小剂量氯胺酮对脑电熵指数和脑电双频指数的影响

目的比较小剂量氯胺酮对脑电熵指数(RE、SE)和脑电双频指数(BIS)的影响。方法22例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期行腹腔镜子宫切除术及卵巢囊肿切除术患者,随机均分为氯胺酮组(K组)和生理盐水组(S组)。麻醉诱导:丙泊酚1～2mg/kg、雷米芬太尼1～1.5μg/kg和维库溴铵0.1～0.15mg/kg,气管插管。麻醉维持:丙泊酚6～8mg.kg-1.h-1、维库溴铵0.1mg.kg-1.h-1和雷米芬太尼7～10μg.kg-1.h-1。在稳定的麻醉和手术状况下,分别单次给予患者氯胺酮0.5mg/kg(K组)或等量的生理盐水(S组),记录给药前(基础值)、给药后5、10、15、20、25和30min七个时点MAP、HR、RE、SE和BIS的数值。结果K组和S组MAP、HR、RE、SE和BIS的基础值差异均无统计学意义。K组RE、SE和BIS在给药后迅速升高,然后逐渐下降,在给药后10min达到峰值,分别比基础值升高了43.8%(P<0.01)、43.2%(P<0.01)和28.8%(P<0.01)。RE和SE增加的幅度显著高于BIS,熵指数和BIS增加持续的时间分别为25min和20min。S组在给药后RE、SE和BIS值与基础值相比差异均无统计学意义。K组和S组在给药前后MAP和HR变化差异无统计学意义。结论在丙泊酚-雷米芬太尼麻醉期间,单次加入小剂量的氯胺酮,熵指数和BIS均不能准确反映其真正的麻醉深度。     

维库溴铵对全麻患者脑电熵指数和脑电双频谱指数监测镇静深度的影响

目的观察全身麻醉过程中,维库溴铵对脑电熵指数——状态熵（AE）和反应熵（RE）以及脑电双频谱指数（BIS）的影响。方法ASAⅠ级或Ⅱ级择期手术患者60例,随机分为4组（n=15）：Ⅰ组为对照组,静脉注射生理盐水;Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组为试验组,分别静脉注射维库溴铵0．03、0．06、0．12 mg/kg。麻醉诱导采用异丙酚靶控输注（TCI）,当效应室浓度（CE）达到3．5μg/ml时,按组别静脉注射维库溴铵或等容积生理盐水,5 min后静脉注射芬太尼3μg/kg,行气管插管,观察5 min后将Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组维库溴铵剂量补足到0．12 mg/kg。记录诱导前即刻、CE达到3．5μg/ml、注射维库溴铵或生理盐水后1、2、3、4、5 min、气管插管前即刻、插管后即刻及插管后1、3、5 min的RE、AE、BIS、HR和MAP。结果与维库溴铵静脉注射前即刻比较,4组静脉注射后各时点RE、SE、BIS、HR、MAP差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;4组间静脉注射前后RE、SE、BIS、HR、MAP比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。与插管前即刻比较,4组插管后即刻及插管后1min时RE、SE、BIS、HR和MAP均升高（P＜0．05或0．01）;与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组插管后即刻和插管后1 min RE、SE和BIS降低（P＜0．05）,但3组间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论在深度镇静且无伤害性刺激时,维库溴铵对脑电熵指数和BIS无影响;存在伤害性刺激时（如气管插管）,即使小剂量（0．03 mg/kg）的维库溴铵也可降低脑电熵指数和BIS的升高幅度。     

艾司洛尔对患者麻醉诱导气管插管时脑电双频谱指数的影响

目的 评价艾司洛尔对患者麻醉诱导气管插管时脑电双频谱指数(BIS)的影响,探讨其抑制气管插管心血管反应的机制.方法 择期手术患者40例,ASAⅠ级或Ⅱ级,年龄20～60岁,随机分为2组(n=20):艾司洛尔组(E组)和对照组(C组).静脉注射咪达唑仑0.1 mg/kg、芬太尼5 μg/kg和维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg行麻醉诱导.麻醉诱导前E组静脉注射艾司洛尔1 mg/kg,并静脉输注250 μg·kg-1·min-1,C组静脉注射等容量的生理盐水.记录静脉注射艾司洛尔前、麻醉诱导前、气管插管前、气管插管后1、2、5 min时心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)和BIS.结果 静脉注射艾司洛尔前、麻醉诱导前及气管插管前两组MAP、HR差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与气管插管前比较,两组气管插管后HR、MAP升高,C组BIS升高(P＜0.05);与C组比较,E组气管插管后HR、MAP及BIS降低(P＜0.05).结论 艾司洛尔可降低麻醉诱导气管插管时BIS水平,提示其抑制气管插管心血管反应的机制与其抗伤害作用有关.     

艾司洛尔对丙泊酚麻醉诱导过程中脑电双频指数的影响

目的观察艾司洛尔用于丙泊酚麻醉诱导插管时脑电双频指数(BIS)的变化。方法30例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级患者随机分为两组,对照组静注生理盐水10ml负荷量后静滴生理盐水,用药组艾司洛尔1mg/kg稀释于生理盐水10ml静注后以250μg.kg-1.min-1微量泵输入,然后静注丙泊酚2mg/kg,当两组BIS降至40~50时静注芬太尼2μg/kg、阿曲库铵0.5mg/kg行经口明视气管插管。监测给药前、诱导前、插管前、插管后1、3、5minBIS、MAP及HR,并观察插管后各时点与插管前BIS、MAP、HR的变化差值△BIS、△MAP及△HR。结果插管前对照组及用药组BIS变化差异无显著意义。插管后1、3、5min对照组BIS较插管前显著升高,用药组BIS与插管前比较差异无显著意义,两组间比较差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。插管后对照组△BIS变化最大百分比为40%,与用药组的6.8%相比差异有极显著意义(P<0.01)。插管后1、3min对照组MAP、HR显著高于插管前,两组比较差异无显著意义;插管后对照组△MAP及△HR变化最大百分比为55%及40%,明显高于用药组的29%及15%。结论艾司洛尔用于丙泊酚麻醉诱导插管时,对插管前BIS无影响,插管后可抑制BIS的增加。     

艾司洛尔与尼卡地平用于预防颅脑术后吸痰拔管时引起的心血管反应

目的探讨单独或联合应用艾司洛尔和尼卡地平用于预防颅脑术后吸痰或拔出气管导管时引起心血管反应的效果。方法选择颅脑择期手术病人80例,ASA为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级,随机分为4组,每组20例。在手术结束后及准备拔管前按组静脉注射不同药物:即对照组(A组)为生理盐水5ml;艾司洛尔组(B组)为1mg/kg;尼卡地平组(C组)为20μg/kg;艾司洛尔+尼卡地平组(D组)为艾司洛尔0.5mg/kg和尼卡地平10μg/kg,分别于拔管前、拔管时或拔管后1、2、3min监测记录MAP和HR的变化情况。结果各组在拔出气管导管前后与基础值相比,A组表现为MAP明显增高和HR明显增快;B组MAP略显升高,而HR却无明显变化;C组MAP接近基础值,但HR进一步增快。D组在MAP和HR接近于拔管前的基础值。结论在拔管前单独应用艾司洛尔可有效抑制心率增快,但不能防止血压升高;单独应用尼卡地平可抑制血压升高,但不能控制心率增快,二者联合应用可以取长补短,能有效抑制吸痰、拔管时引起的心血管应激反应。     

尼卡地平、艾司洛尔联合诱导期容量填充对静-吸复合全身麻醉七氟醚用量的影响

目的 观察尼卡地平、艾司洛尔联合诱导期容量填充对静吸复合全身麻醉七氟醚用量的影响.方法 60例择期行脊柱手术的患者.随机均分为四组,诱导期以羟乙基淀粉10 ml/kg快速静滴行容量填充,诱导后插管前1 min时分别静注艾司洛尔1 mg/kg(E组)、尼卡地平20μg/kg(N组)、艾司洛尔1 mg/kg复合尼卡地平20μg/kg(EN组)或生理盐水(C组),于切皮前1 min追加1/2首量药物或生理盐水.记录各组七氟醚用量、清醒、拔管时间及HR、MAP的变化.结果 与C组比较,E组、N组及EN组术中所需七氟醚维持浓度均显著降低(P<0.05),清醒及拔管时间明显缩短(P<0.05).与C组比较.E组HR较慢(P<0.05),但不能完全控制MAP的升高;N组MAP较低(P<0.05);EN组能明显抑制诱导插管及切皮引起的HR、MAP升高(P<0.05).结论 艾司洛尔、尼卡地平联合诱导期容量填充不仅有利于维持血流动力学的平稳,而且能够明显减少静吸复合全身麻醉七氟醚用量、缩短拔管时间.     

七氟醚、异氟醚不同呼气末浓度对熵和脑电双频指数的影响

目的 观察不同呼气末浓度的七氟醚和异氟醚对熵、脑电双频指数(BIS)及血流动力学的影响.方法 40例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级全麻手术患者随机均分为七氟醚组(Ⅰ组)和异氟醚组(Ⅱ组).麻醉诱导用丙泊酚1 mg/kg,1 min后吸入七氟醚或异氟醚;维持反应熵(RE)、状态熵(SE)、BIS45～55,6 min后置入喉罩.调节吸入浓度使两组患者呼气末浓度分别为0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0和1.3MAC时各维持10 min,记录RE、SE、BIS、HR和MAP.结果 两组患者不同呼气末浓度七氟醚和异氟醚RE、SE、BIS随浓度增加而逐渐下降(P<0.05),HR逐渐减慢、MAP逐渐降低(P<0.05).两组间各指标差异均无统计学意义.RE、SE、BIS间直线相关性随呼气末浓度增大相关系数有增加趋势.结论 熵和BIS均能有效监测七氟醚、异氟醚麻醉深度.     

尼卡地平对气管插管刺激下脑电双频指数反应、收缩压和心率的影响

目的在靶控输注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼全身麻醉时,观察尼卡地平对气管插管刺激的脑电双频指数(BIS)反应、收缩压和心率的影响。方法择期手术患者40例,美国麻醉医师学会(ASA)分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18~65岁,随机分为对照组和尼卡地平组,设定丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼血浆靶控浓度分别为3.0μg/ml和4.0 ng/ml,对照组泵入生理盐水,尼卡地平组于诱导前给予尼卡地平,以泵速每分钟3μg/kg微量泵持续静注。观察并记录入室、插管前1分钟和插管后5分钟内的BIS、收缩压(SBP)和心率(HR)。结果两组患者插管前后的BIS水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);插管前后尼卡地平组SBP均较对照组低(P0.05);而插管前或后尼卡地平组HR均显著升高(P0.01)。插管之后,尼卡地平组的BIS变化远低于对照组(P0.01);尼卡地平组的SBP变化也较对照组低(P0.05);但HR变化在两组问的差异不明显(P0.05)。结论尼卡地平本身不影响伤害性刺激诸如气管插管前的BIS水平,但可抑制该过程中BIS增加和SBP增加,同时引起反射性心率加快。     

利多卡因对丙泊酚靶控输注时不同意识状态下效应部位浓度及熵指数的影响

目的 探讨静脉输注利多卡因对丙泊酚靶控输注时不同意识状态的预测效应部位浓度及熵指数的影响.方法 择期全麻下骨科下肢手术患者60例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～60岁,随机均分为利多卡因1.0 mg/kg组(L1组)、利多卡因1.5 mg/kg组(L2组)和对照组(C组).麻醉开始前L1组、L2组分别给予利多卡因1.0 mg/kg和1.5 mg/kg,C组给予等容量的生理盐水,1min后采用靶控输注丙泊酚行全麻诱导.观察入室安静后10 min(T1)、靶控输注前(T2)、插管前即刻(T3)、插管后即刻(T4)、插管后3 min(T5)、插管后5min(T6)时熵指数、MAP、HR、SpO2、OAA/S评分.记录靶控输注期间语言反应消失时(LVC)、意识消失时(LOC)即刻的熵指数和丙泊酚的预测效应部位浓度.结果 与T1、T2时比较,C组T3、T5、T6时和L1、L2组T3～T6时MAP均明显降低(P＜0.01);与T1、T2时比较,三组T3～T6时RE和SE均明显降低(P＜0.01);与T3时比较,C组T4时MAP、HR、RE和SE明显升高(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),而L1、L2组差异无统计学意义.三组患者在LVC、LOC时的熵指数和丙泊酚的预测效应部位浓度差异无统计学意义.结论 静注利多卡因1.0 mg/kg或1.5 mg/kg,对不同意识状态时丙泊酚靶控输注的预测效应部位浓度和熵指数并无显著的影响,但可减轻气管插管时的应激反应,并抑制气管插管刺激时的熵指数升高.     

尼卡地平、艾司洛尔预防气管拔管反应的临床研究

目的:观察尼卡地平、艾司洛尔预防气管拔管反应的效果。方法:选择48例择期胆囊结石手术病人,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级为观察对象,随机分成4组。A组:15μg·kg~(-1)尼卡地平;B组:1mg·kg~(-1)艾司洛尔;C组:给予15μg·kg~(-1)尼卡地平复合1mg·kg~(-1)艾司洛尔;D组:生理盐水组。结果:4组病人年龄、体重、手术时间、麻醉时间、手术方式及用药前血压、心率均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。A组:用药后1～3分钟,MAP与D组有显著性差异(P<0.01);B组:HR用药后及拔管后与D组有显著性差异(P<0.01);C组:MAP及HR与D组相比有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:尼卡地平复合艾司洛尔可以较好地预防围拔管期心血管反应。     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.