Microstructures and properties of non-preheated hardfacing welding

A new type of non-preheated hardfacing electrode was developed using H08A as the core and the coat contents including ferrotitaninm, ferrovanadium, graphite, rutile etc. The microstrnctures and properties of hardfacing metal were systematically researched. The results show the hardness of hardfacing metal increases with increasing of ferrotitanium, ferrovanadium, graphite in the coat, but the crack resistance and processing weldability become worse. The carbides formed by arc metallurgic reaction are uniformly dispersed in the matrix structure. The phases of hardfacing metal consist of α-Fe, γ-Fe, VC, TiC and Fe3 C.The carbides are compression aggregation of TiC and VC, and their appearances present irregular block. The matrix microstrncture of hardfacing metal is lath martensite. The hardfacing layers with better crack resistance and wearability are achieved and no visible cracks occur when using non-preheated electrode in continuous welding process. Hardness of hardfacing metal is more than 60HRC, and its relative wearability is five times of wearability of D667 electrode in abrasive wear test.     

铁路关键耐磨零件堆焊修复技术

采用四种不同类型的焊条在铁路关键零件上进行堆焊试验,分析不同堆焊金属的硬度及显微组织,同时测试不同试样的磨损失重量,在体视显微镜下观察了不同试样的磨损形貌.结果表明,高铬铸铁型堆焊合金中含有大量的初生及共晶碳化物,堆焊金属硬度约HRC60,当碳化物分布均匀且密集时,可大大提高堆焊金属的耐磨性.     

钛合金先进焊接技术研究现状

对薄板TC4钛合金进行TIG电弧和激光焊接技术研究,重点分析了TIG焊接电流、焊接速度和激光输出功率对TC4钛合金焊接接头晶粒尺寸、微观组织和显微硬度的影响规律. 试验结果表明,在实现薄板TC4钛合金完全熔透的条件下,激光焊接具有更小热输入,接头焊缝区和热影响区宽度也显著降低. TIG焊接接头晶粒尺寸随热输入增加,呈现增加趋势. 随距焊缝中心位置增加,焊接接头晶粒尺寸均逐渐降低. TC4钛合金激光焊接接头焊缝区呈现魏氏组织特征,针状α'马氏体细小. 近缝热影响区组织为网篮状α'马氏体,而近母材热影响区为未转变α相和针状α'马氏体的双相组织. 随距焊缝中心位置增加,马氏体生成量逐渐减少,焊缝显微硬度值呈现降低趋势;同时相比于TIG焊接,TC4激光焊接接头具有更高的显微硬度.     

Fe-C-Ti-Cr-B系堆焊合金组织及耐磨性能

采用CO2气体保护堆焊方法,在Q235钢表面制备不同硼含量的Fe-C-Ti-Cr-B系堆焊层金属,利用扫描电镜（SEM）对堆焊层的组织进行了观察分析.在MLS-225型湿式橡胶轮磨粒磨损试验机上进行磨粒磨损试验,通过对磨损试样表面扫描电子显微镜观察分析并结合能谱成分分析探讨了磨损机理.结果表明,Fe-C-Ti-Cr-B耐磨堆焊合金中随着硼含量增加,基体组织逐渐细化,TiC颗粒数目增多且分布弥散均匀,但当硼含量增大至1.16%时,磨损面上大量碳化物剥落,抗磨损性能降低;当硼含量为0.55%时合金表现出优良的耐磨损性能,其耐磨性比未加硼的Fe-C-Ti-Cr系堆焊合金提高了3.7倍.     

钒对铁基碳化钨耐磨堆焊层组织和性能的影响

在自研制的碳化钨管状药芯焊条中添加不同含量的钒元素（0%~3%）并制备堆焊合金,通过SEM,XRD,EDS等研究分析手段,研究不同钒含量对碳化钨耐磨层组织性能的影响规律.结果表明,钒含量与堆焊层中碳化钨颗粒的溶解程度密切相关,钒优先将碳化钨颗粒分解出的碳原子以碳化钒形式固定,从而抑制了碳化钨颗粒的分解,钒元素含量决定了碳化钨溶解的强弱,含有2%钒元素的堆焊层中生成适量碳化钒有效抑制了碳化钨的溶解.钒元素的加入还能强化碳化钨堆焊层基体金属的硬度,降低堆焊层中碳化钨颗粒剥落的风险,有效提高了堆焊层的耐磨性.     

硼化物强化铁基堆焊合金显微组织与耐磨性

为了提高在严峻工况条件下工作的机械零件的耐磨性,采用等离子弧堆焊技术,制备硼化物强化铁基堆焊合金。借助OM,SEM和XRD等分析手段对合金组织和硼化物相形貌进行分析,并与未加入硼的Fe-Cr-C的堆焊合金进行对比。结果表明:堆焊合金中加入w(B)4.5%可改变基体的组织组成及硼化物的数量和分布形态,从而改善耐磨性。硼化物由大量菊花状M23(C,B)6和少量块状M7(C,B)3相组成,BC4与Cr2B的数量较少。耐磨粒磨损试验结果表明:堆焊合金的耐磨性随着硼含量的增加而先增大后下降,加入w(B)4.5%的堆焊层中形成的大量高硬度硼化物分布在具有较高强韧性的马氏体和奥氏体基体上,使其具有最佳的耐磨性,其磨损量仅为未加入硼时的1/6。     

Study on arc-ultrasonic TIG welding of titanium alloy

TCA alloy was welded by conventional TIG welding and arc-ultrasonic TIG welding respectively. The microstructure of joint was analyzed by means of optical-microscope, scanning electron microscope in order to study the relationship between the macro-properties of joint and the microstructure. The results show that the joints were all welded successfully by conventional TIG welding and arc-ultrasonic TIG welding. With the increment of ultrasonic frequency and activated voltage, the width of joint became narrow step by step. The microstructure became more and more fine and was inclined to equiaxed crystal. Moreover, the dendrite depredation was not observed obviously. The properties of welded joint were improved markedly compared with that of conventional TIG welding.     

厚板钛合金窄间隙TIG焊接头组织与性能

采用氩弧焊的方法在窄间隙条件下,采用TIG填丝多层焊的方式实现了TC4厚板钛合金的优质连接．结果表明,通过优化焊接参数和合理的惰性气体保护方案设计,保证了接头的完整性与可靠性．通过宏观和微观金相分析,发现窄间隙焊接条件下晶粒生长遵循联生结晶生长规律;由于受到焊接热循环的作用,致使接头显微结构随着冷却速度变化呈现不同的组织结构;窄间隙TIG焊接头因啮合强化而使得接头强度得到提高,焊缝的平均强度达到母材的90％以上．     

焊接热输入量对铁基堆焊金属组织与性能的影响

自行配制低合金钢药芯焊丝,并采用不同焊接热输入量制作相应的堆焊试样。采用金相显微镜对堆焊金属的显微组织进行观察;采用X射线衍射仪对堆焊金属的相结构进行分析;采用显微硬度计和砂带式摩擦磨损试验机对堆焊金属的硬度和耐磨性进行检测,并采用扫描电子显微镜观察堆焊金属的磨损表面及冲击断口。结果表明,在满足生产率的条件下,随着焊接热输入的降低,堆焊熔池温度逐渐降低,导致晶粒形核率升高而晶粒长大速度减慢,从而使堆焊金属晶粒逐渐细化。晶粒的细化直接影响到堆焊金属的宏观性能,使其硬度、耐磨性和冲击韧性均有所上升。     

船用钛合金焊接接头精细组织表征

对12 mm厚Ti6321进行TIG焊,采用OM,TEM等方法对焊接接头显微组织进行了分析,划分了焊接接头的区域,并讨论了各区的精细组织变化规律.结果表明,焊缝从表面到中心晶粒逐渐由柱状晶过渡为等轴晶,随着高温停留时间的延长和温度梯度的降低,晶内α相有粗大的等轴化趋势,位错密度不断升高.热影响区根据焊接热循环所处最高温度的不同划分为过渡区、细晶区和粗晶区.过渡区为等轴α、棒状α和残留β,细晶区为棒状α和残留β,粗晶区为针状α和残留β,随着高温停留时间的降低,晶内α较为细小,位错密度不断降低.     

Fabrication of multiple carbide particles reinforced Fe-based surface hardfacing layer produced by gas tungsten arc welding process

In this paper, a multiple carbide particle reinforced Fe-based surface coating has been in situ synthesized by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) melting a precursor mixture of graphite, ferrotitanium (Fe-Ti) and ferrovanadium (Fe-V) alloy powders on AISI 1020 steel substrate. The microstructure and wear properties of the Fe-based surface hardfacing layers were investigated by means of a scanning electron microanalysis (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and wear tester. The results showed that (Ti,V)C multiple carbide particle and TiC carbide particle can be synthesized via reaction of Fe-Ti, Fe-V and graphite during GTAW melting process. The selection area diffraction pattern (SADP) analysis indicated that (Ti,V)C crystallizes with the cubic structure, which indicates that (Ti,V)C carbides were multiple carbides with V dissolved in the TiC structure. The Fe-based surface hardfacing layer reinforced by multiple carbides gave an excellent wear resistance and appeared a mild wear with fine scratches.     

电流对明弧高硼堆焊合金显微组织及耐磨性的影响

采用药芯焊丝明弧自保护焊方法制备了Cr12B4SiMn高碳型高硼合金,借助光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、扫描电镜以及电子能谱仪,考察了电流对其显微组织及耐磨性的影响。结果表明,随电流增大,在团状先析出相中,内置式块状M₂B相的形成数量增加,其显微硬度提高,M₂₃(C,B)₆和马氏体等相减少,γ-Fe消失;合金宏观硬度随之先升高一定值然后降低,耐磨性先显著增加,接着小幅波动。块状M₂B数量及其显微硬度增加是导致该合金耐磨性改善的主要原因,合金磨损机制主要为显微剥落。     

D256耐磨堆焊接头组织与性能

采用D256耐磨焊条在Q235A钢基体上进行堆焊,研究不同焊接电流下D256堆焊接头组织和性能的变化。试验结果表明:采用D256耐磨焊条堆焊时,焊缝组织为奥氏体和渗碳体,电流较小时,焊缝组织是过饱和奥氏体,随着电流的增大,奥氏体晶粒增大,合金元素溶入,焊缝的硬度与耐磨性均降低。电流增大到140 A时,焊缝中的奥氏体晶粒最大,合金充分溶入奥氏体中,使得焊缝的硬度和耐磨性最低。电流较小时,焊接接头过热区的组织主要是晶粒较粗大铁素体、珠光体和魏氏组织的混合物,电流增大,晶粒增大,在电流140 A时过热区为粗大且明显的魏氏组织。正火区为比母材细小的铁素体和珠光体,堆焊层未出现裂纹,熔合良好,堆焊接头焊缝与HAZ硬度均高于母材,在100 A电流下得到组织和耐磨性能优良的堆焊层。     

Fe-Cr-B-C堆焊合金的显微组织及耐磨性

采用药芯焊丝埋弧堆焊方法制备含有C0.5%～0.7%,Cr9%～12%,B0%～2.25%(质量分数)的堆焊合金。借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射和微区EDS分析等手段研究其显微组织及分布形貌。结果表明,其显微组织由铁素体+奥氏体+马氏体+硼化物((Fe,Cr)2B,(Fe,Cr)23(C,B)6,(Fe,Cr)B和(Fe,Cr)3(B,C))等组成,硼化物呈条状、菊花状、块状甚至蜂窝状等形态,不同硼化物数量及其分布形态随硼含量而改变,其中最为典型是(Fe,Cr)23(C,B)6呈菊花状并聚集分布。另外,考察了硼含量对Fe-10Cr-xB-0.6C堆焊合金硬度及耐磨性的影响,耐磨粒磨损试验结果表明,高硼堆焊合金的磨损性优良,当聚集分布的硼化物数量过多,磨粒压入基体及其显微切削运动受到硼化物的有效阻碍,但部分硼化物脱落留下的空洞使其压入切削变易,这使得硼化物与基体的界面结合强度成为影响其耐磨性的一个重要甚至主导因素。     

Numerical simulation of temperature fields for T-joint during TIG welding of titanium alloy

Three-dimensional finite element model was established to simulate temperature fields of T-joint titanium sheets during TIG welding with finite element method （FEM） software. Temperature dependent material properties and the effect of latent heat were considered. A technique of element birth and death was used to simulate the process of welded metal filling. Dynamic variation process of temperature fields during T1G welding was achieved. The simulated results agreed well with the measured results.     

钛与低碳钢的电阻点焊

采用电阻点焊方法对纯钛与低碳钢Q235进行焊接试验,利用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了熔核区组织特性,探讨了焊接电流对熔核尺寸和抗剪载荷的影响. 结果表明,受焦耳热的影响熔核直径随焊接电流的增加而增加,抗剪载荷则随焊接电流的增大而呈先升后降的变化趋势,焊接电流为8 kA时所得接头的抗剪载荷最大,约2.85 kN. 在钢侧熔核区观察到了靠近钢侧厚度约为30～50 μm的TiFe2+α-Fe共晶组织层和粗大TiFe柱状晶;钛侧熔核区主要由靠近钛侧约12 μm厚的TiFe+α-Ti共晶组织层和TiFe柱状晶构成,且观察到了宏观分层现象.     

Effect of weld microstructure on weld properties in A-TIG welding of titanium alloy

1　INTRODUCTIONTheactivatingTIGwelding (A TIG)wasfirstlydevelopedbyPatonWeldingInstitute ,Ukraine ,inthe 196 0s[1,2 ] .Itisnotuntiltheendof 1990sthatA TIGweldinghasbeenwidelyresearchedinEuropeandUS ,forexample ,TWIandEWI[3] .Thefluxes ,whichweredevelopedbyEWI ,havebeenappliedintheUSNavyshipbuildingindustry[4 ] .Theprincipleofthistechniqueisthatathincoatingofactivatingfluxiscoatedonthesurfaceofthebasemetalbeforeweld ing .ComparedwiththeconventionalTIGwelding ,the penetrationca…     

钛合金TIG焊接头晶粒尺寸非线性梯度特征

以显微组织与晶粒尺寸统计分析为基础,研究了TC4钛合金不同TIG焊工艺的焊接接头显微组织及其晶粒尺寸变化,引入了晶粒梯度特征值概念,以表征钛合金焊接接头显微组织的非均匀性.结果表明,TC4钛合金TIG焊接头显微组织的晶粒尺寸从焊缝中心经热影响区至母材呈现非线性变化,晶粒尺寸变化率(晶粒梯度)在柱状晶区(CZ)和粗晶区(CGZ)交界处出现最大值,称之为晶粒梯度特征值;随着TIG焊热输入增大,晶粒梯度特征值逐渐减小,但相对位置不发生改变.晶粒尺寸梯度特征值能够反映钛合金焊接接头组织的不均匀性,这对于探索钛合金焊接接头的服役性能具有重要的意义.     

钛合金搅拌摩擦焊接最新研究进展

钛合金具有密度低、比强度高,耐蚀性好,加工性能优异等优点,主要应用于航空航天、交通运输和石油化工等领域。当钛合金作为结构材料应用在不同领域时,传统的熔融焊接方法会产生较大残余应力,组织粗化,变形大,裂纹和孔隙等缺陷;而采用搅拌摩擦焊接技术可以避免传统熔融焊接方法产生的缺陷,从而大幅度提高钛合金焊接接头质量。目前,钛合金的搅拌摩擦焊接技术已成为国内外研究热点。主要介绍搅拌摩擦焊接的原理、工艺特点,国内外关于钛合金FSW焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织(晶粒大小、织构)和力学性能等方面的最新研究进展,最后展望了钛合金FSW未来的研究方向。