板栗腐烂病的诊断和防治

板栗是著名的干果,香甜可口,零食或是做菜肴佐餐都很相宜,含有大量淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪、B族维生素等多种营养成分,并且有很好的食疗保健功能。板栗果肉富含丰富的维生素,是良好的补益食品。板栗性味甘、温、无毒,入脾、胃、肾。果肉益肾气、健脾胃、壮腰膝、强筋骨,且活血、止血、消肿。生用时治腰腿无力;壳和树皮有收敛作用;鲜叶外用治皮肤炎症;花可治瘰疬与腹泻;根能治疝气。由于板栗病虫害种类多,为害重,造成板栗严重减产,尤其以板栗腐烂病更为严重。     

食疗兼优话栗板

板栗营养丰富，富淀粉、蛋白质、糖分和维生素以及磷、钙、铁等，特别是维生素C、B1和胡萝卜素的含量较一般干果都高。板栗的吃法多种多样，生食甜而爽脆，熟食则粉而香甜，糖炒栗子更是糯、香、酥、甜味俱全。至于“板栗烧鸡”、“板栗炖猪蹄”、“板栗香菇”、“板栗肉芋头”等，更是家喻户晓、老少皆宜的席上佳肴。它还是糕点行业及饮食业的好原料，像栗蓉月饼、栗子糕、桂花栗子羹、栗子香酥鸡等都是由栗肉作配料的名菜。板栗的药用价值也很高，可与人参、黄芪、当归相媲美，尤其对肾虚病人有良好的疗效。唐代名医孙思邈曾说：“栗，肾…     

板栗的栽培管理与病虫害防治策略 ——以镇安县板栗为例

板栗作为一类具有丰富营养价值的食物,其含有脂肪、蛋白质、多种维生素、矿物质、糖分等,受到了消费者的青睐。镇安县作为板栗种植大县,板栗栽培可以追溯到周代,结合当前镇安县板栗产业现状,就板栗栽培管理与病虫害防治进行了探讨。     

丹东板栗优良品种及良种嫁接技术

丹东板栗（丹东栗Castanea crenata Sieb et Zuc）是辽宁省的优势经济林树种之一，其品质优良，果实个大，易加工，色泽和口感具佳，并含有维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C和磷、钾、镁、铁、锌、硼等多种矿物质，综合价值高。丹东市现有板栗总面积150多万亩，年产量达到4万多t，占辽宁省的95％，占全国的7．5％，占世界总产量的3．8％。目前，全市板栗栽培遍及每个乡镇，面积超万亩的乡镇有38个。     

板栗栽培管理及病虫害防治探讨

指出了板栗营养丰富,含蛋白质、脂肪、糖以及多种维生素和矿物质等,是我国群众十分喜欢的一种食物。其种植过程中应加强栽培管理,同时加强对病虫害的预防,从而提高板栗的产量与质量。基于此,对板栗种植过程中的管理措施进行了探讨。     

为什么核桃、柿、板栗树不易接活

核桃,柿,板栗等果树,在春天嫁接的时候,常从砧木的剪口处,不断地往外流黑水,影响嫁接的成活率,这为什么呢? 由于春天树木的根系重新活跃起来,发出大量的新根,吸收土壤中的水分和养料,然后输送到地上部分,促使芽苞开放和新梢生长。因而春季树液的流动量较大,所以如果在树干上切一个伤口,就会在伤口处流出“伤流液”,“伤流液”的成分也不相同,一般都含有各种糖类、氨基酸、酰胺、维生素。而核桃、柿、板栗等果树的织组和器官中都含有较多的酚类     

板栗白蚁防治措施

板栗为木本粮果树，富含淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪及多种维生素和矿物质．可作粮食食用。板栗适应性强，属喜光树种，我国大部分地区有栽植。     

板栗主要害虫防治技术研究

栗实营养丰富,含水量低,淀粉、可溶性糖及人体所需的多种维生素和无机盐含量高,有医疗保健功能。桐柏气候温和,雨量充沛,土壤肥沃,是板栗的适生区。近年来,随着林种结构的调整,桐柏县以板栗为主的经济林得到迅速发展,年产板栗200万公斤。但是,由于板栗虫害严重,给板栗生产造成了很大威胁。一般年份,害虫蛀果率达     

板栗丰产栽培技术研究进展

板栗(Castanea mollissima Blume)是原产我国的重要木本粮食果树之一,在我国具有悠久的栽培利用历史,分布广泛。其果实营养丰富,味道鲜美、甘甜可口,含5.7％～10.7％的蛋白质,2％～4％的脂肪及A,B_1,B_2,C等多种维生素和钙、磷、钾等多种矿物质,淀粉含量高达51％～60％,既可生食、糖炒和供食,又可制罐头、糕点等。板栗在国内外具有广阔的市场,每年我国向日本及东南亚各国出口板栗10万t以上。     

燕山板栗营养品质的模糊综合评价

为了给华北地区选育优良板栗品种提供理论依据,采用模糊综合评价方法对燕山和山东板栗的营养品质进行了测评,结果表明:被测评的各品种板栗的单粒质量、蛋白质含量、维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量、糊化温度的差异极显著;其支链淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量和还原性糖含量的差异不显著。通过建立各指标的线性隶属函数,根据最大隶属原则进行品质排序,确定出燕山短枝、短雄、垂枝栗1号、燕昌、遵达栗等品种为优质品种;同时发现,糊化温度和板栗品质的排名呈现极显著正相关关系。     

广东省林下植物碳含量和热值特征分析

为准确估算广东地区林下植被碳储量和能量,应用湿烧法和氧弹式热量仪法对该地区共计11类林下植物的碳含量和热值进行了测定和分析,结果表明,碳含量大小顺序为杉木(Cunninghamia lance-olata)(下木,505.47 g/kg)>其它灌木(496.36 g/kg)>阔叶类(下木,491.24 g/kg)>岗松(Baeckea frutescens)(491.06 g/kg)>桃金娘(Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)(476.62 g/kg)>竹灌(474.19 g/kg)>大芒(Miscanthus floridulus)(473.60 g/kg)>芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)(469.09 g/kg)>小芒(M.sp.)(452.73 g/kg)>其它草类(411.28 g/kg)>蕨类(387.30 g/kg),总体上遵循下木>灌木>草本的规律;热值大小顺序为下木杉木(19.83 MJ/kg)=下木阔叶类(19.83 MJ/kg)>其它灌木(19.50 MJ/kg)>岗松(19.47 MJ/kg)>桃金娘(19.13 MJ/kg)>芒萁(18.54 MJ/kg)>竹灌(18.11 MJ/kg)>大芒(17.86 MJ/kg)>小芒(17.77 MJ/kg)>蕨类(16.65 MJ/kg)>其它草类(16.35 MJ/kg),同样遵循下木>灌木>草本的规律;植物碳含量与热值之间符合曲线相关,其实验数值大致遵循模型y=0.0003x2-0.1921 x+53.3836,其中x为碳含量(g/kg),y为热值(MJ/kg),R2=0.9077,该模型可用于筛选具有应用潜力的能源植物.     

Steroidal saponins from Smilacina japonica

Three new steroidal saponins, japonicoside A (1), japonicoside B (2) and japonicoside C (3) were isolated from the dried rhizomes and roots of Smilacina japonica A. Gray. Their structures were elucidated as (25S)-5α-spirostan-9(11)-en-3β-ol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (1), (25S)-5α-spirostan-9(11)-en-3β,17α-diol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (2) and (25S)-5α-spirostan-9(11)-en-3β,17α,24α-triol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (3) on the basis of chemical methods and detailed spectroscopic analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The cytotoxicity of isolated compounds was evaluated in vitro for cytotoxic properties against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (SMMC-7221) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (DLD-1), respectively.     

杉木双系种子园无性系开花习性与异交率及其间的关系研究

基于对杉木双系种子园中成对无性系开花习性的多年观察及多年对杉木双系种子园的同工酶实验,运用EM算法估计各无性系的异交率大小,并使用DPS统计软件,详实地研究了异交率与开花习性诸多因素间的关系,其结果为:Y=0.877 7+0.104 4X1-0.615 8X2+0.354 4X3-0.061 8X4。上式中:X1为异系雄球花量,X3为异系开花同步性指数,它们对异交率的影响有正效应;而X2为系内开花同步性指数,X4为X3/X2之比,它们对异交率的影响有负效应。影响力的大小次序为:X2>X4>X3>X1。根据异交率与开花习性的关系研究,可以发现:今后新建杉木双系种子园时,挑选系内开花同步性小,而系间开花同步性大的双亲材料时,其后代异交率较高。     

外源苯甲酸对平邑甜茶幼苗根系膜脂过氧化的影响

大多数果树都存在连作障碍(重茬、再植病、忌地现象)现象,其中苹果(Malus)、李(Prunus salicina)、桃(Prunus)等连作障碍更为严重.杨兴洪等(1991)调查苹果重茬地成活率只有40%～60%,美国华盛顿州10年间苹果产区因重茬每公顷损失4万美元,山东省烟台大量苹果园已经表现并将面临更大面积的苹果连作问题.     

New sesquiterpenoids from the dried flower buds of Tussilago farfara and their inhibition on NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

Three new sesquiterpenoids, 1α-(3″-ethyl-cis-crotonoyloxy)-8-angeloyloxy-3β,4β-epoxy-bisabola-7(14),10-diene (1), 7β-angeloyloxy-14-hydroxy-notonipetranone (2) and 1α-hydroxy-7β-(4-methylsenecioyloxy)-oplopa-3(14)Z,8(10)-dien-2-one (3) were isolated from ethanolic extract of the dried flower buds of Tussilago farfara L., along with nine known sesquiterpenoids (4-12). All of these compounds were evaluated for their effect on the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and exhibited inhibitory activity on NO production in a dose-dependent manner. 7β-(4-Methylsenecioyloxy)-oplopa-3(14)E,8(10)-dien-2-one (8) was proved to be the best among these tested sesquiterpenoids with an IC(50) value of 10.80 μM.     

莰烯醛O-取代肟的合成及其抗肿瘤活性

以莰烯醛肟与卤代物为原料经亲核取代反应合成了9个未见报道的莰烯醛O-取代肟类化合物,分别为2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-苄基肟(2a)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-丁基肟(2b)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-氯丁基)肟(2c)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(3-溴苄基)肟(2d)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-叔丁基苄基)肟(2e)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-氯苄基)肟(2f)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-氰基苄基)肟(2g)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(2,6-二氯苄基)肟(2h)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(邻氟苄基)肟(2i)。利用FT-IR、GC-MS、1H NMR以及13C NMR对产物结构进行了表征。以化合物2a为例,探索了不同工艺条件对产物得率的影响,在甲苯为溶剂,n(莰烯醛肟)∶n(氯化苄)∶n(四丁基溴化铵)为1.0∶1.8∶0.08,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为20 h的最佳工艺条件下,产物的得率为84.1%。通过体外抗肿瘤活性测试,探讨了化合物2a^2i对肝癌细胞HepG2和人乳腺癌细胞MCF7的抑制作用,结果表明:化合物2b对HepG2细胞的抑制作用较好,其半数抑制浓度(IC 50)值为36.3μmol/L;化合物2d、2h、2i对MCF7有一定的抑制作用,其中化合物2h对MCF7的抑制作用较好,其IC50值为19.2μmol/L。     

A growth model of a single sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) tree based on the dry matter budget of its aboveground parts

Growth of a single sugi (Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don.) tree was analyzed on the basis of a dry matter budget. The aboveground net production rate and death rate were defined as the anabolic rate and catabolic rate, respectively. Growth rate of aboveground tree weight, v(w) (kg(dw) year(-1)), was defined as follows: v(w) = v(p) - v(d) (1) where v(p) (kg(dw) year(-1)) is the aboveground net production rate and v(d) (kg(dw) year(-1)) is the aboveground death rate. The value of v(d) is obtained by measuring the monthly clippings of new dead leaves and branches attached to a sample tree. The value of v(w) was calculated as the annual difference in the estimated aboveground tree weight, w(T) (kg(dw)). Finally, the value of v(p) was estimated as the sum of the values of v(d) and v(w). The following allometric relationships were found between v(p) and w(T) and between v(d) and w(T): v(p) = aw(T) (alpha), v(d) = bw(T) (beta) (2). Combining Equations 1 and 2 gives a growth equation, Bertalanffy's equation, of the sample tree. dw(T)/dt = v(w) = aw(T) (alpha) - bw(T) (beta) (3). Because the growth curve of w(T) was derived from Equation 3, the analysis of the growth of w(T) is based on direct measurement of the dry matter budget.     

New cytotoxic quinolone alkaloids from fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa

Three new quinolone alkaloids, 1-methyl-2-[7-hydroxy-(E)-9-tridecenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (1), 1-methyl-2-[(Z)-4-nonenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (2), 1-methyl-2-[(1E,5Z)-1,5-undecadienyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (3) and one new natural product, 1-methyl-2-[(E)-1-undecenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (4), were isolated from the dried and nearly ripe fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth., along with thirteen known compounds (5-17). In addition, one new artificial product, 1-methyl-2-[7-carbonyl-(E)-9-tridecenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (1A) was also obtained. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses. The cytotoxic activities of all of the compounds against the human cancer cell lines HL-60, N-87, H-460, and Hep G(2) cells were evaluated by MTT assay. The results showed that these alkaloids inhibited cell proliferation with IC(50) values between 14μM and 22μM.     

Flavonoids with DNA strand-scission activity from Rhus javanica var. roxburghiana

The flavonoids isolated from the stems of Rhus javanica var. roxburghiana, taxifolin (1), fisetin (2), fustin (3), 3,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone (4) and 3,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone (5) caused breakage of supercoiled plasmid pBR322 DNA in the presence of Cu(II). Cu(I) was shown to be an essential intermediate by using the Cu(I)-specific sequestering reagent neocuproine. The Cu(II)-mediated DNA scissions induced by 1, 2, 3 and 5 were inhibited by the addition of catalase and exhibited DNA strand break by the addition of KI and superoxide dimutase (SOD), while in the Cu(II)-mediated DNA scissions induced by 4 was inhibited by the addition of KI, SOD, and catalase. It is concluded that 1, 2, 3, and 5 can induce H(2)O(2) and superoxide anion, while 4 can induce OH() and H(2)O(2) and subsequent oxidative damage of DNA in the presence of Cu(II).     

Socioeconomic structure and analysis of the demand for wood raw materials in the poplar wood-processing companies of the Sakarya and Kocaeli provinces in Turkey

This study investigates the socioeconomic structure and factors affecting the demand for raw materials of the poplar wood-processing industrial companies within 11 districts of the Sakarya and Kocaeli provinces. A face-to-face survey was conducted in 53 current companies. The data were evaluated using percentage methods and the Kruskal–Wallis H-Test. The data on the raw material demand of the companies were also evaluated using statistical (factor and regression) analyses. The most important factors affecting the structure of the demand for raw materials were determined as follows: (a) the scale or size of company, (b) the demand level for products, (c) production form of the company, (d) price of raw materials, (e) external environmental conditions, (f) raw material types and features, (g) seasons, and (h) the procurement conditions for raw materials. Also, the variables influencing the change in the raw material demand were determined to be: (a) the principle activity area of the company, (b) its amount of capital, (c) the price of raw materials, and (d) the production as well as profit levels of the company. Economic, technical, and managerial proposals were developed to advise the companies on how to operate more efficiently and profitably.