重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子的表达、纯化以及PEG修饰

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)经大肠杆菌温度诱导表达后,其表达产物以包涵体形式存在,包涵体经过变性、复性和分离纯化等步骤处理后得到纯化的rhG-CSF.在一定的实验条件下用单甲氧基聚乙二醇活性酯(mPEG20k-NHS)对rhG-CSF进行化学修饰,所得修饰产物经分离纯化后获得PEG20K-rhG-CSF偶联物.与修饰前的rhG-CSF相比较,尽管修饰后的rhG-CSF体外生物学活性下降至修饰前的20%左右,但其在体内的作用时间能够得到显著的延长,药效有了明显提高.     

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子的N端氨基定点PEG化修饰

尽管重组粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)具有重大的治疗价值,然而在实际应用却受到体内半衰期过短因而需要频繁重复注射的限制．为了解决这一问题,我们利用两种不同分子量（5 kD和 20 kD）的单甲氧基聚乙二醇丙醛（mPEG-PAL）对rhG-CSF的N端氨基进行了定点PEG化修饰．通过正交实验的统计学方法得到了最适修饰条件．研究发现,PEG化后的rhG-CSF具有了更高的体外稳定性,其体内活性也得到了很大提高,体内作用时间得到很大延长．因此,对于rhG-CSF的N端氨基定点PEG化修饰,可以显著提高rhG-CSF的临床应用价值．     

重组人睫状神经营养因子的聚乙二醇化修饰

目的:研究重组人睫状神经营养因子(rhCNTF)突变体的聚乙二醇(PEG)化修饰,对rhCNTF的PEG化产物进行初步分离纯化及相关生物活性检测。方法:采用分子生物学技术经点突变得到rhCNTF的突变体CN10,通过实验设计研究CN10的最佳PEG化条件;采用分子筛层析方式对偶联产物进行初步纯化,最后用ELISA和小鼠体重增长抑制法检测PEG化后的CN10蛋白的生物活性。结果:能运用mPEG-MAL对CN10进行定点修饰,PEG化后用Superdex200能够分离CN10;PEG化后的CN10每2 d腹腔注射1次,对小鼠体重的增长抑制率可达50%,与rhCNTF每天注射2次的体重增长抑制作用相当。结论:CN10蛋白在PEG化修饰后,其减重效应持续时间明显延长。     

RP-HPLC法检测CN_(10)蛋白的PEG化修饰率及含量

目的建立一种简单有效的测定CN10蛋白PEG化修饰率的方法 ,用于PEG化修饰工艺中的质量控制。方法采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)法,以TSKgel Octadecyl-4PW作为色谱分离柱,以含0.12%三氟乙酸(TFA)、5%乙腈的水溶液作为A相溶液,以含0.1%TFA的乙腈作为B相溶液,在50℃柱温条件采用分段线性洗脱的方式分离蛋白,并考察CN10蛋白以及PEG化修饰后CN10蛋白的量效关系,根据外标法检测CN10和CN10-PEG的蛋白含量,根据PEG化修饰前后CN10蛋白量效关系的变化推断CN10蛋白的PEG化修饰率。结果 PEG化修饰前后的CN10蛋白经TSKgel Octadecyl-4PW色谱柱层析均能达基线分离,当用214 nm波长检测时,CN10蛋白浓度以及PEG修饰后的CN10蛋白均与其对应峰面积呈现良好的线性关系(r2=0.999 58;r2=0.999 67)。结论建立了一种简单快速的检测CN10蛋白PEG化修饰率的方法 ,此方法具有较高的准确性及专属性,可用于CN10的PEG化修饰工艺的监测。     

聚乙二醇修饰重组溶葡球菌酶的初步研究

目的:探讨聚乙二醇(PEG)修饰重组溶葡球菌酶(lysostaphin)的反应条件以及修饰后产物的纯化方法.方法:采用超声波细胞粉碎机进行菌体破碎,阳离子交换层析、疏水层析进行蛋白纯化;在不同条件下,将活化的单甲氧基聚乙二醇琥珀酰亚胺丙酸酯(mPEG-SPA)与纯化后的lysostaphin反应,以单个PEG-Lysostaphin的比例为指标,用SDS-PAGE、MALDI-TOF-MS方法确定其在修饰产物中的所占比例;采用Sephacryl S-200分子筛凝胶层析法对修饰产物进行分离纯化.结果:mPEG-SPA修饰lysostaphin的反应条件为pH 8.0,温度4℃,lysostaphin与mPEG-SPA的质量比为1∶5,反应时间2.0h;反应产物经一步Sephacryl S-200分子筛凝胶层析纯化后,初步实现分离.结论:初步确定了聚乙二醇修饰lysostaphin的反应条件及修饰产物的纯化方法.     

干扰素a-2b的聚乙二醇修饰

采用分子量为20 kD的单甲氧基聚乙二醇丙醛(mPEG-ALD)修饰重组人干扰素a-2b(IFN a-2b), 建立了修饰反应及分离纯化工艺。考察了修饰反应各因素对单修饰转化率以及单修饰产物体外活性的影响, 获得了优化的修饰反应条件, 即在pH 6.5, 20 mmol/L的磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲溶液中, 干扰素a-2b的浓度为4 mg/mL, PEG与IFN a-2b的摩尔比为8:1, 4oC时反应20 h; 在优化的反应条件下, 单修饰PEG-IFN a-2b的转化率达到55%。并且, 采用离子交换层析对修饰产物进行分离纯化, 单修饰产品纯度达到97%, 体外活性保留达到未修饰干扰素a-2b的13.4%, 其在SD大鼠体内的循环半衰期得到了较大的延长, 且具有较好的水溶液稳定性。     

高速逆流双水相色谱法纯化卵白蛋白

生物大分子的液_固色谱纯化过程中固相载体会产生产物吸附、变性等不良影响。高速逆流色谱无需固相载体 ,且具有高分便率和高回收率的优点 ,其中有机相 水相体系在分离天然产物中应用广泛 ,而应用双水相体系分离生物大分子尚处于研究阶段。双水相高速逆流色谱体系的建立与仪器设备及操作工艺条件密切相关 ,因此利用多分离柱高速逆流色谱仪 ,研究了PEG1000-无机盐双水相体系对标准蛋白质混合物以及卵白蛋白的分离。pH值和PEG浓度对不同种类蛋白质的分配系数影响不同 ,实验发现在pH9.2的150% (W/W)PEG1000 170% (W/W)磷酸钾盐体系中 ,细胞色素C、溶菌酶和肌红蛋白的分配系数差异较大 ,且分布合理 ,因而采用该体系在 0 8mL min流速 ,85 0r min转速的条件下 ,成功分离了细胞色素C、溶菌酶和肌红蛋白的混合物。实验也发现在pH9 2的 16 0 % (W/W)PEG10 0 0 17 0 % (W/W)磷酸钾盐体系中 ,鸡蛋清样品中的主要蛋白质成分:卵转铁蛋白、卵白蛋白和溶菌酶的分配系数差异最大 ,因而采用该体系在 1 8mL min流速、85 0r mi转速的条件下,200min内从鸡蛋清样品中成功分离卵白蛋白,其电泳纯度为100%,收率为95%.     

干扰素α-2b的聚乙二醇修饰

采用分子量为20 kD的单甲氧基聚乙二醇丙醛(mPEG-ALD)修饰重组人干扰素α-2b(IFN α-2b),建立了修饰反应及分离纯化工艺.考察了修饰反应各因素对单修饰转化率以及单修饰产物体外活性的影响,获得了优化的修饰反应条件,即在pH 6.5,20 mmol/L的磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲溶液中,干扰素α-2b的浓度为4 mg/mE,PEG与IFN α-2b的摩尔比为8:1,4℃时反应20 h;在优化的反应条件下,单修饰PEG-IFN α-2b的转化率达到55%.并且,采用离子交换层析对修饰产物进行分离纯化,单修饰产品纯度达到97%,体外活性保留达到未修饰干扰素α-2b的13.4%,其在SD大鼠体内的循环半袁期得到了较大的延长,且具有较好的水溶液稳定性.     

聚乙二醇-聚唾液酸嵌段聚合修饰尿酸酶

探索一种综合聚唾液酸(PSA)和聚乙二醇(PEG)优势的蛋白修饰方法。对纯化的聚唾液酸进行两步活化,先在非还原端氧化产生活性醛基,再加入胱胺形成活性巯基;活化的聚唾液酸(相对分子质量为3.4×104)和异基双功能的PEG(相对分子质量为3.5×103)形成嵌段聚合物,然后于4℃修饰尿酸酶。利用凝胶层析(Toyopearl HW-55F)对修饰后的尿酸酶进行纯化,收集相应峰进行化学法和SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定,经多角度激光光散射凝胶系统测定缀合物相对分子质量为5.214×105;相对于原始酶,修饰酶酶活保留率72.4%,体外热失活半衰期由115.5 h提高到231 h,对高温、酸碱、胰蛋白酶的耐受稳定性显著提高。     

溶葡球菌酶的定点突变与PEG巯基定点修饰

为了建立聚乙二醇 (PEG) 巯基定点修饰溶葡球菌酶的方法,并检验假定连接区的突变与修饰对酶活的影响,对溶葡球菌酶的假定连接区进行了巯基聚乙二醇定点修饰研究。通过分析溶葡球菌酶的结构特征,选择两个结构域之间的氨基酸 (133-154aa) 进行定点突变引入半胱氨酸残基。使用单甲氧基聚乙二醇马来酰亚胺 (mPEG-MAL) 进行定点修饰,对修饰后的酶进行纯化并测定酶活性。结果表明定点突变的半胱氨酸残基PEG修饰效率高、产物单一,运用简便的Ni2+-NTA柱亲和层析法实现了一步分离,获得了高纯度的目标蛋白,但在连接区进行定点突变及PEG定点修饰后的酶活有不同程度的降低,表明假定连接区部分位点的PEG修饰会对溶葡球菌酶的催化活性产生一定影响。     

Novel polyethylene glycol derivative suitable for the preparation of mono-PEGylated protein

A novel methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) derivative, containing a reactive group of 1-methyl pyridinium toluene-4-sulfonate, was synthesized and characterized. The mPEG derivative was successfully conjugated with two proteins: recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) and consensus interferon (C-IFN). Homogeneous mono-PEGylated proteins were obtained which were identified by high performance size-exclusion chromatography and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The biological activities of the mono-PEGylated rhG-CSF and the mono-PEGylated C-IFN were maintained at 90% and 88%, respectively.Revisions requested/16 November 2004; Revisions received 12 November 2004/14 December 2004     

Structural identification and biological activity of positional isomers of long-acting and mono-PEGylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor with trimeric-structured methoxy polyethylene glycol N-hydroxysuccinimidyl functional group

The individual positional isomers from the mono-PEGylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) were successfully isolated with additional strong cation exchange chromatography using Source 15S. The three isolated individual positional isomers were found to be homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), analytical size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC), and analytical cation exchange HPLC (CIE-HPLC) and were also characterized with respect to site of PEGylation by enzymatic digestion with endoproteinase Lys-C and N-terminal sequencing. In addition, in vitro biological activity was determined by cell proliferation assay. It was determined that the three isolated individual positional isomers were PEGylated at Lys35, Met(N-terminal), and Lys17 of the rhG-CSF molecule with a 23-kDa trimer-structured methoxy polyethylene glycol N-hydroxysuccinimidyl functional group (mPEG-NHS). All individual positional isomers (Lys35-PEGylated rhG-CSF, Met(N-terminal)-PEGylated rhG-CSF, and Lys17-PEGylated rhG-CSF) retained in vitro biological activity and were found to be 18.5%, 37.6%, and 7.1%, respectively, compared with the rhG-CSF molecule. The significantly different in vitro biological activities observed in the individual positional isomers could be presumably due to interference of receptor binding or active sites on the rhG-CSF molecule. In conclusion, the individual positional isomers isolated from the mono-PEGylated rhG-CSF were well characterized with respect to the site of PEGylation involving Lys35, Met(N-terminal), and Lys17. This characterization of the individual positional isomers would be critical to provide a basis for establishing consistency in the manufacturing process.     

Synthesis of Mono-PEGylated Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 and Investigation of its Biological Activity

The purpose of this study was to investigate an efficient synthetic route to the mono-PEGylated growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) and its biological activity in vivo. The commercially available key PEGylating reagent, mPEG-NHS ester, was successfully utilized to the synthesis of mono-PEGylated GHRP-2, during which the PEGylation profiles of GHRP-2 were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The product was purified by cation exchange chromatography, and its biological activity was conducted in rats. The desired mono-PEGylated GHRP-2 as the major product was readily obtained in anhydrous aprotic solvent, such as dimethyl formamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), when the molar ratio of mPEG-NHS ester to GHRP-2 was fixed to be 0.8:1. The products were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The evaluation of the biological activity for the products showed that the mono-PEGylated GHRP-2 gave a more stable activity than GHRP-2, suggesting that PEGylation led to the increase in the half-life of GHRP-2 in plasma without greatly impairing the biological activity. PEGylation of the GHRP-2 is a good choice for the development of the GHRP-2 applications.KEY WORDS: growth hormone, growth hormone releasing peptide-2, mono-PEGylated GHRP-2, mPEG-NHS, PEGylation     

Optimization of octreotide PEGylation by monitoring with fast reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

The purpose of this study was to develop a fast reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for monitoring the octreotide PEGylation reaction in order to find optimal conditions for the production of the desired mono-PEGylated octreotide. The fast HPLC method could separate the positional isomers of two mono-PEGylated octreotides, di-PEGylated octreotide, and unmodified octreotide within 4.5 min. The PEGylation pattern was monitored at various pH conditions and molar ratios of reactants to allow optimization of the PEGylation reaction conditions for the production of N-terminally mono-PEGylated octreotide.     

Reproducible preparation and effective separation of PEGylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor with novel "PEG-pellet" PEGylation mode and ion-exchange chromatography

A novel preparation for polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives and chromatographic separation procedure of the PEGylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) were designed to evaluate the reproducibility and scalability at large laboratory-scale level. The new "PEG-pellet" PEGylation mode was successfully applied to control the pH fluctuation during the conjugation reaction, a general problem in traditional liquid-phase conjugation mode. Moreover, two consecutive ion-exchange chromatography steps were successfully used to separate and purify the PEGylated rhG-CSF. Cation-exchange chromatography was firstly applied to separate PEGylated rhG-CSF from intact rhG-CSF, followed by anion-exchange chromatography to obtain individual PEG-rhG-CSF species (mono-, di- and tri-PEGylated rhG-CSF) and remove the excess free PEG. Furthermore, the molecular weight of individual PEGylated rhG-CSF was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE, and cell proliferation activity in vitro was detected by MTT assay using NFS-60 cell.     

两步连续离子交换制备色谱分离纯化聚乙二醇化重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子

建立了两步连续离子交换制备色谱分离、纯化聚乙二醇与重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子 (Recombinanthumangranulocytestimulatingfactor,rhG_CSF)偶联物的方法。首先用阳离子交换色谱将偶联蛋白质和非偶联蛋白质分开 ,然后使用阴离子交换色谱去除过量的游离聚乙二醇杂质 ,并分离纯化偶联蛋白异构体分别得到单聚乙二醇化、双聚乙二醇化和三聚乙二醇化的rhG-CSF。它们经十二烷基磺酸钠_聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (SDS-PAGE)分析均为单带。采用基质辅助激光解吸离子化-飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF)分析三种偶联蛋白质的分子量 ,分别为 23.8kD、28.6kD、33.8kD。用噻唑蓝 (MTT)比色法 ,以粒细胞集落刺激因子的依赖细胞株NFS_6 0为靶细胞 ,测定重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子及其与聚乙二醇的偶联物的体外细胞生物学活性 ,单聚乙二醇化、双聚乙二醇化和三聚乙二醇化的rhG_CSF体外活性保留率分别为 92 %、75 %、4 3%。     

Comparison of bioactivities of monopegylated rhG-CSF with branched and linear mPEG

rhG-CSF (recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) was chemically conjugated with branched mPEG (monomethoxyl polyethylene glycols), which was synthesized by a new method with the reaction between highly reactive carboxymethylated PEG succinimidy ester (SCM-PEG) and strongly nuclophilicitic amino group of lysine ethyl ester hydrochloride (lys-OEt 2HCl) in methylene chloride. The monopegylated rhG-CSF with branched mPEG (mono-B-pegylated rhG-CSF) was purified by one-step cationic exchange chromatography and characterized with HPSEC (high performance size exclusion chromatography), SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS. A monopegylated rhG-CSF with linear mPEG (mono-L-pegylated rhG-CSF) was also prepared to investigate the effect of structural difference on bioactivities. The comparison of mono-B-pegylated and mono-L-pegylated rhG-CSF was carried out on in vitro bioactivity, in vivo half-life time and Fr (relative bioavailability). The results showed that the in vitro relative bioactivity decreased to 54%, 61% for mono-B-pegylated and mono-L-pegylated rhG-CSF, respectively. However, compared with the unmodified rhG-CSF, the mono-B-pegylated and mono-L-pegylated rhG-CSF prolonged plasma half-life time from 40 min to 190 min and 145 min, respectively. The Fr was 2.01 for the mono-B-pegylated rhG-CSF, while 1.32 for the mono-L-pegylated. These results suggested that the mono-B-pegylated rhG-CSF is more effective in improving pharmacokinetic performance than the mono-L-pegylated and unmodified rhG-CSF.     

High recovery refolding of rhG-CSF from Escherichia coli, using urea gradient size exclusion chromatography

Protein folding liquid chromatography (PFLC) is a powerful tool for simultaneous refolding and purification of recombinant proteins in inclusion bodies. Urea gradient size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a recently developed protein refolding method based on the SEC refolding principle. In the presented work, recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) expressed in Escheriachia coli (E. coli) in the form of inclusion bodies was refolded with high yields by this method. Denatured/reduced rhG-CSF in 8.0 mol.L(-1) urea was directly injected into a Superdex 75 column, and with the running of the linear urea concentration program, urea concentration in the mobile phase and around the denatured rhG-CSF molecules was decreased linearly, and the denatured rhG-CSF was gradually refolded into its native state. Aggregates were greatly suppressed and rhG-CSF was also partially purified during the refolding process. Effects of the length and the final urea concentration of the urea gradient on the refolding yield of rhG-CSF by using urea gradient SEC were investigated respectively. Compared with dilution refolding and normal SEC with a fixed urea concentration in the mobile phase, urea gradient SEC was more efficient for rhG-CSF refolding--in terms of specific bioactivity and mass recovery, the denatured rhG-CSF could be refolded at a larger loading volume, and the aggregates could be suppressed more efficiently. When 500 microL of solubilized and denatured rhG-CSF in 8.0 mol.L(-1) urea solution with a total protein concentration of 2.3 mg.mL(-1) was loaded onto the SEC column, rhG-CSF with a specific bioactivity of 1.0 x 10(8) IU.mg(-1) was obtained, and the mass recovery was 46.1%.     

Solid-phase N-terminus PEGylation of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 2 on heparin-sepharose column

Recombinant fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) has been extensively studied and used in several clinical applications including wound healing, bone regeneration, and neuroprotection. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) modification of recombinant human FGF-2 (rhFGF-2) in solution phase has been studied to increase the in vivo biostabilities and therapeutic potency. However, the solution-phase strategy is not site-controlled and the products are often not homogeneous due to the generation of multi-PEGylated proteins. In order to increase mono-PEGylated rhFGF-2 level, a novel solid-phase strategy for rhFGF-2 PEGylation is developed. RhFGF-2 proteins were loaded onto a heparin-sepharose column and the PEGylaton reaction was carried out at the N-terminus by PEG20 kDa butyraldehyde through reductive alkylation. The PEGylated rhFGF-2 was purified to near homogeneity by SP sepharose anion-exchange chromatography and the purity was more than 95% with a yield of mono-PEGylated rhFGF-2 of 58.3%, as confirmed by N-terminal sequencing and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In vitro biophysical and biochemical measurements demonstrated that PEGylated rhFGF-2 has an unchanged secondary structure, receptor binding activity, cell proliferation, and MAP kinase stimulating activity, and an improved bio- and thermal stability. Animal assay showed that PEGylated rhFGF-2 has an increased half-life and reduced immunogenicity. Compared to conventional solution-phase PEGylation, the solid-phase PEGylation is advantageous in reaction time, production of mono-PEGylated protein, and improvement of biochemical and biological activity.     

PEG chain length impacts yield of solid-phase protein PEGylation and efficiency of PEGylated protein separation by ion-exchange chromatography: Insights of mechanistic models

The mechanisms behind protein PEGylation are complex and dictated by the structure of the protein reactant. Hence, it is difficult to design a reaction process which can produce the desired PEGylated form at high yield. Likewise, efficient purification processes following protein PEGylation must be constructed on an ad hoc basis for each product. The retention and binding mechanisms driving electrostatic interaction-based chromatography (ion-exchange chromatography) of PEGylated proteins (randomly PEGylated lysozyme and mono-PEGylated bovine serum albumin) were investigated, based on our previously developed model Chem. Eng. Technol. 2005, 28, 1387–1393. PEGylation of each protein resulted in a shift to a smaller elution volume compared to the unmodified molecule, but did not affect the number of binding sites appreciably. The shift of the retention volume of PEGylated proteins correlated with the calculated thickness of PEG layer around the protein molecule. Random PEGylation was carried out on a column (solid-phase PEGylation) and the PEGylated proteins were separated on the same column. Solid-phase PEGylation inhibited the production of multi-PEGylated forms and resulted in a relatively low yield of selective mono-PEGylated form. Pore diffusion may play an important role in solid-phase PEGylation. These results suggest the possibility of a reaction and purification process development based on the mechanistic model for PEGylated proteins on ion exchange chromatography.