低聚壳聚糖与角质层蛋白相互作用的体外研究

以脱脂鼠角质层和提取角蛋白为模型,利用电化学交流阻抗谱、SEM、DSC、FTIR等手段,研究了低聚壳聚糖及氨基葡萄糖与角质层蛋白之间的相互作用.结果发现,氨基葡萄糖溶液处理不影响脱脂角质层膜的阻抗,而低聚壳聚糖溶液处理却可明显降低脱脂角质层膜的阻抗,阻抗值由3.79×106Ω·cm2降至8.379×105Ω·cm2.此外,壳聚糖溶液和氨基葡萄糖溶液都可明显破坏角蛋白表面致密均匀的结构,并使得角蛋白二级结构中α-螺旋结构含量减少,同时推动角蛋白α-螺旋结构向β-折叠结构和无规则卷曲结构转变.这些结果表明低聚壳聚糖与角质层蛋白相互作用,一方面可有效降低鼠角质层结构的紧密程度,另一方面可影响角蛋白的微结构,使其结构松散并出现微细孔道,从而为药物的经皮吸收与传送疏通了通道.     

红外光谱酰胺Ⅲ带用于蛋白质二级结构的测定研究

用甲醇对BSA和RaseA等蛋白质进行变性处理,结合蛋白质酰胺带的拟合结果对酰胺带各二级结构的谱峰进行了初步指认:1330～1290cm^-1为α-螺旋;1295～1265cm^-1为β-转角;1270～1245cm^-1为无规卷曲;1250～1220cm^-1为β-折叠.依据这些谱峰归属,对一些已知二级结构的蛋白质进行了测定,所得结果与X射线衍射数据以及酰胺带的定量结果基本一致.     

玻碳电极表面因瓦合金的电化学成核机理

在弱酸性因瓦合金(含镍质量分数为32~36 % 的镍铁合金)镀液中, 以线性扫描伏安法、循环伏安法和恒电位阶跃法对因瓦合金在玻碳电极表面的电沉积过程及其成核机理进行研究. 结果表明, 在该体系下, 因瓦合金在玻碳电极表面的电结晶属于扩散控制下的不可逆电极过程. 运用Scharifker-Hills理论模型(SH)拟合实验数据表明, 因瓦合金在玻碳电极表面的共沉积更加符合三维瞬时成核的成核规律. 运用Heerman-Tarallo理论模型(HT)分析得到因瓦合金在玻碳电极表面的成核生长的动力学参数, 当阶跃电位从-1.11 V变化至-1.17 V (vs SCE), 成核密度数(N₀)由0.72×10⁵ cm^-2提高至1.91×10⁵ cm^-2, 成核速率常数(A)从 40.35 s^-1增至 194.38 s^-1, 扩散系数(D)为(7.67±0.15)×10^-5 cm²•s^-1, 变化不大.     

双臂套索冠醚双核铜(Ⅱ)配合物的磁性质研究

测定了双臂套索冠醚双核铜(Ⅰ)配合物[Cu₂L(OH)](ClO₄)₃Me₂CO(L=N,N'-二(8-喹啉甲基)-1,4,10,13-四氧-7,16-二氮环八环)的变温磁化率(4～300K),所加场强为5.O×10⁵A/m.拟合了变温磁化率数据,得到J=-279.cm^-1;加上分子场校正后,得J=-257.7cm^-1,Zj'=-30.1cm^-1.拟合结果表明,分子间存在反铁磁性交换作用,而分子内的磁交换(J＜500cm^-1)还未大到使其反铁磁性交换作用变为抗磁性.用自旋倾斜体系解释了其反常的χm-H图.晶体结构和Cu²⁺3d轨道的分析表明,磁交换作用是通过OH桥进行的.比较了另外2个类似的双核铜(Ⅰ)大环OH桥联配合物,得出了J值和轨道重叠之间的关系.     

Si2Br6的分子振动光谱的理论研究

用量化从头算方法(HF/6-31G^*)和密度泛函方法(B3LYP/6-31G^*)以6-31G标准基组加一个极化函数,对Si₂Br₆分子的平衡几何构型和振动频率分别进行优化和计算,优化的结果与实验结果吻合得较好.按照Pulay的建议对HF/6-31G^*水平上所计算的谐性力场进行标度(标度因子取0.9).用HF/6-31G^*SQM力场所计算的基频预测值和实验值的平均误差为9.4cm^-1,最大误差为23.6cm^-1;用B₃LYP/6-31G^*未标度力场所计算的基频预测值和实验值的平均误差为8.6cm^-1,最大误差为16.6cm^-1;用该密度泛函方法所计算的基频预测值比用HF/6-31G^*的标度后的SQM力场所计算的基频预测值和实验值(除Si-Si键扭转振动基频之外的11条振动基频)吻合得更好.HF/6-31G^*和B3LYP/6-31G^*计算给出Si-Si键扭转振动基频的预测值分别为14cm^-1和9cm^-1.     

含氮杂冠醚和核酸碱基双亲聚合物的合成及性能

设计合成了含氮杂冠醚和胸腺嘧啶的双亲聚合物聚[N,N-二乙氧基-1,10-二氮杂-18冠-6-5-甲基-胸腺嘧啶-异酞酸酯](PCTSE). 用SEM观测到其在水溶液中自发聚集成直径为150~220 nm的纳米球; 用动态光散射测得PCTSE纳米球水溶液的粒径分布主要集中在130~240 nm, 用FTIR研究了PCTSE/腺嘌呤中胸腺嘧啶与底物腺嘌呤的分子识别作用, 结果表明, 聚合物中胸腺嘧啶环上C₄=O伸缩振动峰从1670 cm^-1位移至1664 cm^-1, 表明胸腺嘧啶与腺嘌呤间形成了氢键. 变温红外光谱表明, 该峰又随温度的升高逐渐向高波数位移, 最后位移到识别前的1670 cm^-1处, 表明所形成的氢键断裂.     

BCN化合物的合成与表征

以石墨和六方氮化硼(h-BN)粉为原料,利用高能机械球磨和高温高压技术对BCN化合物的形成、结构及相变进行了研究.经120h球磨制备出BCN非晶体.在1400cm^-1附近,BCN非晶有一宽化的强红外吸收峰,在740和1630cm^-1附近观察到弱的红外吸收峰;在1330cm^-1附近观察到一宽化的Raman散射峰.BCN非晶中B_1s的结合能为191.9eV,C_1s的结合能为284.9和286.8eV,N_1s的结合能为398.3和400.5eV.将BCN非晶在4GPa和1473K下退火45min后转化为六方结构的BCN晶体,其晶格常数为a=0.2505nm,c=0.6664nm.其红外光谱特征吸收峰分别出现在1398,1103,1024,925和802cm^-1.Raman散射峰分别出现在1328,1358,1582和1614cm^-1.并对非晶BCN的形成和相转变机制进行了研究.     

聚氨酯动态拉伸红外光谱分析

聚氨酯薄膜在5Hz拉伸频率作用下,测得其同相和正交的动态偏振红外光谱.由此可知,薄膜拉伸初期的粘弹性在分子水平上主要由代表软硬段界面游离的氨酯键1719 cm^-1和有强相互作用的酯键1732 cm^-1界面有相互作用的氨酯键1709 cm^-1和游离的酯键1748 cm^-1,四种官能团代表的链段来表现:前者主要提供弹性变化,后者主要提供粘性变化.     

电化学法制备部分还原氧化石墨烯薄膜及其光电性能

提供了一种快速制备氧化石墨烯(GO)薄膜的方法, 并通过调节GO薄膜的含氧量来调控其能级结构.采用阳极电泳及阴极电化学还原联用的方法在F掺杂SnO₂(FTO)导电玻璃上制备出不同层数及含氧量的GO薄膜, 并通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外可见(UV-Vis)光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、拉曼光谱及电化学分析对样品进行表征. 用20-350 s 不同时间电泳沉积得到层数约为77-570层的GO薄膜. 经过不同时间阴极还原的GO薄膜的禁带宽度为1.0-2.7 eV, 其导带位置及费米能级也随之改变. GO作为p型半导体, 与FTO导电膜之间会形成p-n 结, 在光强为100 mW·cm^-2的模拟太阳光照射下, 电泳300 s 且电化学还原120 s时GO薄膜阳极光电流密度达到5.25×10^-8 A·cm^-2.     

石墨烯/类金刚石碳复合薄膜的电化学沉积及其场发射性能

采用液相电化学方法在硅基底上制备了石墨烯掺杂的类金刚石碳复合薄膜,探讨了电化学沉积复合薄膜的机理。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱技术对薄膜表面形貌和微观结构进行了分析表征。结果表明,石墨烯片均匀分散沉积在含氢类金刚石碳（a-C：H）基体中,沉积的石墨烯/类金刚石（G/a-C：H）复合薄膜表面相对均匀平整。场发射测试显示石墨烯掺杂使开启电场从4.7 V·μm^-1增加至5.8 V·μm^-1,场发射电流密度从384 μA·cm^-2显著增加至876 μA·cm^-2。     

化学促进剂与鼠角质层脂质相互作用的ATR-FTIR

药物通过皮肤吸收,可以避免口服药物对肝脏和胃肠道的损伤,促进药物在一定时间内透皮渗透达到治疗量是药物透皮给药系统的关键。化学促进剂是常用的促进药物透皮吸收的物质,其作用机理一直是透皮吸收研究领域的热点。本文在不破坏样品的条件下,采用衰减发射红外分析方法研究经皮促进剂氮酮等处理前后脱毛离体鼠皮角质层脂质侧链CH2偏转／全反构象体的变化情况,考察氮酮等化学促进剂对角质层脂质含量的影响,探讨化学促进剂的促进渗透作用机制,为透皮给药系统设计与研究提供理论依据。     

Colloidochemical aspects of transdermal drug delivery (review)

This review generalizes scientific information on factors that determine the efficacy of transdermal drug delivery, including the barrier functions of skin, the properties of drugs and enhancers of skin permeability, and the type of a transdermal therapeutic system, i.e., plaster. Colloidochemical aspects of transdermal drug delivery are considered in relation to the amphiphilic structure of drugs and action mechanisms of enhancers, among which nonionic surfactants prevail. Advantages of microreservoir-type transdermal therapeutic systems are shown, information on which is very scarce; the prospects of their development on the basis of oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions containing nonionic surfactants and polymer adhesives are outlined.     

立体异构单萜醇油酸酯的制备及促透活性评价

本文以互为立体异构体的香叶醇(GER)、橙花醇(NER)为先导化合物,采用酰氯酯化法合成油酸香叶醇酯(GER-dC18)、油酸橙花醇酯(NER-dC18),并考察GER、NER、GER-dC18、NER-dC18作为促透剂对多奈哌齐(DNP)的促透活性差异。通过体外释放试验、红外光谱法和分子模拟技术初步探究其促透机制,结果发现,所选用促透剂不仅能够促进DNP从压敏胶中释放,而且能够作用于角质层脂质及角蛋白并促进水合作用来降低角质层的屏障功能,从而增加DNP的经皮透过。其中,(E)构型的GER-dC18对DNP具有最优的促透效果,有望为经皮制剂的开发提供关键的辅料。     

Ionic liquids in transdermal drug delivery system: Current applications and future perspectives

The transdermal drug delivery(TDD) shows considerable advantages over other administration pathways.However, conventional enhancing permeation methods face a series of challenges owing to barrier function provided by the skin, of which enhancing abilities either are so strong that it results in toxicity and irritation, or too weak to achieve desirable therapeutical effects. To address these issues, it is an urgent need to develop a novel method to overcome the limitations of current measures. Fo...     

Nano-formulations for transdermal drug delivery: A review

The different applications of nano-formulations (vesicles or nanoparticles and nanoemulsions) have been widely studied. Here, the classification, characteristics, transdermal mechanism, and application of the most popular nano-formulations in transdermal drug delivery system are reviewed.     

Creation of transdermal pathways for macromolecule transport by skin electroporation and a low toxicity, pathway-enlarging molecule

A combined electrical (HV, "high voltage", pulsing) and chemical (topical sodium thiosulfate) intervention is hypothesized to create enlarged aqueous pathways that allow large quantities of macromolecules to be transported through human skin's stratum corneum (SC), the dominant barrier for transdermal drug delivery and biochemical analyte extraction. This expectation is based on the known structure and composition of the SC, and previous models and experiments for local transport regions (LTRs) due to transdermal HV pulsing. In vitro experiments demonstrated that transdermal macromolecule fluxes of 10(-9) to 10(-8) mol h(-1) cm(-2) (10 to 100 microg h(-1) cm(-2)) or greater are possible for lactalbumin and an antibody (IgG), which are potentially therapeutic values for peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. In the absence of sodium thiosulfate, only a small molecule (sulforhodamine) flux increased significantly, consistent with many previous studies. Significant macromolecule transdermal fluxes occurred only if a pathway enlarging molecule (sodium thiosulfate) was present. Our results also provide support for the mechanism hypothesis that HV pulses leading to transdermal voltages U(skin) > 50 V create straight-through aqueous pathways that penetrate multilamellar bilayer membranes, corneocyte envelopes and corneocyte interiors within the SC.     

Recent Advances in Oral and Transdermal Protein Delivery Systems

Protein and peptide drugs are predominantly administered by injection to achieve high bioavailability, but this greatly compromises patient compliance. Oral and transdermal drug delivery with minimal invasiveness and high adherence represent attractive alternatives to injection administration. However, oral and transdermal administration of bioactive proteins must overcome biological barriers, namely the gastrointestinal and skin barriers, respectively. The rapid development of new materials and technologies promises to address these physiological obstacles. This review provides an overview of the latest advances in oral and transdermal protein delivery, including chemical strategies, synthetic nanoparticles, medical microdevices, and biomimetic systems for oral administration, as well as chemical enhancers, physical approaches, and microneedles in transdermal delivery. We also discuss challenges and future perspectives of the field with a focus on innovation and translation.     

Development of an efficient transdermal delivery system of small interfering RNA using functional peptides, Tat and AT-1002

Topical use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) as a therapeutic nucleic acid is increasingly studied for the treatment of skin diseases and for the improvement of skin properties. However, naked siRNA transdermal delivery is limited by its low stability in the body and low permeability into target cells. This is due to various skin barriers such as the stratum corneum that has multiple lipid bilayers and epidermal layers that have tight junctions. In this study, we investigate non-invasive transdermal siRNA delivery using two functional peptides: AT1002, which is a tight junction modulator and 6-mer synthetic peptide belonging to a novel class of compounds that reversibly increases paracellular transport of molecules across the epithelial barrier; and Tat, which is a cell-penetrating peptide applicable as a transdermal siRNA delivery enhancer. We examined whether expression of the tight junction protein zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) was detected in mouse skin applied with AT1002. Additionally, siRNA stabilities for RNaseA using Tat and AT1002 were assessed. We also determined the intradermal delivery efficiency of siRNA using functional peptides by confocal laser microscopy of fluorescently labeled siRNA in mouse skin. We found that the Tat analog and AT1002 strongly increased siRNA stability against RNaseA. In addition, ZO-1 disappeared from the skin after treatment with AT1002, yet recovered with time after washing. Finally, we also found that Tat and AT1002 peptides accelerate transdermal siRNA delivery both widely and effectively. Thus, combination of Tat and AT1002 is expected to be a transdermal delivery enhancer of siRNA.     

Recent Progress in Transdermal Nanocarriers and Their Surface Modifications

Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is an attractive method for drug delivery with convenient application, less first-pass effect, and fewer systemic side effects. Among all generations of TDDS, transdermal nanocarriers show the greatest clinical potential because of their non-invasive properties and high drug delivery efficiency. However, it is still difficult to design optimal transdermal nanocarriers to overcome the skin barrier, control drug release, and achieve targeting. Hence, surface modification becomes a promising strategy to optimize and functionalize the transdermal nanocarriers with enhanced penetration efficiency, controlled drug release profile, and targeting drug delivery. Therefore, this review summarizes the developed transdermal nanocarriers with their transdermal mechanism, and focuses on the surface modification strategies via their different functions.