正己烷催化裂解制低碳烯烃：ZSM-5分子筛催化剂酸性的影响

在小型固定床装置上,以ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,研究不同硅铝物质的量比对合成的ZSM-5分子筛织构性能以及酸性对正己烷催化裂解性能的影响。采用XRD、SEM、N₂吸附-脱附和NH_3-TPD等方法对不同硅铝物质的量比的ZSM-5分子筛进行表征,结果表明,硅铝物质的量比的改变对ZSM-5分子筛的形貌和结构没有影响;随着硅铝物质的量比的增加,分子筛的酸量减少,酸强度减弱,正己烷催化裂解活性逐渐降低。同时,随着酸量减少和酸强度减弱,高硅ZSM-5分子筛上氢转移反应得到明显抑制,丙烯选择性提高。     

ZSM-5分子筛的磷改性及其碳四烯烃催化裂解性能

ZSM-5分子筛的磷改性及其碳四烯烃催化裂解性能
薛扬,袁桂梅*,陈胜利,李淑娟,袁锐
（中国石油大学（北京）重质油国家重点实验室,北京 102249） 为了提高丙烯和乙烯产率,增强催化剂的稳定性,采用等体积浸渍法对硅铝物质的量比为38的ZSM-5分子筛进行磷改性,对制备的催化剂进行SEM、XRD、N2吸附-脱附和NH3-TPD表征,考察不同磷含量ZSM-5分子筛对C4烯烃催化裂解反应性能的影响。表征结果表明,随着磷含量的升高,磷改性后的ZSM-5分子筛晶体结构变化不大,比表面积和孔容逐渐减小,结晶度降低,酸强度减弱,酸量减小。性能评价结果表明,随着磷含量的升高,丁烯转化率逐渐下降,丙烯和乙烯选择性、收率先升后降,磷质量分数为2%时,ZSM-5分子筛催化性能较好,相对结晶度为84.66%,平均孔径2.334 nm,孔容0.154 cm3·g-1,微孔孔容0.082 8 cm3·g-1,比表面积264.1 m2·g-1,总酸量0.559 mmol-NH3·g-1,丙烯选择性约40%,乙烯和丙烯总收率约57%。     

硅源对ZSM-5分子筛合成和催化性能的影响

为了考察硅源对ZSM-5分子筛合成和催化性能的影响,分别采用白炭黑、硅胶、硅溶胶和单分散SiO₂为硅源合成ZSM-5分子筛,对合成的ZSM-5分子筛进行XRD、SEM、BET和NH₃-TPD表征,并以C₄烯烃为原料评价合成的ZSM-5分子筛的催化裂解性能。结果表明,以硅溶胶为硅源合成的ZSM-5分子筛具有较好的结晶度和催化活性。水热处理使分子筛酸量减少,孔容缩小,改善了分子筛的乙烯丙烯选择性。经600 ℃水热处理4 h的ZSM-5分子筛在常压、580 ℃和空速9 h^-1反应条件下,丁烯催化裂解为乙烯和丙烯平均转化率为90.2%,乙烯和丙烯总收率达61.1%。     

C4烷烃在ZSM-5分子筛和Y分子筛上的吸附和扩散研究

采用气相色谱法研究了正丁烷和异丁烷在ZSM-5分子筛和Y分子筛上的扩散性能。烃分子的吸附平衡常数随温度的升高而降低，而扩散系数随温度的升高而增大。研究发现，烃分子的有效分子直径和分子形状是决定其扩散快慢的主要因素，同时分子筛孔道的大小对烃分子的扩散也存在影响，分子筛孔道越大，烃分子的扩散越快。     

氢氧化钠改性ZSM-5分子筛的碳四烯烃催化裂解性能

用不同浓度的氢氧化钠溶液对ZSM-5分子筛进行改性,以X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、氪-程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)和N_2吸附方法对改性后的催化剂进行表征,并考察了改性后的ZSM-5分子筛催化剂在碳四烯烃裂解反应中的催化性能。结果表明,氢氧化钠改性没有破坏该分子筛骨架结构,改性后催化剂的酸量、介孔孔径、介孔孔容和比表面积BET都有所增加,从而改善了催化剂的反应性能。氢氧化钠溶液的浓度为0.4 mol/L比较合适,用该浓度的氢氧化钠改性后的ZSM-5分子筛催化剂0.4AT-HZ在550℃和常压下进行碳四烯烃催化裂解反应。具有较高的稳定性,丁烯转化率可达到78%以上,丙烯收率大于38%,丙烷收率为7%。     

ZSM-5/Silicalite-1核壳分子筛的合成与择形催化性能

采用原位合成法制备了单晶ZSM-5/Silicalite-1核壳分子筛.考察了壳核比、核的粒径大小及硅铝比对核壳分子筛合成的影响,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、低温N2吸附及异丙苯和1,3,5-三异丙苯裂解探针反应对分子筛进行表征,并考察了核壳分子筛在甲苯甲醇烷基化反应中的择形催化性能.结果表明,以大粒径、高硅铝比的分子筛为核有利于ZSM-5/Silicalite-1核壳分子筛的合成,且在甲苯甲醇烷基反应中,对二甲苯具有较高的选择性.     

分子筛结构和酸性对正丁烯异构化反应的影响

利用XRD、SEM、NH3-PTD和吡啶吸附红外光谱等手段对ZSM-35和SAPO-11分子筛的结构和酸性质进行表征和对比,考察两种分子筛对正丁烯异构化制备异丁烯反应的催化性能。结果表明,对于硅铝型ZSM-35分子筛,由于存在较强的B酸中心,在异构化反应过程中,丁烯二聚及裂解等副反应发生多,异丁烯选择性低。而SAPO-11分子筛主要以中等偏弱的B酸中心为主,加上一维十元环孔道结构,在异构化反应中更有利于异丁烯的生成,表现出更高的异丁烯选择性及收率。     

不同硅铝比纳米ZSM-5分子筛的合成及表征

纳米ZSM-5分子筛由于其特殊的孔道和表面性质,显示出优异的吸附与催化性能,但粒径小于100 nm的ZSM-5分子筛极易发生团聚。以正硅酸乙酯为硅源、偏铝酸钠为铝源、四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,合成硅铝物质的量比分别为25、50、100、200和400的纳米ZSM-5分子筛。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N_(2)物理吸附-脱附、^(27)Al固体核磁共振(^(27)Al MAS NMR)表征,结果表明,在硅铝物质的量比为25~400范围,均可合成粒径小于100 nm的ZSM-5分子筛。同时随着硅铝物质的量比增加,分子筛结晶度变强,分散性变好,比表面积和孔容增加,非骨架铝减少。     

碳五烃催化裂解制取丙烯/乙烯反应性能

以ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,碳五烃混合物为裂解原料,考察空速对碳五烃催化裂解制丙烯/乙烯反应性能的影响。结果表明,在580℃和实验空速范围,随着空速的增加,碳五烷烃及烯烃转化率整体呈下降趋势,但碳五烯烃转化率远高于碳五烷烃。乙烯及丙烯收率在空速3 h-1时达到最大,分别为10.51%和13.02%。碳四烯烃收率随空速的升高而降低,但各丁烯异构体相对于总烯烃的质量分布接近热力学平衡态。     

高岭土附晶ZSM-5分子筛的合成及对正丁烷催化裂解性能

以高岭土微球为基体,在水热体系中成功地附晶生长了ZSM-5分子筛,并采用XRD、SEM、NH3-TPD和BET等测试手段对催化剂进行表征,考察高岭土附晶ZSM-5分子筛和对比催化剂在固定床微反装置上催化裂解正丁烷性能.结果表明,实验合成的高岭土附晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂在正丁烷的催化裂解中具有更高的乙烯选择性,乙烯选择...     

正丁烷及丁烯-1在不同硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛上吸附的实验与模型

Four ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts with different Si/Al ratios for the catalytic cracking of C4 fractions to produce ethylene and propylene were prepared in this study.First,the adsorption isotherms of pure n-butane and butene-1 and their mixtures on these catalysts at 300K and p=0—100kPa were measured using the intelligent gravimetric analyzer.The experimental results indicate that the presence of Al can significantly affect the adsorption of butene-1 than that of n-butane on ZSM-5 zeolites.Then,the double Langmuir（DL）model was applied to study the pure gas adsorption on ZSM-5 zeolites for pure n-butane and butene-1.By combining the DL model with the ideal adsorbed solution theory（IAST）,the IAST-DL model was applied to model the butene-1（1）/n-butane（2）binary mixture adsorption on ZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios.The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data,indicating that the IAST-DL model is effective for the present systems.Finally,the adsorption over a wide range of variables was predicted at low pressure and 300K by the model proposed.It is found that the selectivity of butene-1 over n-butane increases linearly with the decrease of Si/Al ratio.A correlation between the selectivity and Si/Al ratio of the sample was proposed at 300K and p=0.08MPa.     

Effect of Si/Al ratio on performance of Pt–Sn-based catalyst supported on ZSM-5 zeolite for n-butane conversion to light olefins

The performance of Pt–Sn-based catalyst, supported on ZSM-5 of different Si/Al ratios were investigated for simultaneous dehydrogenation and cracking of n-butane to produce light olefins. The catalysts were characterized by number of physio-chemical techniques including XRF, TEM, IR spectra, NH₃-TPD and O₂-pulse analysis. Increase in Si/Al ratio of zeolite support ZSM-5 significantly increased light olefin's selectivity, while feed conversion decreases due to lower acidity of support. The results indicated that both the n-butane cracking and dehydrogenation activity to light olefin's over Pt–Sn/ZSM-5 samples with increasing Si/Al ratios greatly enhanced catalytic performance. The catalysts were deactivated with time-on-stream due to the formation of carbon-containing deposits. A coke deposition was significantly related to catalyst activity, while at higher Si/Al ratio catalyst the coke precursors were depressed. These results suggested that the Pt–Sn/ZSM-5 catalyst of Si/Al ratio 300 is superior in achieving high total olefins selectivity (above 90 wt.%). The Pt–Sn/ZSM-5 also demonstrates resistance towards hydrothermal treatment, as analyzed through the three successive reaction-regeneration cycles.     

Cr掺杂ZSM-5双功能催化剂的制备及其催化裂解正丁烷

采用原位合成的方法制备了Cr掺杂的ZSM-5分子筛,研究了Cr含量对于正丁烷催化裂解性能的影响。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、N₂吸附脱附、紫外可见漫反射光谱（UV-Vis）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、氨程序升温脱附技术（NH₃-TPD）和吡啶红外（Py-FTIR）等表征手段研究了分子筛的结构、Cr物种的存在状态以及分子筛的酸性。研究结果表明,部分Cr进入分子筛的骨架,以单分散的形式存在,当Cr含量较低时,Cr的引入对于分子筛的弱酸性没有太大的影响。少量Cr的引入会极大提高正丁烷的转化率和乙烯、丙烯的收率,当Cr/Al摩尔比为0.04,反应温度为650℃时,正丁烷的转化率达到99.2%,乙烯、丙烯的收率达到53.8%,分别比未改性的ZSM-5高15.5%和5.0%。这可能是由于Cr活性组分的脱氢性能和分子筛的酸性形成协同作用,促进了正丁烷的高效转化。     

Exploring suitable ZSM-5/MCM-41 zeolites for catalytic cracking of n-dodecane: Effect of initial particle size and Si/Al ratio

In this study, various ZSM-5/MCM-41 micro/mesoporous zeolite composites have been prepared by alkalidesilication and surfactant-directed recrystallization of ZSM-5. The effects of particle size and Si/Al ratio of initial ZSM-5 zeolites on the structure and catalytic performance of ZSM-5/MCM-41 composites are studied. The results of XRD, TEM N₂-adsorption-desorption, NH₃-TPD and in situ FT-IR revealed that ordered hexagonal MCM-41 mesopores with 3-4 nm pore size were formed around ZSM-5 crystals, and the specific surface area and mesopore volume of composites increased with increasing the Si/Al ratio of initial ZSM-5. Catalytic cracking of n-dodecane (550 ℃, 4 MPa) showed that the ZSM-5/MCM-41 composites obtained from the high Si/Al ratio and nano-sized initial ZSM-5 zeolites exhibited superior catalytic performance, with the improvement higher than 87% in the catalytic activities and 21% in the deactivation rate compared with untreated zeolites. This could be ascribed to their suitable pore structure, which enhanced the diffusion of reactant molecules in pores of catalysts.     

The effect of hierarchical single-crystal ZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios on its pore structure and catalytic performance

Hierarchical single-crystal ZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios(Hier-ZSM-5-x,where x=50,100,150 and 200)were synthesized using an ordered mesoporous carbon-silica composite as hard template.Hier-ZSM-5-x exhibits improved mass transport properties,excellent mechanical and hydrothermal stability,and higher catalytic activity than commercial bulk zeolites in the benzyl alcohol self-etherification reaction.Results show that a decrease in the Si/Al ratio in hierarchical single-crystal ZSM-5 zeolites leads to a significant increase in the acidity and the density of micropores,which increases the final catalytic conversion.The effect of porous hierarchy on the diffusion of active sites and the final catalytic activity was also studied by comparing the catalytic conversion after selectively designed poisoned acid sites.These poisoned Hier-ZSM-5-x shows much higher catalytic conversion than the poisoned commercial ZSM-5 zeolite,which indicates that the numerous intracrystalline mesopores significantly reduce the diffusion path of the reactant,leading to the faster diffusion inside the zeolite to contact with the acid sites in the micropores predominating in ZSM-5 zeolites.This study can be extended to develop a series of hierarchical single-crystal zeolites with expected catalytic performance.     

ZSM-5分子筛上轻烃裂解性能:晶粒尺寸的影响

设计合成了纳米、亚微米和微米级晶粒尺寸ZSM-5分子筛,并研究了其在两种反应温度下(510,650℃)对正庚烷催化制低碳烯烃反应行为。结果表明,在反应初始阶段,两种反应温度下晶粒尺寸对正庚烷转化率和产物选择性影响较小。但随着反应进行,纳米和亚微米ZSM-5在510℃下反应性能(低碳烯烃选择性及反应活性稳定性)相近且均高于微米ZSM-5;而650℃下,具有更短扩散路径和更大外表面积的纳米ZSM-5则体现出更高的反应性能。微米ZSM-5在两种温度下虽具有相对较高的低碳烯烃选择性,但其活性稳定性最低。进一步研究晶粒尺寸对费-托过程中石脑油催化裂解性能的影响发现,亚微米ZSM-5表现出最高的催化反应性能,这可能与反应原料的组成及相关反应途径变化有关。     

全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂研究及工业应用

制备了全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、N2物理吸附-脱附及NH3-TPD等对催化剂进行表征,并考察其用于碳四烯烃催化裂解制丙烯(OCC)反应的催化性能。结果表明,制备的全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂比常规成型的催化剂具有更高的结晶度、更大的比表面积、更丰富的孔结构以及更多的活性中心。高空速有利于反应的进行,提高压力对反应不利,升高温度有利于提高产物丙烯收率。在实验室研究的基础上,将全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂用于OCC工业装置,取得良好的应用效果。     

ZSM-5/EU-1共生分子筛的可控合成及催化裂解性能

采用双模板剂两步晶化法设计合成了ZSM-5/EU-1共生分子筛,通过调整预晶化过程,实现了两种分子筛的共生和晶相比例的可控调变。研究两段凝胶组成的影响发现,第一段凝胶组成,尤其是模板剂浓度对所得共生样品晶相比例具有较大影响。与机械混合和纯相样品相比,ZSM-5/EU-1共生分子筛表现出最大的BET表面积和孔体积尤其是外表面积和介孔体积。而且EU-1相含量为39%的ZSM-5/EU-1共生分子筛在正己烷催化裂解制低碳烯烃反应中表现出比机械混合样品和ZSM-5分子筛更高的反应活性稳定性和低碳烯烃选择性,尤其是丙烯选择性。在反应120 min时,该共生分子筛上低碳烯烃选择性比相同EU-1相含量机械混合样品和ZSM-5分子筛均高出约10.7个百分点,丙烯选择性分别高出8.5和9.1个百分点,P/E比分别高出0.42和0.46。