纳米工程流体研究进展

本文综述了纳米材料在工程流体中的研究进展.介绍了纳米工程流体的分散稳定性机理、分散剂的选择及影响因素;介绍了纳米工程流体的热传导与传质特性,包括纳米流体的导热系数、对流换热、沸腾换热、气液传质的相关机理与特性;介绍了纳米润滑油的摩擦学特性以及抗磨、极压性能机理等方面的实验和理论研究成果,旨在为纳米材料在制冷、换热、润滑、吸收等领域工程流体的发展提供指导,并提出了纳米工程流体发展中存在的问题及发展方向.     

纳米铜润滑油添加剂的制备及其摩擦学性能

为了研究纳米铜粉的制备与其摩擦学性能,利用高能球磨机采用干湿磨相结合的方法制备了纳米铜粉,再将其加入500SN齿轮油中制成润滑油添加剂,用透射电镜(TEM)及万能磨擦磨损试验机研究了纳米铜粉的微观形貌及其润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能。结果表明:纳米铜粉粒径为10～40 nm,在修饰剂中分散较好,颗粒表面有明显包覆层;纳米铜润滑油添加剂可提高基础油的减摩抗磨性能;纳米铜粉含量0.05%的纳米铜润滑油样的摩擦学性能最好且摩擦系数最低;低载荷下纳米铜润滑油样的摩擦学性能优于高载荷下的。     

碳纳米管/油酸复合物制备的纳米流体导电与润湿性能

在碳纳米管(CNTs)的空腔中填充油酸(OA)以制备出CNTs/OA复合物,再以此复合物为添加剂制备一种纳米流体。对比研究了纳米流体的导电性能和润湿性能,考察了添加剂质量浓度、酸处理时间、测试温度、电润湿等条件对上述性能的影响。结果表明,OA被成功填充进CNTs内并形成复合物,填充率约20%,在填充过程中CNTs的端面也得到了化学修饰,CNTs的最佳酸化处理时间为8 h;与普通酸处理CNTs比,复合物在基液中具有更好的分散性和表面活性,能更好地提高纳米流体的导电性、润湿性,复合物的最佳浓度约为0.1%;电润湿条件下,随着电压的升高,复合物浓度高的纳米流体的润湿性能提升更明显,这可能是由于CNTs被OA填充后,其自身的电导率和电容得到提高,其所制备的纳米流体也具有更好的导电性和电容量特性。      

纳米硫代钼酸镍润滑添加剂的制备及性能

分别用微乳液反应法和乳状液相转移法合成了新型固体润滑兼油品添加剂-硫代钼酸镍纳米粒子.对它们的结构、形貌进行了分析观察,研究了用两种方法合成的纳米粒子在润滑油中的分散稳定性和摩擦学性能.用两种方法合成的硫代钼酸镍粒子大小均为十几纳米,用后一种方法合成的纳米粒子在润滑油中的分散稳定性更佳,润滑性能也更好.     

纳米硫化钼酸镍润滑添加剂的制备及性能

分别用微乳液反应法和乳状液相转移法合成了新型固体润滑兼油品添加剂-硫代钼酸镍纳米粒子。对它们的结构、形貌进行了分析观察,研究了用两种方法合成的纳米粒子在润滑油中的分散稳定性和摩擦学性能。用两种方法合成的硫代钼酸镍粒子大小均为十几纳米,用后一种方法合成的纳米粒子在润滑油中的分散稳定性更佳,润滑性能也更好。     

含纳米CaCO3,Cu混合物添加剂润滑油的研究

采用纳米碳酸钙、纳米铜粒子混合物作为润滑油添加剂.选择合适的表面活性剂制备含纳米碳酸钙和纳米铜粒子混合物添加剂的润滑油.利用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察含纳米碳酸钙、纳米铜粒子添加剂的润滑油的摩擦学性能;用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察表面磨痕的形貌.用原子力显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察分析在磨损表面纳米粒子的形态与分布.研究结果表明,纳米碳酸钙、纳米铜的粒子混合物的最佳添加量为:纳米碳酸钙与纳米铜的总添加量的质量分数为0.6%,纳米碳酸钙与纳米铜的质量分数之比为1∶1;该润滑油具有最佳的摩擦学性能.研究还表明,润滑油中纳米碳酸钙、纳米铜粒子混合物添加剂的优良摩擦学性能与纳米粒子在表面存在形态相关.     

纳米粒子作为润滑油添加剂的应用现状

纳米润滑油添加剂表现出优良的抗磨和高承载负荷性能,具有广阔的应用前景。文章介绍了纳米粒子作为润滑油添加剂的种类及其应用,简要分析了纳米润滑油添加剂的抗磨减摩机理,提出了纳米润滑油添加剂的研究方向。     

原位合成纳米铜润滑油的分散及摩擦学性能

为了获得减摩性优良的纳米铜润滑油,采用自制的油幕喷淋循环电爆装置并添加不同浓度的分散剂丁二酸二异辛酯原位合成纳米铜润滑油,以提高纳米铜颗粒的分散性.采用紫外-可见分光光度计、静置沉降法、X射线衍射仪和透射电镜分析了纳米铜颗粒的分散稳定性能;采用磨损试验评价了纳米铜润滑油的减摩性能;采用扫描电镜观察了盘基体的磨痕形貌.结果表明:纳米铜颗粒的分散稳定性能随丁二酸二异辛酯浓度的增大呈先增大后减少的变化规律,当分散剂浓度为3％时,纳米铜润滑油悬浮液吸光度最大,沉降率最小,分散稳定性能较好,同时其摩擦系数最小,钢球的磨斑直径最小,减摩性能较好.     

含纳米碳酸钙粒子润滑油的摩擦学性能研究

研究了将粒径约为40nm的纳米碳酸钙粒子作为添加剂加入40CD润滑油中,采用四球摩擦磨损试验机测定含纳米碳酸钙粒子的润滑油的摩擦学性能;利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱仪观察与分析磨斑表面形貌、元素的状态等.结果表明,含0.6%纳米碳酸钙的润滑油具有最佳的抗磨减摩性能;文中对抗磨减摩机理进行了探讨.     

石墨烯纳米流体研究进展

润滑与冷却是当前工业领域两个重要的议题。前者与机械装置、零部件的使用可靠性和寿命直接相关,对减少摩擦产生的能耗具有重大意义,而后者对于高功率密度器件的热管理至关重要。二者的结合在航空航天、汽车机械等领域广泛存在,而纳米流体是一种很好的承载二者的工作介质。本文针对石墨烯纳米流体这一热点,综述了石墨烯纳米流体的分散理论基础与方法,对影响石墨烯纳米流体悬浮稳定性因素进行了调研,归纳总结了纳米流体的导热机理、影响因素以及石墨烯纳米流体进展,分析了纳米流体未实现大面积应用的主要原因,同时对石墨烯作为添加剂应用于润滑领域的进展进行了评述。最终提出石墨烯纳米流体协同增强换热与减磨润滑的应用设计。在航天器等应用领域中,由于对石墨烯纳米流体的力热耦合综合性能缺乏广泛研究,以及航天器稳定性和长期运行可靠性等问题,未来的研究应以航天传热工质为基础,进行纳米粒子针对性设计,通过系统开展基于空间环境动态流动换热性能与回路寿命的研究,为未来实现纳米流体的航天器应用奠定理论基础和提供技术支撑。     

Tribological properties of lubricating oil-based nanofluids with metal/carbon nanoparticles

Oil-based nanofluids were prepared by dispersing several metal and/or carbon nanoparticles in lubricating oil, and their tribological properties were investigated using a four-ball tribotester and an FZG machine. Each nanofluid can possess excellent wear resistance or extreme pressure capacity, but not both. Therefore, a new concept of mixed nanofluids was developed to satisfy both properties at the same time. The mixed nanofluids containing graphite and Ag nanoparticles not only showed enhanced load-carrying and anti-wear properties in the FZG gear rig test but also reduced the electric-power consumption by more than 3% compared to the base oil.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of the rheological properties of graphene–PAO nanofluids

Graphene is a promising additive for lubricants. The rheological properties of graphene nanofluids have a significant impact on the tribological performance of base oil. In this case, rheological properties including viscosity, density, mean square displacement and diffusion coefficient of graphene–PAO nanofluids were investigated by using the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations in order to understand the effects of graphene on the rheological properties of base oil under extreme conditions. The molecular dynamics model was validated according to the experimental and numerical statistics reported by other researchers. The simulation results reflected that the viscosity of base oil was effectively improved by adding graphene nanoparticles. As the concentration of graphene increased, the viscosity of nanofluids becomes higher. However, the diffusion coefficient reached its highest value (3.73?×?10^?9 m²/s) with nanofluids containing two pieces of graphene in the system. Furthermore, we found that the graphene played a more significant role in enhancing the viscosity of base oil at high temperature and pressure. The viscosity was especially improved by 290.2% at 0.1 MPa, 500 K. The boiling point of the base oil became higher than 800 K after adding graphene. To our best knowledge, this work is the first study of the rheological properties of graphene–PAO nanofluids using molecular dynamic simulations.     

Extreme pressure properties of multi-component oil-based nanofluids

Multi-component oil-based nanofluids were prepared by dispersing two different carbons and silver nanoparticles in lubricating oil; then, their tribological properties were investigated using a four-ball tribotester and FZG machine. Each nanofluid demonstrated excellent wear resistance or extreme pressure (EP) properties, but not both properties simultaneously. Therefore, a new concept of a mixed nanofluid was developed to satisfy the wear and EP properties. The multi-component mixed nanofluids containing graphite and Ag nanoparticles not only demonstrated enhanced load carrying and anti-wear properties, but also reduced the electric power consumption by more than 4.8% compared with the base oil in the FZG test.     

Investigation on tribological performance of CuO vegetable-oil based nanofluids for grinding operations

With ball-bearing and tribofilm lubrication effects, CuO vegetable oil-based nanofluids have exhibited excellent anti-wear and friction reduction properties. In this study, CuO nanofluids were synthesized by a one-step electro discharge process in distilled water containing polysorbate-20 and vegetable oil as a nanoparticle stabilizer and source of fatty-acid molecules in the base fluid, respectively. Pin-on-disk tribotests were conducted to evaluate the lubrication performance of synthesized CuO nanofluids between brass/steel contact pairs under various loadings. Surface grinding experiments under minimum lubrication conditions were also performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the synthesized nanofluids in improving the machining characteristics and surface quality of machined parts. The results of pin-on-disk tests revealed that adding nanofluids containing 0.5% and 1% (mass fraction) CuO nanoparticles to the base fluid reduced the wear rate by 66.7% and 71.2%, respectively, compared with pure lubricant. The lubricating action of 1% (mass fraction) CuO nanofluid reduced the ground surface roughness by up to 30% compared with grinding using lubricant without nano-additives. These effects were attributed to the formation of a lubrication film between the contact pairs, providing the rolling and healing functions of CuO nanoparticles to the sliding surfaces. The micrography of ground surfaces using a scanning electron microscope confirmed the tribological observations.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-020-00314-1     

石墨烯和氧化石墨烯水基润滑添加剂在镁合金冷轧中的摩擦学行为EI北大核心CSCD

选用石墨烯和氧化石墨烯作为水基润滑添加剂,对比研究两种纳米材料对AZ31镁合金在冷轧过程中的摩擦学性能的影响。采用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和拉曼光谱仪(Raman)对石墨烯和氧化石墨烯水基润滑液润滑条件下轧后板材表面形貌和成分进行了分析,探讨了石墨烯和氧化石墨烯作为水基润滑添加剂的润滑机理。结果表明,石墨烯和氧化石墨烯在水中最优含量为0.5%(质量分数),摩擦因数分别为0.132和0.038,磨损体积分别为23.1 mm^3和2.59 mm^3。同时氧化石墨烯水基润滑液优良的润滑性能降低了镁合金轧制过程中的轧制力,改善了轧后板材表面质量。相同测试条件下,氧化石墨烯水基润滑液的润滑性能优于石墨烯水基润滑液,主要原因是其在水中良好的分散性和在镁合金表面优异的润湿性。     

Graphene-based engine oil nanofluids for tribological applications

Ultrathin graphene (UG) has been prepared by exfoliation of graphite oxide by a novel technique based on focused solar radiation. Graphene based engine oil nanofluids have been prepared and their frictional characteristics (FC), antiwear (AW), and extreme pressure (EP) properties have been evaluated. The improvement in FC, AW, and EP properties of nanofluids is respectively by 80, 33, and 40% compared with base oil. The enhancement can be attributed to the nanobearing mechanism of graphene in engine oil and ultimate mechanical strength of graphene.     

封闭腔内MWCNT纳米流体自然对流传热的数值模拟

采用Fluent软件对封闭腔内纳米流体层流自然对流换热进行了数值模拟研究.重点分析了Ra数和纳米颗粒的体积分数对自然对流换热特性的影响.数值模拟结果表明:在机油中添加多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)粒子并没有提高基液的自然对流传热特性;对于给定的Ra数下,随着纳米颗粒体积分数的增大,纳米流体的传热特性也随之减弱;对于给定的体积分数,随着Ra数的增大,纳米流体的传热特性显著增强,但纳米流体的传热性能比机油的要弱,且在同一体积分数下随着Ra数的增大,传热性能减弱的程度要减小.     

Tribological properties of lubricating oil with micro/nano-scale WS2 particles

The tribological properties of lubricating oil containing micro/nano-scale WS₂ (90 nm, 2 µm) and ionic liquid [C₇H₁₁F₃N₂O₃S] are evaluated using a four-ball friction tester. Results show that the addition of micro/nano-scale WS₂ can improve the tribological properties of the base oil; moreover, adding the ionic liquid as a solvent may lead to a better mixing of the micro/nano-scale WS₂ and base oil and promote the dispersion of WS₂ in the sample oil. The base oil with 90 nm nano-WS₂ and ionic liquid presents the best anti-friction and anti-wear properties at 1 wt.% content. The surface analysis of wear scars reveals that ploughing is the main cause of wear in the three bottom balls. Furthermore, the wear furrows of nano-WS₂ as lubricating additive are uniform and symmetrical and can homogenously appear on the friction area. This work proves that the micro/nano-scale WS₂ plays an important role in improving the performance of tribological properties of lubricating oil.     

Determination of effective specific heat of nanofluids

The effective specific heat of several types of nanofluids are measured by transient double hot-wire technique. Sample nanofluids are prepared by suspending 1–5 volume percentages of titanium dioxide (TiO₂), aluminium oxide (A1₂O₃) and aluminium (Al) nanoparticles in various base fluids, such as deionised water, ethylene glycol and engine oil. The effective specific heats of these nanofluids were found to decrease substantially with increased volume fraction of nanoparticles. Besides particle volume fraction, particle materials and base fluids also have influence on the effective specific heat of nanofluids. Except Al/engine oil-based nanofluid, predictions of the effective specific heat of nanofluids by the volume fraction mixture rule-based model showed reasonably good agreement with the experimental results. Based on the calibration results obtained for the base fluids, the measurement error is estimated to be within 2.77%.     

凹凸棒石/油溶性纳米铜复合润滑添加剂的摩擦学性能

采用SRV-Ⅳ型摩擦磨损试验机研究凹凸棒石/油溶性纳米铜复合润滑添加剂的摩擦学性能,利用SEM和XPS对磨损表面进行表征分析。结果表明:两种单一添加剂均能明显改善基础油对钢-钢摩擦副的摩擦学性能,而复合添加剂较单一添加剂具有更加优越的减摩抗磨性;载荷越高,复合添加剂的摩擦学性能越好。在复合添加剂的作用下,磨损表面形成了致密光滑的复合摩擦保护膜,该保护膜的主要成分为FeS_2,Fe_2O_3,SiO_2,Cu,FeOOH和有机物。