硫酸水溶液中铅阳极膜形成及其结构的非现场FTIR反射吸收光谱—电化学研究

本文用非现场红外反射吸收光谱方法和电化学循环伏安法研究了1.0mol·dm^-3H₂SO₄中-0.6至2.5伏电势范围内(相对SCE)Pb阳极膜的形成及其可能的结构.在此电势区内Pb阳极膜中始终存在硫酸铅或碱式硫酸铅,其中SO₄^2-主要以桥式双齿配位方式与Pb²⁺结合.另外,上述电势范围内生成的膜中无可检测量的H₂O和OH^-存在.     

锑对在硫酸溶液中形成的阳极Pb(Ⅱ)氧化物膜的半导体性质的影响Ⅲ. 交流阻抗法研究阳极Sb~2O~3膜

应用交流阻抗方法研究锑在0.05mol.dm~(-3)H_2SO_4十0.5mol.dm~(-3)Na_2SO_4溶液(30℃)中以0.9V(vs.Hg/Hg_2SO_4/0.05mol. dm~(-3)H_2SO_4)生长3h的阳极Sb_2O_3膜的半导体性质.从Mott-Schottky曲线可知,此膜为n型半导体,平带电位为-0.34V(vs.Hg/Hg_2SO_4/0.05mol.dm~(-3)H_2SO_4),施主密度为4.0×10~(19)cm~(-3).讨论了锑增加铅锑合金阳极Pb(Ⅱ)氧化物膜施主密度的原因.     

Pb及Pb-7w/O Sb合金在氧析出电位区生长的阳极膜

分别测量了Pb及Pb-7w/0Sb在4.5mol·dm~(-3)H_2SO_4(30℃)中于1.3和1.5V(vs. Hg/Hg_2SO_4/4.5mol·dm~(-3)H_2SO_4)下在不同时间生长的阳极膜的交流阻抗谱,并使用线性电位扫描法分析了上述阳极膜的相组成。讨论了上述阳极膜进行的电化学反应的机理,并据此提出它们的等效电路。实验结果表明上述阳极膜的真实表面积随生长时间而增加,该膜多孔,主要由外层为PbO_2的PbO·PbSO_4微粒组成。锑能显著抑制PbO_2的生长,特别是在1.3V时。     

VA族元素对阳极铅(II)氧化物膜半导体性质的影响(II)

用光电化学电流法研究了铅、铅砷、铅锑和铅铋合金在4.5 mol·L~(-1) H_2SO_4溶液(22 ℃)中，以0.9 V(vs．Hg/Hg_2SO_4)极化7 h而形成的阳极膜中的氧化铅的半导体性质，合金添加剂砷、锑和铋对t-PbO(四方氧化铝)和o-PbO(斜方氧化铝)的禁带宽度没有影响，从量子效率和电位的关系可求Pb，Pb-lat％As(at％表示原子百分比，全文同)，Pb-lat％Sb和Sb－lat％Bi上膜中t－Pbo的施主密度(N_D)分别为9.3×10~(15)，1.0×10~(16)，3.1×10~(16)和1.3×10~(17) cm~(-3)，平带位分别为-0.20，－0.22，－0.28和-0.08 V(vs．Hg/Hg_2SO_4)．比较VA元素砷、锑和铋对上述膜中t-PbO的N_D(从而自由电子密度)和膜中t-PbO的生长速率的影响，可认为法添加剂砷、锑和铋对阳极膜中t-PbO的作用符合Hauffe规则．     

VA族元素对阳极铅(II)氧化物膜半导体性质的影响(I)

用交流阻抗法研究了铅、铅砷、铅锑和铅铋金在4.5 mol·L~(-1) H_2SO_4溶液(20 ℃)中，以0.9 V(vs．Hg/Hg_2SO_4)极化2 h而形成的阳极膜的半导体性质．根据Mott-Schottky图，此种膜为n型半导体．pb，pb-lat％As，Pb-lat％Sb和Sb-lat％Bi上膜的平带电位分别为-0.95，-1.1, -1.0，-1.1 V(vs. Hg/Hg_2SO_4)；相应的施主密度分别为0.82×10~(16)，2.6×10~(16)，1.2×10~(17)和0.71×10~(16) cm~(-3).     

铅及铅锑合金阳极膜中硫酸铅的氧化过程

应用电位阶跃和交流阻抗法分别研究铅和Pb-5wt% Sb合金在4.5mol·dm^-^3H~2SO~4(30℃)中于1.3V(vs. Hg/Hg~2SO~4, 下同)生长20min后的阳极膜在0.9V还原5min后再在1.4V将膜中硫酸铅氧化的过程。实验结果表明在0.9V还原二氧化铅而得到的硫酸铅能在1.4V于1min内氧化为二氧化铅。这是由于此种硫酸铅处于硫酸铅颗粒表层的缘故。至于颗粒内部由铅直接生成的硫酸铅的氧化为二氧化铅就要缓慢得多。合金中的锑能使二氧化铅晶核形成和生长速率显著降低。     

铈对铅钙锡合金在硫酸溶液中阳极行为的影响

应用循环伏安法研究了Pb - 0 .5at %Ca - 1 .5at %Sn和含Ce的Pb - 0 .5at%Ca - 1 .5at%Sn合金电极在 4.5mol·dm- 3H2 SO4溶液中和 0 .6～ 1 .4V(vs .Hg/Hg2 SO4电极 )电位范围内的电化学特性 ,并采用线性电位扫描法和交流伏安法分别研究了上述合金在相同溶液中以 0 .9V(vs .Hg/Hg2 SO4电极 )生长的阳极Pb(Ⅱ )膜增长率和膜的阻抗实数部分 (Z’)变化 .结果表明 ,在铅合金中添加Ce对阳极Pb(Ⅱ )膜的生长有显著的抑制作用并降低铅阳极膜的Z’ .以上述两种合金作为正极板栅制作的铅蓄电池 ,含Ce的Pb Ca Sn合金的深充放循环性能明显优于Pb Ca Sn合金 .     

铈降低在硫酸溶液中生长的阳极Pb(II)氧化物膜的电阻的研究

应用电化学阻抗频谱法、线性电位扫描法和光电流技术研究了在4.5 mol· dm~(-3) H_2SO_4溶液中Pb-1%(at.)Ce（简称Pb-1Ce）合金在0.9 V (vs. Hg/Hg_2SO_4电极)生长的阳极Pb(II)氧化物膜的电阻较纯铅的低的原因。实验结 果表明,Ce阻抑阳极Pb(II)氧化物膜的生长并增加其孔率,从而降低其电阻。     

铈降低在硫酸溶液中生长的阳极Pb(II)氧化物膜的电阻的研究

应用电化学阻抗频谱法、线性电位扫描法和光电流技术研究了在4.5 mol· dm~(-3) H_2SO_4溶液中Pb-1%(at.)Ce（简称Pb-1Ce）合金在0.9 V (vs. Hg/Hg_2SO_4电极)生长的阳极Pb(II)氧化物膜的电阻较纯铅的低的原因。实验结 果表明，Ce阻抑阳极Pb(II)氧化物膜的生长并增加其孔率，从而降低其电阻。     

铅镧和铅钐合金在硫酸溶液中生长的阳极膜性质的研究

应用交流伏安法和线性电位扫描法研究了Pb ,Pb 1.0at%La和Pb 1.0at%Sm电极在硫酸溶液中以 0 .9V(vs .Hg/Hg2 SO4 )生长的阳极Pb(Ⅱ )膜增长率和膜的阻抗实部变化 ,并采用循环伏安法研究了它们在 0 .6～ 1.6V(vs.Hg/Hg2 SO4 )间的循环伏安特性 ,结果表明 :在铅中添加Sm有利于抑制铅的阳极腐蚀和降低阳极Pb(Ⅱ )膜的阻抗 ,La亦可降低阳极Pb(Ⅱ )膜的阻抗 ,但其作用不如Sm明显     

Effects of Samarium on the Properties of the Anodic Pb(II) Oxides Film Formed on Pb in Sulfuric Acid Solution

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｎｔｉｍｏｎｙ ｆｒｅｅＰｂ Ｃａａｌｌｏｙｓｈａｖｅｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙｂｅｅｎｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｇｒｉｄｓｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｍｉｎｉｍｉｚｅｇａｓｓｉｎｇｉｎｅｉｔｈｅｒｌｏｗ ｍａｉｎｔｅｎａｎｃｅｏｒｖａｌｖｅ ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄｌｅａｄａｃｉｄｂａｔｔｅｒｉｅｓ .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ ,ｔｈｅｓｅａｌｌｏｙｓｃａｎｃａｕｓｅｏｔｈｅｒｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｓｕｃｈａｓｐｒｅｍａｔｕｒｅｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｌｏｓｓ ,ｌｏｗｃｈａｒｇｅ ａｃ ｃｅｐｔａｎｃｅａｎｄ…     

Effects of Samarium on the Properties of the Anodic Pb（Ⅱ） Oxides Film Formed on Pb in Sulfuric Acid Solution

The effects of samarium on the properties of the anodic Pb(II) oxides films formed on lead at 0.9 V (vs. Hg/Hg₂SO₄) in 4.5 mol/L H₂SO₄ solution were studied using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron micrographs (SEM). The experimental results show that adding Sm to lead metal can inhibit the growth of the Pb(II) oxides film effectively, and reduce the resistance of the PbO oxides film obviously. The addition of Sm increases the porosity of the anodic film, which may cause the increase of the ionic conductance produced by the interstitial liquid among the PbO particles in the film and lead to the decrease of the resistance of the anodic film.     

高砷低金银的铅阳极泥中银的冶炼

本文报导了将纯碱加入砷含量高的铅阳极泥熔炼成贵铅，用硝酸溶解，硫氰酸盐沉淀，再用锌粉还原得银的方法。从而避免砒霜挥发。     

Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified by Bismuth Film for the Determination of Released Lead in Moroccan Ceramics

Abstract

Screen-printing technology is a particularly attractive technique for the mass production of cheap and disposable sensors, and the use of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) in conjunction with portable, electrochemical instrumention greatly facilitates the feasibility of on-site testing. In this work, a simple, electrochemical method using screen-printed probes has been applied to test for the presence of released lead (Pb) in the glazes of different ceramic tajines collected randomly from a local market square in Morocco. Square-wave anodic voltammetry (SWAV) was employed with SPEs that had been modified with a bismuth film and 5 µl of 0.5% nafion (SPEBi-Na). This probe displayed excellent linear behavior over the examined concentration range, from 5 to 80 µg/L Pb²⁺ in 100 mM acetate buffer, pH 5, with a detection limit of 4 ppb for lead and (r² = 0.9972). The good reproducibility obtained with this system led us to apply it to determine lead in this typical Moroccan cookware under conditions relevant to its use. The results showed that when tajines containing 3% acetic acid were heated for 30 min, the amounts of leached lead ranged from 16.8 to 26.4 ppm. When the tajines contains lemon instead of 3% acetic acid and was heated for 30 min, then amounts of lead released exceeded 37 ppm. These values are greater than the allowed maximum concentrations in the United States and Canada.     

Cyclic voltammetric studies on gallium film electrodes in alkaline media

Using cyclic voltammetric techniques the electrochemical behaviour of gallium in alkali media has been investigated. Three anodic peaks, one cathodic peak, and a secondary anodic peak—an observation hitherto unreported—are obtained. Detailed analyses of these various stages of oxidation and reduction based on their peak potential and peak current characteristics have revealed the nature of the underlying electrochemical reactions.     

铜的电抛光机理探讨

电化学法研究和现场界面电容测量表明，电抛光时，铜／溶液界面存在ｎ－型半导体固态膜。ＥＤＡＸ和ＸＰＳ检测表明，该膜主要由Ｃｕ２Ｏ和Ｃｕ２Ｏ·Ｈ２Ｏ（ａｄ）构成。探讨了铜在Ｈ３ＰＯ４溶液中电抛光机理。     

Electroconduction in the Zr|ZrO2| electrolyte system

Electroconduction of anodic oxide films on zirconium in 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ is studied. The films are formed in a galvanostatic regime on single-crystal and polycrystalline iodide-refined zirconium, as well as on electrodes manufactured from a rod obtained by hot extrusion of zirconium iodide melted in an arc furnace and from a plate of iodide-refined zirconium of the I-100 brand. Electrophysical properties of the films are compared on the basis of a model of Frenkel defects, which constitute a system of noninteracting donor centers in the oxide, and a model that describes the formation of a space charge from the donor centers in the oxide (exponential distribution of traps over the films’ bulk). It is shown that experimental current-voltage curves cannot be described by a single model throughout the entire voltage range. At low voltages (<12 V), the Frenkel model is more preferable. In terms of this model, the experimental results can be linearized in the lnI vs. U ^1/2 coordinates. At higher voltages, it is more convenient to describe experimental data within the space-charge model in the I vs. U² or ln(I/U) vs. U coordinates. It is discovered that the technique, which is used for preliminary metallurgical treatment, and the structure of the substrate metal affect parameters of electron conduction in anodic oxide films.     

硫酸溶液中铅阳极膜研究的几个问题（－）

基于铅酸电池的实际应用以及对铅本身电化学行为的兴趣,人们对铅及其合金在硫酸溶液中形成的阳极膜,已做了大量的研究￣［１～４］。其三大进展为：Ｆｌｅｉｓｃｈｍａｎｎ与Ｔｈｉｒｓｋ￣［５］提出成核与生长机理来解释β－ＰｂＯ＿２的形成;Ｐａｖｌｏｖ￣［６］采用光电化学方法研究ＰｂＯ电位区的固相反应;Ｒｕｅｔｓｃｈｉ￣［７］提出阳极膜最外层ＰｂＳＯ＿４为半透膜,保证膜内部的碱性环境。然而总的来说,各个研究者对铅阳极膜缺乏统一的认识。其主要原因是铅阳极膜相组成复杂,至今尚未完全确定。有鉴于此,我们将陆续介绍本小组对于硫酸溶液中铅阳极膜研究的几个问题所持的观点。     

A study of bismuth-film electrodes for the detection of trace metals by anodic stripping voltammetry and their application to the determination of Pb and Zn in tapwater and human hair

This work reports the simultaneous determination of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) at the low μg l⁻¹ concentration levels by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) on a bismuth-film electrode (BFE) plated in situ. The metal ions and bismuth were simultaneously deposited by reduction at −1.4 V on a rotating glassy carbon disk electrode. Then, the preconcentrated metals were oxidised by scanning the potential of the electrode from −1.4 to 0 V using a square-wave waveform. The stripping current arising from the oxidation of each metal was related to the concentration of each metal in the sample. The parameters for the simultaneous determination of the three metals were investigated with the view to apply this type of voltammetric sensor to real samples containing low concentrations of metals. Using the selected conditions, the limits of detection were 0.2 μg l⁻¹ for Cd and for Pb and 0.7 μg l⁻¹ for Zn at a preconcentration time of 10 min. Finally, BFE's were successfully applied to the determination of Pb and Zn in tapwater and human hair and the results were in satisfactory statistical agreement with atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).