成都一次重污染过程的气溶胶光学特性垂直分布

利用微脉冲激光雷达观测数据、PM_(2.5)浓度数据、地面气象观测资料和探空数据对成都2017年1月1—6日连续出现的重污染过程进行分析研究。结果表明:激光雷达反演的消光系数演变与PM_(2.5)浓度值变化对应一致,PM_(2.5)浓度升高,近地面消光系数增大;反之,则近地面消光系数减小。对于此次过程,在无冷空气影响时,混合层高度和相对湿度的日变化对消光系数廓线有明显影响,混合层高度降低,大气环境容量减小,相对湿度增加,气溶胶吸湿增长,消光系数增大,地面污染加重。天空状况对气溶胶垂直分布影响显著,晴天或多云天气,早晨强逆温使得水汽和大量气溶胶集中在逆温层顶以下区域,地面污染严重;中午混合层发展,使得混合层内的气溶胶均匀混合,气溶胶层变厚,近地面消光系数显著减小,地面污染减轻。在前一日为晴天或多云天气,当天为阴天时,早上气溶胶明显分为两层,一层在近地面,另一层在残留层顶附近;中午由于垂直湍流增强,一部分残留层气溶胶向下混合至混合层内,使得混合层内的气溶胶粒子增多,地面污染加重,消光系数明显增加。近地面强逆温层、混合层高度降低、残留层气溶胶向下混合、相对湿度增加均是导致地面污染加重的原因。     

2007年冬季大连市区气溶胶垂直剖面特征

选用2007年1月8—30日期间8个无云天的激光雷达资料进行分析。基于Fernald方法反演得到气溶胶消光系数廓线,结合无线电探空资料分析了边界层内气溶胶时空分布,并将反演的激光雷达最低观测高度处(180 m)的气溶胶消光系数与地面PM10、能见度资料进行对比分析。结果表明：冬季大连市区气溶胶主要分布在2 km以下区域,早晨和夜间在0.5 km以下区域经常存在一个气溶胶层;气溶胶消光系数廓线与探空资料较吻合;反演激光雷达最低观测高度处(180 m)的气溶胶消光系数与地面的PM10浓度呈正相关,与能见度呈负相关,相关性较好。     

基于航测数据的河北中南部雾霾天气气溶胶及云凝结核研究

2009年秋季利用夏延飞机观测平台对河北中南部雾霾天气条件下的气溶胶及云凝结核CCN进行观测,得到气溶胶、CCN数浓度及尺度的垂直廓线及粒子谱等特征,研究雾霾天大气气溶胶的分布、来源特征以及气溶胶与云凝结核的转化关系。研究发现:霾天气条件下边界层附近的气溶胶垂直分布特征有很大不同。边界层以上气溶胶浓度随高度递减,数浓度量级约101~102个·cm~(-3);边界层附近和近地面气溶胶浓度有峰值出现,近地面数浓度量级达103个·cm~(-3)。气溶胶粒子平均直径范围为0.16~0.18μm。600 m、1 000~2 000 m之间的气溶胶平均粒子谱大体呈单峰分布;3 000~4 000 m、6 000~6 900 m之间的粒子谱呈双峰分布。受气溶胶来源及特性差异的影响,在0.3%过饱和度下,3 000 m以下的气溶胶活化为CCN的比例不到20%,3 000 m以上活化比例高达50%。Hysplit后向轨迹模拟的气团移动轨迹显示,6 000 m以上的大气高层受我国西北地区远距离输送作用影响,沙尘粒子吸湿活化为CCN。低层气溶胶主要受下垫面及近地面污染排放影响,气溶胶尺度相对较小,气溶胶转化为CCN的比例低于高层。CCN浓度随过饱和度的增加呈增大趋势。利用多项式对气溶胶浓度和CCN浓度进行拟合,拟合结果与实测谱吻合较好。     

利用MODIS卫星和激光雷达遥感资料研究香港地区的一次大气气溶胶污染

利用MODIS可见光通道气溶胶光学厚度的卫星遥感和523 nm波长微脉冲激光雷达 (MPL LIDAR) 对气溶胶消光系数垂直分布的观测，分析了珠江三角洲地区2003年6月一次气溶胶污染过程中气溶胶光学厚度的分布特征、气溶胶消光系数廓线的演变，认为这次污染过程是弱高压控制下的区域性污染，而香港地区污染物浓度的上升与区域性输送有直接关系，结果表明卫星和激光雷达的光学遥感方法提供了研究大气污染的可行手段。     

成都夏季气溶胶消光特性研究

本文利用成都2017年6~8月的米散射微脉冲激光雷达观测数据,对成都夏季气溶胶消光系数、边界层高度以及气溶胶光学厚度进行了反演,并结合太阳光度计观测资料、地面颗粒物浓度以及大气能见度数据研究了气溶胶消光系数日变化与月变化规律,气溶胶消光系数的垂直分布特征及影响因素。结果表明:气溶胶消光系数的日变化受人类活动以及边界层日变化影响显著,表现出凌晨与傍晚最大,早晨次之,午后最小的特征。消光高值出现在200m以下和300~700m的高度区间,夜间观察到的消光高值可能与颗粒物在夜间近地面浓度较高以及本地夜间降水频发有关。激光雷达反演的消光系数与光度计反演的气溶胶光学厚度在夏季各月的表现一致,夏季各月消光极值均出现在100~150m的近地面层。近地面消光系数与地面颗粒物浓度之间具有较好的正相关,并且粒子粒径更小时相关性更好。气溶胶光学厚度主要来自低层大气的贡献,0.1~0.2μm的细粒子气溶胶占比对于大气消光有主要影响,但气溶胶对大气的消光影响除了与粒子浓度有关,还与粒子的理化性质有关。      

基于无人直升机探测的北京地区重雾霾天气大气颗粒物垂直变化特征分析

基于2015年秋末冬初华北地区频繁出现的大范围重污染天气过程,利用无人直升机搭载的气溶胶采样装置和激光粒子计数器对北京顺义及房山地区近地面大气颗粒物进行探测,分析了重雾霾天气大气颗粒物的质量浓度和数浓度廓线及其分布特征。结果表明:北京地区重雾霾天气过程粒径小于1.0μm的气溶胶数浓度随高度变化不明显,粒径大于1.0μm的气溶胶数浓度随高度呈弱的减小趋势,说明重污染天气条件下近地面层大气颗粒物的粒子数相对稳定,亚微米级气溶胶数浓度较高,而粗粒子气溶胶数浓度较低。基于无人直升机搭载的气溶胶采样装置采集的气溶胶样品的质量浓度廓线表明,50 m高度大气颗粒物质量浓度较高,最大浓度达700μg·m-3。     

乌鲁木齐冬末一次伴随焚风的重污染天气过程探测研究

基于激光雷达探测设备、风廓线雷达、探空以及常规地面探测设备,研究了乌鲁木齐2017年3月5—12日一次重污染过程气溶胶光学特性的垂直分布特征及重污染成因。结果表明:此次重污染过程中7—10日PM2.5日平均值分别为176、215.5、215.9μg/m3和176.3μg/m3,最高时刻达到364μg/m3;激光雷达探测结果表明污染物主要集中在600 m以下,且午后—傍晚阶段的消光系数是夜间的7倍左右;污染物的退偏振很小,结合探空湿度廓线得到混合层内相对湿度基本80%,说明气溶胶颗粒主要为水凝物的球形粒子。由风廓线雷达结果得到乌鲁木齐站附近500 m高度以下水平风速普遍低于2 m/s;从北到南地面5个加密气象站的小风频率依次为99%、100%、81%、48%和67%。在市中心高新区附近受城市建筑物的阻挡,整个污染过程中平均风速仅为0.66 m/s;靠近峡口的乌拉泊风速最大,平均风速达到2.3 m/s,重污染阶段7—9日的平均边界层高度为433 m,低的边界层高度和低风速是造成此次污染的主要原因。     

基于CALIPSO的华北地区气溶胶垂直分布特征

利用2007—2014年CALIPSO Level 2气溶胶廓线产品,统计分析了华北地区气溶胶垂直分布规律,并以2013年12月发生的一次大范围霾过程为例,探讨了霾天气中气溶胶垂直变化特征。结果表明,华北地区气溶胶消光系数(σ)随高度指数衰减,年平均标高为2.48 km;1 km以下存在σ高值层,冬季较大、春季较小,年平均为0.333km~(-1)。年平均颗粒退偏振比(Particulate Deploarization Ratio,PDR)随高度递增,变化范围为0.18~0.25;PDR春季较大,夏季较小。年平均色比(Color Ratio,CR)随高度弱增加,变化范围为0.7~0.8;春季CR随高度递减,其他季节随高度递增。华北地区近地面以污染沙尘气溶胶为主;春季以沙尘为主,夏秋季以污染沙尘为主,冬季中高层以沙尘为主,低层以污染沙尘为主。霾事件中,霾日1 km以下存在消光高值层,消光系数约为清洁日三倍。霾日PDR和CR都低于清洁日,2 km以下PDR大多小于0.2,CR以0.3~0.5为主。本地烟尘与远距离输送的沙尘相混合形成的污染沙尘是本次霾过程的主要气溶胶类型。     

河北气溶胶浓度垂直分布特性研究

为了研究气溶胶粒子浓度垂直分布及其与温度廓线及云水的关系,选取河北地区2013—2014年的9次气溶胶飞机探测资料(高度大于4000 m)进行分析,用指数函数a×exp(b×x)对气溶胶粒子浓度的垂直分布进行拟合、分类,对于出现强逆温的情况将气溶胶粒子浓度与温度廓线作相关性分析。结果表明:当气溶胶本底浓度较低时,云的出现对气溶胶的垂直分布影响较小;当气溶胶本底浓度较高时,气溶胶垂直分布的极大值并未出现在云底,而是存在于距离云底下方1000—1500 m高度处。逆温层对气溶胶粒子浓度的垂直分布有重要作用,粒子在逆温层下累积,出现浓度的极大值。在逆温强度较弱的情况下,数浓度最大值一般出现在近地面附近,但若受到强的平流作用,在该平流层高度处的气溶胶粒子浓度可能会出现超过近地面气溶胶粒子浓度的情况。气溶胶浓度的垂直分布可以分为缓慢递减型、快速递减型、温度相关型三种类型。在出现强逆温的情况下,气溶胶浓度的垂直分布为温度相关型,可以直接通过大气温度廓线和气溶胶本底浓度判断气溶胶浓度的分布。     

基于飞机观测的四川盆地初夏云下气溶胶特征

利用2009年6月23日夏延飞机搭载的云粒子测量系统(PMS)对四川盆地上空云和气溶胶的2次观测试验资料和MODIS光学厚度产品及云和辐射资料(CERES SYN1deg-3Hour Ed3A),结合HYSPLIT模式模拟的气团后向轨迹和前向轨迹,分析四川盆地云下气溶胶数浓度垂直分布、谱分布和来源特征。结果表明:飞机观测的四川盆地大气气溶胶数浓度量级为108~109m~(-3),与河北省、北京及周边城市飞机观测的气溶胶数浓度量级相同,污染较重。远距离输送对四川盆地气溶胶贡献小,说明气溶胶主要受盆地区域内污染物影响,同时气溶胶生成后主要在盆地区域内聚集,使得区域内空气污染居高不下。初夏阴天天气条件下,四川盆地的大气气溶胶主要分布在2 800 m以下,气溶胶粒子数浓度越靠近地面越大,且云下气溶胶粒子较多是积聚模态,粒子Angstr9m波长指数介于1.2~1.4之间,城市-工业气溶胶的特征明显。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.