长窄型薄壁叶片的套料电解加工

为实现长窄型薄壁叶片的套料电解加工,设计了电解液沿叶片轮廓四周进液的流动方式,开展了导流式出液和开放式出液的仿真对比分析,结果表明,导流式出液可以明显改善加工区域内流场的均匀性。开展了薄壁叶片套料电解加工试验研究,在进给速度1.4 mm/min下实现了薄壁叶片的套型加工,轮毂表面粗糙度从0.532 μm 降低至0.307 μm,叶片型面粗糙度从0.816 μm 降低至0.583 μm。     

渐开线内花键电解加工流场设计及工艺稳定性研究

为进一步提高渐开线内花键电解加工的工艺稳定性,基于数值分析方法探讨了电解液流动方式、工具阴极结构、电解液参数对流场分布的影响规律。数值分析结果表明：电解液侧向流动可以改善加工区入口处电解液流速分布均匀性;带有导流段的变截面阴极能够降低工件表面流速波动。针对工艺稳定性及加工定域性,开展了渐开线内花键电解加工试验研究。试验结果表明：进给速度可达2.1 mm/min以上,齿形误差可控制在0.015 mm以内,当加工深度为30 mm时,齿向误差在0.02 mm以内。该加工方式的效率及精度能够满足很多实际需求,具有明显的技术经济优势。     

整体叶盘多通道电解加工工具运动轨迹及加工参数分析

整体叶盘扭曲叶片型面加工至设计要求之前,毛坯的叶间通道加工是不可缺少的工艺。针对整体叶盘多通道电解加工三轴运动的特点,先将叶片理论型面的参数转换成整体叶盘的叶间通道的参数,再利用最小二乘法生成通道型面的拟合直线,进一步确定管状工具的运动位置。工具的运动轨迹是三轴组合运动的结果,根据工具的运动状态逆向推算即可获取联动三轴各自的加工参数。最后在整体叶盘多通道电解加工机床上开展试验研究。试验表明,运行上述参数可以加工出符合要求的叶间通道。     

整体叶盘电解加工移动密封阴极设计与试验

在整体叶盘的电解加工中,叶间区域易发生加工意外。通过有限元流场分析发现该区域存在过流面积突变。为了改善该区域流场,设计了一种消除过流面积突变的移动密封阴极结构。改进流场的有限元分析结果表明,移动密封阴极结构显著提升了电解液流场的稳定性。移动密封阴极的电解加工试验结果表明,新型阴极显著提升了加工稳定性,试验件具有较好的加工重复性与表面质量。     

航天发动机叶片电解加工流场设计和试验研究

电解加工作为整体构件制造的主要技术之一,其流场设计的合理性将严重影响电解加工过程的稳定性、加工效率和质量。针对航天发动机叶片式扩压器设计了部分阻隔式反W型流场,并开展了与侧流式和反W型流场的仿真比较。仿真结果表明,该流场方式可以保证加工区电解液的高速流动,并能有效避免进/排气边漏液现象。最后,在部分阻隔式反W型流场中开展了叶片式扩压器电解加工试验,在阴极进给速度为0.5 mm/min时加工出了扩压器叶片,验证了流场设计的合理性。     

镍基高温合金整体叶盘叶栅通道电解加工的成形精度控制

针对整体叶盘叶栅通道电解加工中存在的成形精度较低、余量分布不足的问题,采用叶栅通道径向电解加工方法,建立了径向进给方式中加工间隙的数学模型,得到了通道成形过程中侧面间隙的影响规律。在此基础上,分析了电极侧面裸露端、电解液特性、脉冲电流参数以及进给速度等对通道成形的影响,并给出了优化结果。同时开展了叶栅通道径向电解加工实验研究,结果显示:采用优化后的各项参数,在高温镍基合金GH4169叶盘上稳定地加工出了具有较高成形精度的叶栅通道,其叶盆、叶背面的最小精加工余量从1.82 mm和1.56 mm分别提高至2.43 mm和2.41 mm。为后续叶片精加工提供了良好的加工基础。     

旋转超声电解复合加工小孔流场仿真

为解决电解加工深小孔中电解液难以进入加工区和电解产物难以排出的问题,构建了内喷式旋转超声电解复合加工装置,进行了电解加工、旋转电解加工和旋转超声电解复合加工小孔的对比试验。试验结果表明,阴极旋转能明显提高孔的圆度,旋转超声电解复合加工具有最大的平均加工电流,所加工孔的直径、深度都为三者中最大,表明其材料去除率是最大的。在此基础上,利用有限元ANSYS CFX软件,建立了气液两相流三维气穴模型,分析了阴极旋转和阴极高频振动对电解加工流场、电场的影响。仿真结果表明：阴极旋转使得气泡在阴极表面聚集,不利于气泡的排出,阴极振动加速了电解液的运动,有利于气泡的排出,因此具有最大的材料去除率。     

整体叶盘叶栅通道电解加工流场仿真研究

电解加工是航空发动机整体叶盘制造的主要技术之一,加工间隙内电解液流动的均匀性是影响加工稳定性和表面粗糙度的核心因素。针对叶栅通道电解加工,对比分析电解液侧流式下的正向流动与反向流动加工间隙内流场状态,通过数值仿真对比分析可知,正流方式下加工间隙内电解液流速较高,流场均匀性较好,故正流方式有利于叶栅通道电解加工。开展了电解液正流电解加工试验,结果表明,采用正流方式进行叶栅通道电解加工,轮毂粗糙度可达0.316μm,叶盆、叶背余量重复误差分别为0.096 mm,0.103 mm,为下一步叶片型面精加工提供了良好的条件。     

电解铣磨加工Inconel 718合金的流场仿真与试验

对外径与切深均为10 mm的工具基体进行侧壁喷液孔列数设计,基于流场仿真与试验,研究侧壁喷液孔列数对电解铣磨加工Inconel 718合金的影响。通过仿真确认,在保持侧壁喷液孔直径及排数不变的前提下,随着列数由4列增加至10列,加工间隙内电解液流速先加快后减慢。试验结果显示,具有6列侧壁喷液孔的工具为优选方案,在30 V电压、10 mm切深下获得2.5 mm/min的最大进给速度。利用优选工具加工平均壁厚为1.08 mm、最薄处仅为0.675 mm的薄壁结构,材料去除率达到262.7 mm^3/min,加工效果良好。     

航空发动机叶片电解加工阴极数字化修正模型及其试验研究

叶片是航空发动机的核心零部件,电解加工是加工叶片的重要方法,叶片电解加工工具阴极的精确设计与修正是提高叶片精度的关键技术.采用Levenberg-Marquardt(L-M)优化算法的误差反向传播网络(Back propagation,BP)技术,利用阴极线性修正法的工艺试验数据进行网络训练,建立基于优化BP算法的数字化阴极修正模型.结合自行研制的新型叶片电解加工机床,开展电解加工工艺试验,检验网络模型的正确性.通过三坐标测量机的检测,加工试件在阴极修正后精度有了明显提高,叶盆叶根和叶尖修正部位的精度均提高0.09 mm左右,修正效率提高,说明网络模型能精确计算出阴极型面修正量,网络模型的正确性得到验证.该修正模型能广泛应用于复杂型面电解加工的阴极修正,能起到缩短修正周期和提高叶片电解加工精度的作用.     

Investigation into the blade-formation process in electrochemical trepanning of diffusers

Abstract

Electrochemical trepanning process is an advanced manufacturing technology suitable for the machining of aero-engine components such as blades and diffusers. Tool-electrode (cathode) with special electrical isolation is adopted in the experimental investigations of this article using the electrochemical trepanning to produce a flow mode in which the electrolyte is supplied evenly to the blade being machined. The material removal model for these experiments is built based on the main technical principles of the ECM. For a better understanding of the electrochemical trepanning process during the machining of a blade, computer simulations were previously conducted aiming to observe the geometric shaping of the inter-electrode gap. The shaping process dynamic was analyzed and the distribution of electrical field intensity within the gap has been obtained under different feed rates of the tool-electrode relative to the blade. The profile of the cross-section of the blade was evaluated through the simulation, thus indicating that the blade’s taper angler decrease by increasing the feed rate. Also, practical experiments have been carried out, where the corresponding experimental results proved the simulation was effective. The best taper angle (0.70°) resulted from a machining condition in setting up a feed rate of 4?mm/min, whereas 3.72° was produced using 1?mm/min. Furthermore, a sector with multiple blades was electrochemically manufactured with the optimal set up of experimental parameters, being that the machining accuracy was about 0.12?mm. The application reflected that the method proposed in this article is appropriate and can be used for other complex structures in electrochemical trepanning.     

航空发动机复杂扭曲叶片分步电解加工研究

为实现复杂扭曲叶片在较小间隙下的稳定加工,提出了一种分步式电解加工的工艺方法,建立了复杂扭曲叶片小间隙(0.2 mm)和大间隙下(0.5 mm)扭曲流道的流道模型,采用有限元法进行了流场仿真研究,结果表明增加流道间隙可以解决流道中涡流和流场紊乱的问题。开展了复杂扭曲叶片小间隙连续式加工和分步式加工的试验研究。结果表明,采用小间隙连续式加工,当阴极进给至3.8 mm位置时,在叶片排气边靠近叶根流道扭曲处出现短路打火情况;而采用分步式加工方式能够实现加工的顺利进行。     

微尺度弧形群缝电解加工试验研究

精密电解加工是剃须刀网罩上微尺度阵列弧形群缝的首选加工工艺,为提高电解加工精度和加工过程稳定性,基于电场分析,优化了工具阴极凸起宽度、凸起高度关键尺寸的设计;基于对流场的数值分析,优化设计了电解液流道结构,优选了电解液进出口压力参数,消除了流道内可能存在的缺液区和流线交叉区域,并据此研制了专用工装夹具。通过工艺试验,研究了端面初始间隙、平均电压,进给速度等关键工艺参数对群缝缝宽的影响。在研制的数控电解加工设备上加工出了缝宽0.24 mm的弧形群缝,且群缝的曲线形状精度高,加工过程稳定,已能够满足批量生产的需要。     

发动机叶片电解加工夹具结构设计与密封性能分析

探讨了叶片全方位电解加工时,夹具的总体结构设计、电解液流道布局、夹具体防腐蚀、导电和绝缘等影响叶片成型精度的若干关键问题;分析了夹具的密封性能对电解液压力、流速和加工稳定性的影响;通过叶片加工试验验证了所设计夹具的精度和可靠性。试验结果表明所设计的夹具定位准确,能加工出符合精度要求的发动机叶片;夹具的密封性能得到极大改善,在相同的进口压力下,加工腔及流道内的压力损失急剧减小,出口压力提高。     

Influence of blade thickness on transient flow characteristics of centrifugal slurry pump with semi-open impeller

As the critical component, the impellers of the slurry pumps usually have blades of a large thickness. The increasing excretion coefficient of the blades affects the flow in the impeller resulting in a relatively higher hydraulic loss, which is rarely reported. In order to investigate the influence of blade thickness on the transient flow characteristics of a centrifugal slurry pump with a semi-open impeller, transient numerical simulations were carried out on six impellers, of which the meridional blade thickness from the leading edge to trailing edge varied from 5-10 mm, 5-15 mm, 5-20 mm, 10-10 mm, 10-15 mm, and 10-20 mm, respectively. Then, two of the six impellers, namely cases 4 and 6, were manufactured and experimentally tested for hydraulic performance to verify the simulation results. Results of these tests agreed reasonably well with those of the numerical simulation. The results demonstrate that when blade thickness increases, pressure fluctuations at the outlet of the impeller become severe. Moreover, the standard deviation of the relative velocity in the middle portion of the suction sides of the blades decreases and that at the outlet of the impeller increases. Thus, the amplitude of the impeller head pulsation for each case increases. Meanwhile, the distribution of the time-averaged relative flow angle becomes less uniform and decreases at the outlet of the impeller. Hence, as the impeller blade thickness increases, the pump head drops rapidly and the maximum efficiency point is offset to a lower flow rate condition. As the thickness of blade trailing edge increases by 10 mm, the head of the pump drops by approximately 5 m, which is approximately 10 % of the original pump head. Futhermore, it is for the first time that the time-averaged relative flow angle is being considered for the analysis of transient flow in centrifugal pump. The presented work could be a useful guideline in engineering practice when designing a centrifugal slurry pump with thick impeller blades.

     

轴向间距改变对压气机clocking效应影响的数值模拟

采用一种新型的环面叶栅计算方法对两级低速压气机中径处的非定常流动情况进行了数值模拟,针对第二排静叶在一个栅距内的8个不同的时序位置下,同时移动动叶在轴向相对位置,通过数值计算结果表明:在两级静叶间轴向间距不变的情况下,动叶的轴向位置对上游静叶尾迹输运过程有显著影响,在三个CASE计算中,动叶后移时,压气机效率整体最高.轴向间距的缩短对提高整机效率有益.此外环面叶栅计算结果跟平面叶栅结果总体上趋于一致,最高、最低时序位置也相同,但流场信息更为丰富合理;相对于通常的单流道计算,环面叶栅方法更能全面反映全流道周向流动情况,从而为叶轮机械设计及前后叶排间相互干涉研究提供理论依据.     

混流式核主泵叶轮叶片厚度分布规律对能量性能的影响

采用数值计算方法,开展混流式核主泵叶轮叶片自前盖板至后盖板方向厚度分布规律对能量性能影响的研究。通过对5种具有不同厚度分布规律叶片的叶轮进行比较分析,探索最佳叶片厚度比值和其对叶片表面静压力分布规律的影响。结果表明:当叶片后盖板处厚度与前盖板处厚度比值L=1.5时,叶轮的水力效率达到最高,当L=1.25时叶片做功能力低,叶轮内能量损失大,水力效率较低;在小流量工况下,随着比值L的增加,相同流量下扬程和水力效率都随之升高;在大流量工况下,扬程和水力效率都随着L的增大而降低;叶轮流道内压能沿着前盖板至后盖板方向增大并且最大压能位置向中间移动。     

Tribochemical machining of polycrystalline diamond using ferrous tool materials

Abstract

This article studies the tribochemical machining of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) by utilizing ferrous tool material as the cutter. The influence of cutting parameters and different ferrous materials on the material removal rate of the PCD workpiece has been investigated. The material removal rate increases with the increase of the rpm of ferrous “cutter”, AISI 1020 steel is unable realize the tribochemical machining, and the material removal rate of using AISI 1045 steel was higher than that of using W2-21/2 steel, e.g. when rpm was 3000, the material removal rate of using AISI 1045 was 0.059?mm/min, and using W2-21/2 it was 0.020?mm/min. The surface roughness of the machined PCD workpiece using W2-21/2 (0.40?μm) was slightly improved in comparison to that produced using AISI 1045 (0.47?μm). The influence of hydrogen catalysis on tribochemical machining of PCD has been investigated. Compared with no use of steam, if a large amount of steam is continuously injected the material removal rate will significantly increase, e.g. when the rpm was 3000 (using AISI 1045) the material removal rate of no steam was 0.059?mm/min, while with steam it was 0.082?mm/min.