflect the presence of leaves in the deciduous canopy and increased physiological activity in both canopies. Internal leaching rates for SO₄²⁻ doubled during the growing season presumably caused by increased physiological activity and uptake of SO₂ through stomates. Net deposition of SO₄²⁻ in throughfall during the growing season appears highly dependent on stomatal uptake of SO₂. Estimates of SO₂ deposition velocities were 0.06 cm s⁻¹ and 0.13 cm s⁻¹ for the deciduous and coniferous canopies, respectively, during the dormant seasons, and 0.30 cm s⁻¹ and 0.43 cm s⁻¹ for the deciduous and coniferous canopies, respectively, during the growing season. For the ions of major interest with respect to ecosystem effects, namely H⁺, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻, precipitation inputs generally outweighed estimates of dry deposition input. However, net throughfall deposition of NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ accounted for 20–47 and 34–50 per cent, respectively, of total deposition of those ions. Error estimates of ion sources were at least 50–100 per cent and the method is subject to several assumptions and limitations.     

水库泄洪闸下溪流深潭氮磷营养盐滞留特征及动力学模拟

为解析水库泄洪闸下溪流深潭氮磷营养盐滞留特征,选择NaBr为保守示踪剂,分别以NH₄Cl和KH₂PO₄为添加营养盐,在合肥板桥河源头溪流开展野外示踪实验,据此估算氨氮（NH₄⁺）、磷酸盐（PO₄^3-）营养螺旋指标,识别主流区和暂态存储区NH₄⁺、PO₄^3-滞留贡献水平,模拟深潭地貌的氮磷吸收动力学特征.结果表明,深潭具有较好的氮磷滞留潜力,且对PO₄^3-的滞留潜力超过NH₄⁺;暂态存储区对NH₄⁺的滞留贡献率平均为91.49%,表明NH₄⁺滞留主要发生在暂态存储区;主流区对PO₄^3-的滞留贡献率平均为96.09%,意味着主流区是PO₄^3-滞留的主要场所;Michaelis-Menten（M-M）方程可以较好的模拟深潭氮磷滞留动力学效应,模拟得到的最大吸收速率U_max-NH₄、U_max-PO₄均值分别为0.48、0.08 mg·m^-2·s^-1,半饱和常数K_m-NH₄、K_m-PO₄均值分别为0.26、0.19 mg·L^-1.