生态钢纤维混凝土弯曲韧性和断裂性能

为掌握生态钢纤维混凝土的弯曲韧性和断裂性能,分别对掺率(体积分数)为1.0%,1.7%,2.4%的2种异形生态钢纤维混凝土和掺率为0.7%,1.3%的原生高强钢纤维增强混凝土进行了无切口梁四点弯曲韧性试验和切口梁三点弯曲断裂试验。研究结果表明:生态钢纤维掺率为1.0%时,无切口梁四点弯曲荷载 挠度曲线和切口梁三点弯曲荷载 挠度及荷载 切口张开位移曲线在达到峰值后都出现局部陡降,试件残余强度较小,断裂韧度值较低,纤维对改善混凝土弯曲韧性和断裂性能的作用较小;当生态钢纤维掺率为1.7%时,混凝土弯曲韧性和断裂性能均得到显著提高,混凝土在变形达到15δ_ult,p（δ_ult,p为素混凝土峰值荷载对应的挠度）或70D_ult,p（D_ult,p为素混凝土峰值荷载对应的切口张开位移）水平时,依然具有较高的持荷能力和较好的韧性,波浪型生态钢纤维混凝土断裂能和断裂韧度是素混凝土的27.59倍和8.35倍;生态钢纤维掺率为2.4%时,混凝土弯曲韧性指标、断裂能和断裂韧度进一步增加;掺率为1.7%的生态钢纤维混凝土增韧和抗断裂效果与掺率为0.7%的原生高强钢纤维混凝土相当。     

冻融循环作用后玄武岩纤维混凝土的断裂性能

在带切口梁的三点弯曲试验中,采用数字图像相关(DIC)技术观测玄武岩纤维混凝土(BFRC)试件的全场变形,基于DIC技术的水平应变云图和水平位移云图确定试件的起裂荷载和裂缝开口位移,并研究冻融循环次数和玄武岩纤维掺量对BFRC试件断裂能、延性指数和等效断裂韧度的影响.结果表明:玄武岩纤维的掺入能够提高BFRC试件在冻融条件下的断裂能,但提高程度不如冻融损伤带来的下降程度大;BFRC试件的延性指数随玄武岩纤维掺量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,而随冻融循环次数的增加呈现上升趋势;冻融损伤主要降低了BFRC试件在微变形阶段和小变形阶段的等效断裂韧度,在中变形阶段的降低程度有限,在大变形阶段降低程度已不显著,而玄武岩纤维的增韧作用在混凝土变形的各个阶段都比较显著,且增韧程度为微变形阶段最小,小变形阶段较低,中变形阶段较高,大变形阶段最高.     

活性粉末混凝土的断裂性能研究

在活性粉末混凝土缺口梁断裂试验的基础上,分析了荷载作用下活性粉末混凝土的裂纹产生以及裂纹扩展直到破坏的机理,给出了描述活性粉末混凝土断裂特征的稳定断裂韧度和临界裂缝尖端张开位移两个基本参数。     

Prediction of cyclic freeze–thaw damage in concrete structures based on response surface method

The initiation and growth process of cyclic ice body in porous systems are affected by thermo-physical and mass transport properties as well as by gradients of temperature and chemical potentials. Furthermore, the diffusivity of deicing chemicals reaches a significantly higher value under cyclic freeze–thaw conditions. Moreover, disintegration of concrete structures is aggravated by marine environments, higher altitudes, and northern areas. A serious concern for concrete engineers is that the property of cyclic freeze–thaw with crack growth and the deterioration, caused by accumulated damages hard to be identified by testing. In order to predict the accumulated damages by cyclic freeze–thaw, an optimized regression analysis by response surface method (RSM) is performed. Such important parameters for cyclic freeze–thaw-deterioration of concrete structures as water to cement ratio, entrained air pores, and the number of cycles of freezing and thawing are used to construct the limit state function of RSM. The regression equation fitted to the important deterioration criteria such as accumulated plastic deformation, relative dynamic modulus and equivalent plastic deformations served as the probabilistic evaluation of the performance to resist the structural degradation. The prediction of relative dynamic modulus and residual strains after 300 cycles of freeze–thaw showed good agreements with the experimental results, showing that the RSM result can be used to predict the probability of failure for the accumulated damage by cyclic freeze–thaw using designer specified critical values. Hence, it is possible to evaluate the life cycle management of concrete structures by the proposed prediction method in consideration of the accumulated damage due to cyclic freeze–thaw.     

非标准混凝土三点弯曲梁双K断裂韧度试验研究

采用跨度和初始缝高比恒定的非标准混凝土三点弯曲梁试件,以双K断裂理论为基础,根据改进的断裂韧度计算方法,通过试验实测试件的荷载与裂缝张口位移全过程曲线,计算不同初始裂缝长度和不同试件截面高度的非标准混凝土三点弯曲梁试件的有效裂缝长度a_c、起裂断裂韧度k ⁱⁿⁱ _IC和失稳断裂韧度K ^un _IC。试验结果表明：非标准混凝土三点弯曲梁试件的起裂荷载F_ini 、最大荷载F_un以及有效裂缝长度a_c均随跨高比的减小而增大;裂缝亚临界扩展量Δa_c、起裂断裂韧度k ⁱⁿⁱ _IC和失稳断裂韧度K ^un _IC均与跨高比无关,在试验设计的试件截面高度下为一个常数。     

钢纤维体积率对高强混凝土断裂性能的影响

通过对相对切口深度为0.2、0.3、0.40、.5的钢纤维高强混凝土三点弯曲试验,研究钢纤维体积率对高强混凝土断裂性能的影响。结果表明:在相对切口深度为0.20、.3、0.4、0.5的条件下,随着钢纤维体积率的增大,钢纤维高强混凝土断裂韧度和断裂能均显著增加。通过对试验结果的统计分析,分别建立断裂韧度、断裂能与劈拉强度之间的关系式。     

玄武岩纤维增强聚合物筋钢纤维高强混凝土梁受弯试验及裂缝宽度计算方法研究

纤维增强聚合物(FRP)筋混凝土梁受弯挠度过大、裂缝过宽等缺陷严重影响其正常使用性能，为此，将具有优良抗裂与阻裂性能的钢纤维混凝土用于FRP筋混凝土梁，可以有效限制其挠度与裂缝的发展。通过12根玄武岩纤维增强聚合物(BFRP)筋/钢筋钢纤维高强混凝土梁的受弯性能试验，研究了钢纤维体积率、受拉区钢纤维高强混凝土层厚度、BFRP筋配筋率对BFRP筋钢纤维高强混凝土梁裂缝分布与宽度的影响。结果表明，钢纤维的加入能够有效抑制BFRP筋高强混凝土梁的裂缝开展，减小裂缝间距、宽度和裂缝宽度差异性，当荷载为100 kN时，钢纤维体积率为0.5%~2.0%的钢纤维高强混凝土梁的裂缝宽度减小了25.22%~54.78%，裂缝宽度标准差减小了10.00%~68.18%；当受拉区钢纤维混凝土层厚度达到梁截面高度的57%时，其阻裂与限裂效果与全截面掺加钢纤维的效果接近，表明在受拉区中掺加钢纤维以限制BFRP筋混凝土梁裂缝的发展是经济可行的。基于试验和相关文献研究结果，提出了考虑钢纤维影响的BFRP筋钢纤维高强混凝土梁最大裂缝宽度的建议计算方法，该建议方法的计算值与试验值吻合良好。     

FRP增强预制裂缝混凝土的断裂性能

为了探讨纤维增强复合材料(FRP)增强预制裂缝混凝土的断裂性能,得到单层FRP对不同裂缝深度混凝土的最佳增强效果,通过相同尺寸、不同初始缝高比(0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5)的FRP增强预制裂缝混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂试验,基于FRP-混凝土界面黏结滑移模型,得到了FRP增强预制裂缝混凝土三点弯曲梁的断裂性能参数.结果表明:FRP增强预制裂缝混凝土的荷载-裂缝口张开位移(P-CMOD)曲线的峰值荷载大于普通混凝土的峰值荷载,且FRP增强预制裂缝混凝土峰值荷载随着初始缝高比的增加先增大后减小;初始缝高比从0.2变化到0.5时,FRP增强预制裂缝混凝土的起裂韧度可认为是常数;随着初始缝高比的增加,FRP增强预制裂缝混凝土的失稳韧度呈先增大后减小的趋势,当初始缝高比为0.4时,失稳韧度达到最大值,表明此时增强效果最佳;相比于普通混凝土失稳荷载后的脆性断裂破坏,FRP增强混凝土断裂破坏过程中的延性得到明显提高.     

不同FRP增强混凝土梁断裂性能试验研究

为了探讨不同种类纤维增强复合材料（FRP）增强带裂缝混凝土的断裂性能,开展了芳纶纤维增强复合材料（AFRP）、碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）和玻璃纤维增强复合材料（GFRP）增强带裂缝混凝土梁的三点弯曲试验,分析了其断裂性能参数.结果表明：相对于普通混凝土梁试件,FRP对带裂缝混凝土梁的阻裂加固效果更明显;CFRP增强混凝土梁的起裂荷载和失稳荷载均大于AFRP与GFRP增强混凝土梁,CFRP的阻裂增强效果最佳;AFRP增强混凝土梁和CFRP增强混凝土梁的破坏形式均为试件底部混凝土 FRP界面的剥离破坏,GFRP增强混凝土梁的破坏形式为试件底部GFRP的拉断破坏;通过对不同FRP增强混凝土梁阻裂加固机理的分析,计算得出CFRP增强混凝土梁的起裂韧度和失稳韧度最大,且CFRP价格适中,因此使用CFRP对带裂缝混凝土梁进行增强加固的性价比最优.     

不同加载速率下CFRP加固混凝土梁动态力学性能试验研究

混凝土动态力学行为具有明显的率相关性,为此对CFRP加固混凝土梁试件开展了4种加载速率(0.1、0.01、0.001mm/s和0.0005mm/s)下的力学性能试验，通过位移控制的单调加载方式研究不同加载速率对CFRP加固混凝土梁试件的破坏过程、荷载-裂缝张口位移曲线、断裂能和延性指数的影响。基于实时、动态的声发射无损检测技术，对不同加载速率下CFRP加固混凝土梁断裂过程中的声发射参量进行识别和采集，从声发射角度分析了CFRP加固混凝土梁的受力特性。结果表明：低加载速率下，试件侧面预制缝附近伴有其他裂缝产生，且加载速率越低，其裂缝越明显；CFRP加固混凝土梁的开裂、极限、破坏荷载随加载速率的提高而增大；随着加载速率的提高，CFRP加固混凝土梁的断裂能和延性指数均明显增大；声发射累积振铃计数随加载速率的提高而增大。     

标准钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁双K断裂特性试验研究

为研究缝高比对钢筋混凝土起裂韧度、失稳韧度等断裂参数的影响,以及钢筋在混凝土裂缝扩张过程中对裂缝的限制作用,设计制作了4组初始缝高比分别为0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5的标准钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁,对其进行了断裂性能试验研究。根据试验现象分析了裂缝扩展过程,在此基础上建立了断裂韧度计算模型,给出了考虑钢筋限裂作用后的有效裂缝长度计算式。研究结果表明：在引入适应于钢筋混凝土的断裂韧度后,其裂缝扩展过程也可以用双K断裂准则来描述;当试件的初始缝高比大于或等于0.4时,钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的起裂断裂韧度和失稳断裂韧度与初始缝高比无关;声发射参量可以准确地确定试件的起裂荷载值,而且与传统的应变片法相比,声发射信号能更好地反映试件内部真实的起裂状态。     

盐冻融和重复荷载作用下沥青混凝土开裂的细观分析

选用普通沥青混凝土、玄武岩纤维沥青混凝土、SBS改性沥青混凝土、玄武岩纤维+SBS改性沥青混凝土为研究样本,采用数字图像相关(DIC)技术,从细观角度对重复荷载作用下4种沥青混凝土小梁试件进行全局位移、应变测量,并对其裂缝发展进行时间及空间上的分析;以融雪剂(盐溶液)冻融循环作用下裂纹稳定发展阶段的应变集中速率为指标,采用正交试验极差分析和方差分析,研究玄武岩纤维、冻融循环次数、盐溶液(NaCl、CH3 COOK、CaCl2)对沥青混凝土小梁试件应变集中速率的影响.结果 表明:玄武岩纤维沥青混凝土的寿命与应变集中程度有很大关联;SBS改性剂与玄武岩纤维的加强方式有互补性;在相同盐冻融循环条件下,玄武岩纤维的加入可以减小沥青混凝土的应变集中速率;盐溶液对沥青混凝土应变集中速率的影响大小依次为CaCl2、NaCl、CH3 COOK;盐冻融的主要作用方式依旧是冰冻结晶刺入.     

Modeling crack development in reinforced concrete structures under service loading

Reinforced and partially prestressed concrete structures are generally designed to allow cracking under service loading. Accurate modeling of crack formation and propagation at lower load levels is therefore important, especially in severe environments where structural durability is a concern. Here, a spring-network approach is used to study cracking in scaled models of reinforced concrete bridge piers, which are subjected to eccentric loading. An energetic fracture mechanics approach is used to model tension softening of developing cracks. Numerical results for cracking loads, crack opening profiles, and global load–displacement response agree well with experimentally measured values. In contrast, a brittle fracture model significantly underestimates the load level of crack formation, provides unrealistic crack opening profiles at low load levels, and indicates a mechanism for structural failure different from that witnessed in the test program.     

Deflection and crack-width prediction of concrete beams reinforced with glass FRP rods

Concrete beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars exhibit large deflections and crack widths as compared to concrete beams reinforced with steel due to the low modulus of elasticity of FRP. Current design methods for predicting deflections at service load and crack widths developed in concrete structures reinforced with steel bars may not be used for concrete structures reinforced with FRP bars. Thus, the ACI 440 Committee has provided design guidelines for concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars. Verification of the ACI 440 methods for predicting deflections and crack widths for glass fiber reinforced polymer reinforced concrete beams are presented in this paper. In addition, improvement to the crack width equation was suggested to account for 2 layers of reinforcement. This study shows that ACI 440.1R-01 can be effectively used to predict deflections in concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars and crack width in beams with one-layer FRP bars. However, when FRP bars are placed in two layers, ACI 440.1R-01 can be used after some parameters are modified. Six full concrete beams reinforced with different GFRP reinforcement ratios were load tested and the measured deflections and crack widths were analyzed and compared with those predicted by the proposed models. The experimental results compared well with those proposed by the model.     

碳纤维板加固钢筋混凝土梁和预应力钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯性能试验研究

用碳纤维板对2根钢筋混凝土梁和2根预应力钢筋混凝土梁进行了加固处理,对加固后梁的受弯性能进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:使用碳纤维板来提高钢筋混凝土梁和预应力混凝土梁的正截面承载力的方法是有效的,并且能较好地约束裂缝的发展。     

Fracture mechanics approach for flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams

This paper reports on the experimental testing of 9 notched reinforced concrete specimens under four point bending. The beams comprise three beam sizes and three tension reinforcing steel ratios. All beams have constant span/depth ratio of 4, initial notch/depth ratio of 0.3. Two strengthening fiber laminates were used: Glass fiber for the two lower tension reinforcing steel ratios and Carbon fiber for the higher tension reinforcing steel ratio. The strengthening laminates were designed to enhance beam moment capacity by 15% to 150% depending on the beam size and reinforcement ratio. To simulate real life strengthening situations, beams were first loaded until the notch propagated to 0.5 the beam depth. The strengthening fiber laminate was then introduced to the tension side of the beam while the load was kept applied to the other side of the beam. The fracture moment for a given crack depth was calculated through an analytical algorithm which employs Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics. The approach takes into consideration the previous loading history of the beam prior to introducing the strengthening laminate. Test measurements of crack extension and applied load were used to compare the fracture moment recorded experimentally to that one calculated analytically. The application of the solution algorithm to different specimen sizes–cross-section dimensions, reinforcement ratio, and strengthening fiber laminate–showed that the solution algorithm is able to effectively predict the behavior of larger beam size and/or reinforcement better than that of smaller beam size and/or reinforcement. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore this point.     

不同强度海水珊瑚骨料混凝土断裂性能对比研究

对不同强度海水珊瑚骨料混凝土(SCAC)开展了抗压、劈裂拉伸以及预切口梁三点弯曲试验,获得了其荷载-裂纹口张开宽度关系以及断裂能、特征长度等断裂参数.结果 表明:随着SCAC强度等级的提高,其抗压强度及劈裂抗拉强度增大,拉压强度比小幅降低,开裂荷载与峰值荷载比明显增大,峰值裂纹口张开宽度显著降低;SCAC试件破坏均为裂纹贯穿骨料,断面光滑;提高SCAC强度等级可在一定程度上弥补珊瑚骨料的低强度缺陷,提高SCAC的断裂性能,但其脆性也相应增加.     

玄武岩纤维混凝土梁裂缝和变形试验研究

为研究玄武岩纤维的掺入对钢筋混凝土梁裂缝和变形的影响,以玄武岩纤维体积掺率和纤维长度为变化参数,设计制作5根试验梁,通过静载试验获得了玄武岩纤维混凝土梁在受力过程中的裂缝分布、裂缝宽度和跨中挠度等试验数据,并与普通混凝土梁进行对比。基于试验数据分析结果提出了玄武岩纤维混凝土梁最大裂缝宽度和短期刚度计算方法。结果表明:玄武岩纤维的掺入可有效阻止钢筋混凝土梁裂缝的开展并提高梁构件的延性。     

混杂钢纤维二级配混凝土断裂性能试验研究

通过混杂钢纤维二级配混凝土的三点切口梁断裂试验,研究不同钢纤维体积掺量(0.5%,0.8%,1.0%,1.2%)、不同钢纤维长度(30mm,60mm)混杂使用以及水灰比对钢纤维二级配混凝土的P-CMOD曲线、起裂韧度、失稳韧度和断裂能的影响,并基于损伤力学理论,建立混杂钢纤维混凝土断裂损伤弯拉应力-应变关系。结果表明：掺入钢纤维的二级配混凝土相比于基体混凝土延性更好;不同长度钢纤维混杂使用对二级配混凝土的断裂韧度和断裂能有不同影响,试验范围内,钢纤维二级配混凝土断裂韧度提升最佳的优化组合为钢纤维掺量1.2%、长纤维占比50%、水灰比0.58;断裂能提升最佳的优化组合为钢纤维掺量1.2%、长纤维占比65%、水灰比0.33;文中建立的混杂钢纤维二级配混凝土弯拉应力-应变模型与试验结果吻合较好。     

钢纤维水泥砂浆钢筋网加固RC梁受力性能研究

对钢纤维水泥砂浆加固的抗弯足尺混凝土梁一、二次受力进行了试验研究。试验包括1根对比梁和6根用钢纤维水泥砂浆钢筋网加固的试验梁。试验梁采用三面U形加固形式,量测试验梁裂缝分布形态、荷载-挠度曲线、钢筋和混凝土及加固砂浆应变发展规律等。通过改变加固梁的加固配筋率和受力形态,研究了这种加固方法对RC梁的承载力、破坏形态、截面刚度及裂缝分布等的影响。试验结果表明,钢纤维水泥砂浆加固是一种有效的加固方法,能够显著提高钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯承载力、截面刚度以及抗裂性能。