城市基础设施建设的前瞻性

提出了城市规划和建设中,基础设施建设的重要性,对其前瞻性的含义进行了阐述,从城市公共交通、智能工程建设、安全自动化等方面进行论述并提出相应的解决方法。     

Sustaining platforms as commons: perspectives on participation,infrastructure, and governance

ABSTRACT

This work finds its place within Participatory Design (PD) as a specific approach to co-design that focuses on the politics of technological innovation and socio-technical transformations. In particular, the article contributes to the repositioning of co-design in the age of platform capitalism by engaging with the question: how can participatory designers approach interventions for the long-term sustainability of platforms as commons? As the contradictions and limitations of platform capitalism become increasingly evident, to engage with such a challenge is a way to pursue PD’s renewed political agenda. The article foregrounds the concept of platforms as commons to bring designers’ attention towards those platform arrangements which are antithetical to platform capitalism exploitative ones. By building on Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), as a paradigmatic case of platform as commons, the article outlines participation, infrastructure, and governance as relevant perspectives for framing broad areas of sustainability concerns; and it articulates them along four approaches for supporting long-term sustainability in practice: maintaining, scaling, replicating, and evolving. Ultimately, this article provides participatory designers with a map of possible orientations to frame and support their work, research or interventions around the long-term sustainability of platforms as commons.     

Industrialized construction in the Swedish infrastructure sector: core elements and barriers

Improving productivity and innovation is a central challenge in all industries, but particularly in construction where improvements have been slow. To meet this challenge, a recent investigation into the actions of Swedish government clients has recognized needs to improve planning during project procurement phases, increase numbers of turnkey contracts and raise industrialization of the sector. In response, the Swedish Transportation Administration has launched a research and innovation programme to foster an industrial approach and identify ways to increase the standardization of products and processes. However, increasing industrialization has been difficult to achieve in the project-based construction industry except in the process-based housing sector. Further, there has been little research on the concept of industrialized infrastructure construction and barriers to its implementation. Opinions and attitudes of clients, consultants and contractors in the infrastructure sector were investigated in relation to the core elements of industrialized construction, and the barriers hindering its development. Opportunities and obstacles related to both product and process standardization for continuous improvements and the relationships between clients and contractors are revealed. Hence, the implementation of industrialized construction requires tightly focused governance at the outset of projects and profound changes to established attitudes, norms and regulations.     

Urban development policies for the provision of utility infrastructure: a case study of Dhaka,Bangladesh

This research aims to analyse three urban development policies relevant to the utility infrastructure provision in Dhaka, Bangladesh for improving the environment. Available relevant literature, site survey data, and stakeholder's opinion derived from semi-structured interviews were utilised for qualitative analysis. The results reveal that providing the utility infrastructure in the existing urbanised areas is possible by service upgrading and incremental development. Nevertheless, though implementation is politically and financially challenging, this research suggests that the new urban policy with the utility infrastructure provision prior to development is more effective.     

Urban ecology and transformation of technical infrastructure

There is a need to rethink technical infrastructure for energy and water provision and for handling sewage and solid waste due to environmental problems related to the current large‐scale systems. From the author's point of view this includes a shift towards combining bottom‐up and top‐down strategies instead of seeing such strategies as incompatible. In Denmark there is an increasing interest in user involvement and small‐scale solutions to environmental problems, but still most planners of the large supply systems continue a top‐down attitude towards the planning process. It is argued that the main barrier to implementing urban ecology in network management is the lack of understanding of technical infrastructure as more than technique, and the technicians’ faith in large‐scale solutions. Today's planning practice and the momentum of the established systems require new forums for strategic debates if urban ecology is to be included in future network management. A methodology is presented for structuring a debate on future sustainable systems, which includes new actors with very different viewpoints on network management in the debate on the transformation process.     

Towards sustainable infrastructure development through integrated contracts: Experiences with inclusiveness in Dutch infrastructure projects

Current complex society necessitates finding inclusive arrangements for delivering sustainable road infrastructure integrating design, construction and maintenance stages of the project lifecycle. In this article we investigate whether linking stages by integrated contracts can lead to more sustainable road infrastructure development by assessing public and private experiences with inclusiveness of integrated Dutch Design-Build-Finance-Maintain (DBFM) projects throughout the procurement, design, construction and maintenance and operation stages. Through semi-structured interviews and document analysis, we find that public and private parties experience that inclusiveness is increased by DBFM contracts, although differences between investigated actor, scope and time dimensions of inclusiveness exist. We conclude that integrated contracts can lead to more sustainable infrastructure development because of the lifecycle optimization incentives provided by the linked contract stages of design, construction and maintenance. Based on our findings we recommend to pursue three avenues towards more sustainable infrastructure development: green procurement, strategic asset management and relational contracting.     

浅议基础设施规划对城市发展的影响

结合天津滨海新区塘沽区建设经验,介绍了现行城市基础设施规划编制过程,阐述了尊重基础设施规划对整个城市建设所起到的重要作用,并针对忽视基础设施规划对城市的持续发展所带来的负面影响,建设性地提出了解决策略。     

Regional valuation of infrastructure and transport attributes for Swedish road freight

Is it possible to identify regional differences among shippers in their valuation of infrastructure improvements? In this study, the question is analysed using a random utility approach, where parameters are estimated by a logit model. Data consist of a Swedish stated-preference study from 1992. The results indicate that regional differences exist, but that a considerable heterogeneity in the empirical data means that in some cases the results are not robust. However, when industrial mix, shipping distance, and goods values are held constant, the analysis still indicates the existence of regional differences. Independently of the limitations in the results, the study has implications for any infrastructure benefit analysis where parameters from spatial averages are used. The results are based on short-term decisions, and one should recognise that parameters may vary in the mid- and long-term. Received: May 1999/Accepted: March 2001     

Institutionalizing infrastructure: photo-elicitation of cultural-cognitive knowledge of development

Infrastructure that goes unused – for example, after constructing the first water, electricity, sewers or road infrastructure in an infrastructure-poor community – is a common issue in new infrastructure development in the global south. In this case, while infrastructure has diffused, it has not become institutionalized. To better understand this problem, photo-elicitation methods are used to explore cultural-cognitive frames used by research respondents as they create and explain photograph symbols that represent change in their built environment. For example, respondents advocate for infrastructure they have reason to believe outsiders will provide as they evaluate the infrastructure against local utility in an early phase of institutionalization. Respondents also frame the research undertaking as an opportunity to actively diffuse infrastructure practices they have recently adopted themselves. By making these and other frames explicit, the photo-elicitation method reveals the elusive cultural-cognitive pillar of institutionalization and also provides insight into sources of self-reporting bias. The method also has particular advantages for research dealing with disadvantaged respondents, reduces issues of free recall bias and increases the length and depth of research interviews. Given the relative novelty of this method in construction research, its theory, advantages and limitations are discussed in some depth.     

Tunnelling for infrastructure development in Thailand

This paper reports the status of tunnel construction and planning for infrastructure development and improvement in Thailand. Tunnelling and similar underground construction methods have been increasingly adopted in recent time in a number of development projects in Thailand for reasons of environment impact minimization, limitation of surface space and more efficient use.     

低影响开发与绿色雨水基础设施——解决城市严重雨洪问题措施

LID强调雨水为一种资源而不是一种"废物",不能随项目的开发而任意直接排放,要求在汇水面源头维持和保护场地自然水文功能、有效缓解大量不透水面积带来的不利影响,与利用管道(渠)排放的传统雨水系统不同,LID不仅强调采用小型、分散、低成本、且具有景观功能的雨水措施控制径流总量和污染物水平,还强调在规划设计阶段-项目实施阶段上的源头就要系统地考虑应用低影响开发的理念和措施,以实现维持场地原有水文条件的总体目标。     

Key concepts for Integrated Urban Water Management infrastructure planning: Lessons from Melbourne

“Integrated Urban Water Management plans” consider all water services simultaneously to determine optimal infrastructure solutions. They create many benefits, including unlocking opportunities for water reuse. This paper conducts preliminary assessment of nine IUWM plan case studies from Melbourne. It finds inconsistencies between plans in relation to environmental and liveability objectives, and option identification methods, and also that many IUWM options perform worse than conventional water supplies in regards to energy. The most consequential finding is that the plans do not include scenario planning and therefore fail to consider infrastructure performance regarding resilience to future uncertainties around population and climate change.     

城市基础设施建设模式对房地产开发的影响

从时间分布、空间分布和功能结构三种角度,剖析了城市基础设施建设模式对于房地产开发的影响和作用,指出城市应当切实加强基础设施的科学规划和基础设施产业的持续发展。     

Service labor allocation during development: Longitudinal perspectives on cross-sectional patterns

International cross sectional analyses have frequently indicated that the share of a country's labor force in the service sector increases, declines and then increases again with rising per capita GNP. This pattern deviates from the theoretically justified and empirically observed time series trends in individual countries that show monotonically increasing service labor shares during the course of development. This paper suggests that the apparent paradox results from systematic changes in the longitudinal trends over time that are a result of the differences in the nature of countries entering the transition as well as the changes in the world environment. Simulation analysis is used to demonstrate how the changing longitudinal trends can generate the observed hump in cross sectional models of service labor allocation.     

Swedish Production of Sustainable Urban Imaginaries in China

Sweden and the broader region of Scandinavia have been widely praised for their efforts to develop and promote models of sustainability for the rest of the world. Swedish international architecture and urban planning firms are driven by the advantage of being able to brand their projects as “Sustainable and Scandinavian.” In this sense, “the sustainable city” has become a Swedish service to export. In order to strengthen a coherent image of Swedish sustainable urban development, in, 2007, the Swedish Trade Council initiated a marketing platform for eco-profiled companies under the name of “SymbioCity.” This paper seeks to explore the production of imaginaries at play in the performance of “SymbioCity.” It especially addresses the way in which notions of progress and a better city life were presented to Chinese audiences in the Swedish pavilion at the World Expo in Shanghai in 2010. The Swedish pavilion is here regarded as a node in the export of a wider network of Swedish sustainable urban planning services. I argue that the imaginaries that Sweden produces through activities associated with the SymbioCity underlines a view that equates “progress” with the notion of “decoupling” of economic growth and CO₂-emissions. In presenting an image of decoupling as a Swedish experience possible to transfer to China, it also establishes views of progress as linear and space as static. Using the term “absent presence” opens up a counter narrative, which turns decoupling as a Swedish experience into a myth and raises the need for urban imaginaries based on a relational view of space.     

Investigating perspective taking when infrastructure megaproject teams engage local communities: Navigating tensions and balancing perspectives

Research on infrastructure megaprojects and community engagement is increasingly concerned with the cognitive factors that underpin engagement processes and actions. The ability of project teams to take the perspective of local communities is an important influence on how community engagement occurs. However this involves project teams confronting contradictions and tensions between local community perspectives and their own. Understanding how project teams respond to tensions between and seek to balance both perspectives is thus important, but this is relatively unexplored in literature to date. In response, this study utilizes the concept of ‘perspective-taking’, adopting a paradox lens to examine how tensions between the perspectives of local communities and project teams manifest and how project teams navigate these during community engagement. Through an exploratory case, the study reveals the specific cognitive attributes that enable infrastructure megaproject teams to be more effective in perspective-taking through balancing both local community and their own perspectives.