经鼻内镜蝶窦进路岩尖胆脂瘤切除

目的 探讨经鼻内镜蝶窦进路岩尖部胆脂瘤囊内切除术的可行性及疗效.方法 回顾性分析2001-2006年经鼻内镜蝶窦进路切除鞍旁、岩尖部胆脂瘤患者3例的临床资料.3例患者均在全麻下经鼻内镜全筛窦、蝶窦开放,于蝶窦外侧壁、颈内动脉前方磨开颅底骨板进入岩尖部,切开并扩大胆脂瘤囊壁后,采用吸引、刮除和冲洗的方法将胆脂瘤进行囊内清除.结果 3例岩尖胆脂瘤经囊内切除手术,均一次清除干净,手术前伴有头痛和眶尖综合征的2例患者于术后当天即有症状改善,术后1～4周症状完全恢复,全部患者未发生手术并发症.术后随访3～7年,全部患者症状未再发,影像学检查胆脂瘤无复发.结论 靠近鞍旁区域的岩尖胆脂瘤可以采用经鼻内镜蝶窦进路行囊内切除手术,远期疗效可靠.     

颞下窝进路TypeB技术在颞骨岩部胆脂瘤治疗中的应用

目的探讨颞下窝径路TypeB技术在颞骨岩部巨大迷路型胆脂瘤切除中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2015年8月~2017年4月北京协和医院耳鼻咽喉科收治的5例巨大迷路型颞骨岩部胆脂瘤患者的临床资料，5例患者中曾行开放式乳突根治1例，岩骨次全切除（保留听囊）1例，开放式乳突根治后再行岩骨次全切除（保留听囊）1例，入院后5例患者均接受颞下窝径路TypeB手术切除。结果5例患者均手术完整切除，显微镜下术腔无死角，检查无胆脂瘤残留。所有患者颈内动脉均有不同程度胆脂瘤包绕，均沿胆脂瘤基质与颈内动脉壁的间隙分离干净。术后均行MR+DWI随诊1~2.5年，未见复发。5例患者术后术侧均全聋。1例面神经完整者术后H B II级；2例舌下神经-面神经吻合患者,其中1例术后1年H B III级，另1例术后随访1年H B IV级；2例头痛患者术后症状均消失。5例患者术后1个月均可正常饮食。结论颞下窝径路TypeB技术可以安全、彻底切除复杂的巨大迷路型岩部胆脂瘤，未引起严重并发症。但早期反复手术失败影响对相关功能的保留和重建。     

Management of invasive intralabyrinthine cholesteatoma: Can one realistically preserve hearing when disease is medial to the otic capsule?

PurposeTo report our long-term results in surgical management of invasive intralabyrinthine cholesteatoma.Material and methodsThe study is a case series in a tertiary referral center. Retrospective chart review of all mastoid operations performed for chronic ear disease between 1994 and 2019 at University Health Network, Toronto. The type of surgery, intraoperative findings, hearing outcome, recurrence of disease and the need for revision surgery were evaluated.Results10 cases of extensive petrous bone cholesteatoma medial to the otic capsule were identified in 616 mastoid surgeries. All but one patient with extensive petrous bone cholesteatoma who underwent an exteriorizing procedure to preserve cochlear function failed the first surgery. A second procedure was needed in all cases due to complications which included facial palsy, recurrent cholesteatoma or internal auditory canal (IAC) abscess. Hearing was not preserved in any patient. In contrast, 57 ears with cholesteatomatous labyrinthine fistula lateral to the otic capsule had matrix exteriorized and had very good long-term results.ConclusionWe were rarely able to preserve hearing in massive petrous bone cholesteatoma. There should be no hesitation to remove the otic capsule to exteriorize diseases even under circumstances where residual cochlear and vestibular function is present if required to provide a safe ear.     

Preoperative emobilisation of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

IntroductionJuvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma(JNA) are highly vascular benign tumours originating in the sphenopalatine fossa and may extend to the pterygopalatine fossa, paranasal sinuses, and nasal cavity. The management of JNA has evolved greatly with development of endoscopy. Treatment modality has changed from open approach to endoscopic approach due to various advantages offered by the endoscopic approach. Bleeding during the surgery can compromise the exposure and surgical excision of JNA endoscopically. There have been many techniques to decrease intraoperative bleeding including external carotid ligation, hypotensive anaesthesia and more recently embolization of the feeding vessels. Embolization of the tumour has made the endoscopic excision of JNA easier because of less bleeding. This study was taken to find out the outcomes of surgical excision of JNA after embolization.MethodologyWe retrospectively reviewed 22 histopathological proven JNA cases that underwent preoperative embolization followed by resection during the period of June 2015 to December 2020 in our tertiary care hospital. From the records demographic, clinical, radiological imaging (CECT nose and PNS), angiographic, pre-operative embolization and operative details were evaluated.ResultIn the present study a total of 22 cases of angiofibroma were taken up for surgical excision after embolization. A complete endonasal endoscopic resection could be done in 21/22 cases with average operative time of 141 minutes (80 minutes-190 minutes range). The mean blood loss during surgery was 1163 ml (Range 500 ml- 1900 ml). In 7/22 (31.81%) subjects required intraoperative blood transfusion. No perioperative surgical complications occurred.ConclusionEndoscopic excision of JNA has now become the primary operative technique and pre operative embolization in such cases can reduce the intraoperative time, blood loss and tumour relapse rate. It is a relatively safe procedure in a hand of an expert and must be done where ever available.     

耳内镜下儿童中耳胆脂瘤的处理及疗效分析

目的 探讨耳内镜下经耳道径路切除儿童中耳胆脂瘤的手术适应证及临床疗效，为该类疾病的处理提供临床参考。方法 回顾性分析2017年9月-2020年10月上海交通大学医学院耳科学研究所耳内镜下经耳道径路处理的20例中耳胆脂瘤患儿临床资料，患者年龄3~14岁，平均年龄为（7±0.5）岁。根据术前影像学评估，病变范围均在中耳范围内，手术方案为耳内镜经耳道径路中耳切除胆脂瘤，对于听骨链破坏者同期行人工听骨链重建。分析患者术后的临床疗效。结果 结合病史、耳内镜检查、术前CT及术中发现，20例患者中18例（90%）为先天性胆脂瘤，其中Potsic II期3例，Potsic III期15例。；2例（10%）为后天继发性局限性中耳胆脂瘤，病变主要位于上鼓室。所有患者均顺利完成手术，术后3个月均干耳。19例（95%）患者无复发。患者均随访1年以上，平均随访（34±8）个月，1例（5%）III期先天性胆脂瘤复发，再次行耳内镜经耳道径路手术，随访26个月未见复发。术前患者平均气导听阈（37.3±9.3）dB，术后平均气导听阈（29.8±6.3）dB，术后听力明显改善（P<0.05）。结论 儿童中耳胆脂瘤以先天性胆脂瘤常见。对于术前评估为局限性的中耳胆脂瘤患儿（Potsic分期I-III期），耳内镜下经耳道径路手术可提供清晰广角视野，在少量骨质切除的情况下，能更加微创地处理胆脂瘤并进行听骨链重建，病变残留复发率少，手术效果佳，是值得提倡的治疗方案。     

Primary cholesteatoma of petrous bone presenting as cervical fistula

A unique case of primary cholesteatoma of the petrous bone is described. The patient presented with a cutaneous fistula of the anterior cervical triangle and was initially diagnosed and treated as sebaceous cyst or imflammatory lympha node for 3 months. Later examination showed white mass in the right external auditory canal and a severe conductive hearing loss. Radiological findings revealed a massive soft tissue consistent with cholesteatoma in the right petrous bone. The lesion was successfully managed with an endoscopy-assisted technique leaving the neurovascular structures in situ without operative complications. A review of the literature shows that only a few cases of cervical abscess associated with mastoid cholesteatoma have been reported. We also discussed the diagnosis, clinical features and surgical strategy for petrous bone cholesteatoma.     

Hearing and Facial Function After Surgical Removal of Cholesteatomas Involving Petrous Bone

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to inspect the clinical characteristics, surgical approaches, functional preservation, and complications of petrous bone cholesteatoma and to propose appropriate surgical approaches based on long-term follow-up cases and previous reports in the literature.

Methods

The medical records of 31 patients who underwent surgery for petrous bone cholesteatoma between 1990 and 2011 at two tertiary referral hospitals were retrospectively analyzed with regard to the classification, type of surgical approach, preservation of facial and auditory function, and recurrence.

Results

Of 31 cases, 16 were supralabyrinthine (class I), 1 was infralabyrinthine-apical (class III), 13 were massive (class IV), and 1 was apical (class V). Facial nerve palsy was found in 35.5% of the cases (11 cases). Hearing was preserved in 11 of 22 patients who had better than a 50-dB hearing level of bone conduction pure tone average preoperatively. Preoperative hearing was preserved in only four of the patients in class I (supralabyrinthine). Facial function was preserved or improved in 29 patients (93.5%).

Conclusion

Complete removal of cholesteatoma of petrous bone can be achieved by choosing the appropriate approach based on location and extent. Facial function was preserved postoperatively in most reviewed cases. Auditory function could not be preserved postoperatively in some cases, but preserving residual hearing levels can be accomplished mostly in supralabyrinthine cholesteatomas with the appropriate surgical approach.     

Comparison of endoscopic and microscopic management of attic cholesteatoma: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundAttic cholesteatoma is a common disease encountered by otologists.ObjectivesTo compare the endoscopic approach to attic cholesteatoma with conventional microscopic technique.Material and methodsA total of 190 patients (192 ears) diagnosed with attic cholesteatoma extending to the antrum area (stages Ib and II) were randomly assigned into two groups undergoing endoscopic approach and the other microscopic technique. The outcomes were preoperative and intraoperative findings, access to hidden areas expressed in MESVI, mean operative time from first incision to ear-packing, and postoperative findings. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 24.0, and P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe median Middle Ear Structural Visibility Index of the endoscopic group was better than the microscopic group (P < 0.05). The mean operating time by the endoscopic approach was less than the microscopic approach (P < 0.05). The median postoperative pain score in the endoscopic group was lower than the microscopic group (P < 0.05). In addition, there were no statistically significant differences in taste, hearing, vertigo, healing time and long term outcomes between the two groups.Conclusion and significanceEndoscopic management of limited attic cholesteatoma showed definite advantages over the conventional microscopic approach, such as providing better visualization, requiring less postoperative time, subjecting the patients to less pain, and decreasing the incidence of complications.     

岩骨胆脂瘤诊断治疗初探

目的总结岩骨胆脂瘤诊断和治疗的经验。方法结合文献对2例岩骨胆脂瘤患者术中术后的情况进行分析。结果1耳经迷路上径路切除病变,术中行面神经减压,采取开放术腔术式,术后面瘫由Ⅵ级恢复至Ⅴ级,听力无改善;1耳经迷路径路全切病变,术中行面神经移植,采取闭封术腔术式,面瘫无恢复,听力完全丧失。术后至今分别4年、2年,2耳均无复发。结论手术入路应根据病变情况而定,开放术腔和闭封术腔各有优点,也应根据手术情况灵活采用。     

Treatment results for congenital cholesteatoma using transcanal endoscopic ear surgery

PurposeTranscanal endoscopic ear surgery for congenital cholesteatoma provides a smaller incision and better visibility than conventional surgical microscope ear surgery. We aimed to evaluate the treatment results of transcanal endoscopic ear surgery in ameliorating the recurrence and post-operative complications of pediatric congenital cholesteatoma.Materials and methodsA retrospective chart review was conducted on patients with congenital cholesteatoma who underwent transcanal endoscopic ear surgery at a tertiary referral medical center from January 2012 to December 2020. We categorized the patients into two groups according to the presence of remnant cholesteatoma and compared their characteristics.ResultsThis study included 46 patients (32 males and 14 females; 46 ears). The mean age was 3.0 ± 2.6 (1–17) years. Congenital cholesteatoma was predominantly located in the anterior-superior quadrant (63.0 %), and ossicular involvement was confirmed in six cases. The mean cholesteatoma size identified by temporal bone computed tomography was 3.9 ± 2.0 (1.2–13) mm. Seven cases had remnant cholesteatoma lesions (15.2 %); four improved after revision surgery, and three were followed up without immediate further intervention. Postoperative complications (e.g., tympanic membrane perforation, retraction) were observed in 10 cases. Comparative evaluations of various characteristics after categorizing the participants into residual and non-residual lesion groups revealed no significant differences.ConclusionsConsequently, transcanal endoscopic ear surgery can be considered an effective and safe operation for treating congenital cholesteatoma in the pediatric population with no serious side effects. Further large-scale research with hearing test results should be conducted meticulously as a follow-up to this study.     

Intracranial Extension of Acquired Aural Cholesteatoma

Objective Cholesteatoma of the petrous bone extending into the intracranial region is an unusual occurrence. Most cases have been attributed to secondary extension of a primary epidermal blastomatous malformation of the temporal bone into the middle or posterior fossae. Within the past two and a half decades, intracranial extension of acquired aural cholesteatoma has been recognized as a likely alternative to this mechanism. Recent literature has rejoined this observation by considering both primary and secondary cholesteatoma of the petrous bone as a single group, petrosal cholesteatoma. The present study is presented to analyze the clinical presentation, imaging findings, and surgical treatment of six patients with acquired aural cholesteatoma extending into the intracranial region. Findings in this study are compared with the extant literature on congenital and acquired cholesteatoma of the petrous bone. This study proposes that petrosal cholesteatoma is a valid anatomical construct; however, the pathogenesis of petrosal cholesteatoma is still important in understanding the clinical presentation and management of cholesteatoma that extends beyond the usual confines of the middle ear and mastoid. Study Design Retrospective case review conducted at a tertiary referral center. Methods From 1985 to 1999, 477 patients were surgically treated for acquired aural cholesteatoma. Patients with intracranial extension of cholesteatoma were studied. Clinical presentation, imaging studies, operative findings, surgical treatment, and postoperative results were evaluated. Results Six cases in a series of 477 patients with acquired aural cholesteatoma had intracranial extension of disease. In this series, the most frequent pathway for intracranial extension was supralabyrinthine through the supratubal recess into the middle cranial fossa. A less frequent pathway was via the retrofacial air cells into the posterior cranial fossa. Surgical access for removal of intracranial cholesteatoma was accomplished through several approaches including translabyrinthine, transcochlear, retrolabyrinthine, and middle cranial fossa. In two patients who had reoperation for possible residual disease, one was free of residual disease and one was found to have residual cholesteatoma in the region of the horizontal facial nerve. Conclusion Acquired aural cholesteatoma can extend into either the middle or posterior cranial fossae. In this study, cholesteatoma extended into the middle fossa through the supratubal recess along the labyrinthine facial nerve and into or above the internal auditory canal. A less frequent path is through the retrofacial air cells into the posterior fossa. Intracranial acquired cholesteatoma is generally small and presents with complaints related to underlying otitis media rather than the neurological deficits that are often associated with primary petrous bone cholesteatoma. While computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are both required to differentiate congenital petrous cholesteatoma from other lesions of the petrous bone, computed tomography of the temporal bone is usually sufficient to diagnosis and define intracranial extension of acquired aural cholesteatoma. These lesions can be completely excised rather than exteriorized.     

颞骨岩部胆脂瘤术中面神经完整性监测与减压

目的：探讨颞骨岩部胆脂瘤术中面神经监测与减压的临床效果。方法：11例颞骨岩部胆脂瘤患者均伴有面瘫，经颅中窝-乳突联合进路行胆脂瘤切除术，其中8例鼓膜穿孔或中耳乳突感染者行乳突腔开放术式；3例岩尖并侵犯中耳乳突但鼓膜完整者行外耳道关闭术式。术中应用神经监护仪行面神经完整性监护，完成颞骨内面神经减压术。面神经功能评价参照House-Brackmann标准。结果：随访3～12个月，11例面神经功能逐渐恢复，1例面瘫恢复到基本正常，9例恢复到轻度，1例恢复到轻中度，均无胆脂瘤复发。结论：颅中窝-乳突联合进路切除颞骨岩部胆脂瘤同期行面神经减压术疗效满意，神经完整性监护有助于术中面神经定位和保护。     

Endoscopic treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma

Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon malignant tumor of the nasal vault. Treatment consists of craniofacial resection. As endoscopic techniques have advanced, this approach has been recommended to avoid morbidity and to reduce costs.AimTo evaluate outcomes in patients with esthesioneuroblastoma treated by an endoscopic technique.MethodsA prospective study of patients diagnosed with esthesioneuroblatoma and treated by an endoscopic technique. The literature over the past 20 years was reviewed for an update on the pathology.ResultsWe present 4 patients, 3 males and 1 female, staged according to Kadish and Dulguerov. All were treated surgically with endoscopic techniques, followed by radiotherapy. One patient was also submitted to neck dissection and chemotherapy because of regional metastasis. There were no significant postoperative complications. The mean hospital stay was 3 days; one patient stayed in the ICU for 24 hours after surgery. Follow-up is recent; so far there are no recurrences.ConclusionEsthesioneuroblastoma is a potentially curable malignancy. Endoscopic techniques help reduce hospital costs and decrease the morbidity. Adequate margins of healthy tissue are obtained with endoscopic resection, as with craniofacial resection. The literature suggests that outcomes after endoscopic resection are similar to those of the conventional external approach.     

岩骨胆脂瘤的诊断与外科治疗

目的探讨岩骨胆脂瘤的病因和临床表现特点以及手术方式。方法对1986年12月～2003年4月收治的12例岩骨胆脂瘤患者(继发9例，原发3例)进行回顾性分析。结果原发岩骨胆脂瘤首发症状为面瘫及听力下降，鼓膜正常。继发岩骨胆脂瘤主要表现为耳流脓史，听力下降及面瘫，鼓膜通常有穿孔或不正常。慢性中耳炎病史及耳科手术史与继发性岩骨胆脂瘤的发生密切相关。颞骨CT可明确病变范围及与面神经的关系，能为确定手术方式提供直接的参考。继发及原发岩骨胆脂瘤的治疗原则相同：彻底清除胆脂瘤上皮。手术入路有4种：经迷路、中颅窝、迷路中颅窝联合入路、颅颈联合入路(迷路下)。1例继发胆脂瘤因反复复发而行4次手术外，其余11例随访4个月～15年无复发。吻合的3例面神经中，2例由House Brackmann分级V恢复到Ⅳ；减压及神经连续性完整的3例中2例由Ⅳ恢复到Ⅲ，1例无恢复。结论继发及原发胆脂瘤病因不相同，临床表现各具特点。手术进路的选择取决于病变部位、范围及听力状况，经迷路、中颅窝是主要入路。单纯中颅窝入路应采用术腔相对封闭的术式；其他人路应采取开放术腔式手术。     

巨大岩尖胆脂瘤诊治初探（附2例临床分析）

目的：探讨岩尖胆脂瘤的临床特征、手术进路和方法,以提高手术疗效,减少并发症。方法：对2例巨大颞骨岩尖胆脂瘤患者采用迷路进路切除病灶,对其中1例成功施行了耳内镜辅助下迷路进路病灶切除术。结果：2例术后均无脑脊液漏和感染,无眩晕或平衡失调。结论：颞骨CT扫描及MRI对临床诊断及手术进路的选择有重要作用。手术清除病灶为本病治疗的惟一措施,经迷路进路为彻底清除胆脂瘤、处理面神经及脑脊液漏提供了最直接的途径,而彻底清除病变和术后长期严格随访、定期清理术腔是预防复发的关键。     

Tratamiento endoscópico combinado vs. abierto en el divertículo de Zenker

IntroductionZenker's diverticulum is a superior esophagus sphincter disease with a surgical management in symptomatic cases. This treatment has undergone important changes in recent years.Material and methodA retrospective review was carried out of 16 patients treated in our department between 2001 and 2008. Conventional open surgery was used as well as a combined endoscopic approach with stapler and CO₂ laser. Type of treatment, diverticulum size, operating time, oral feeding time, surgical complications, hospital stay and occurrence of relapses were analyzed.ResultsThe endoscopic approach was used in 8 patients, with a conversion to conventional open surgery being necessary in 2 cases. Operating time was of 90 min for the open approach and 45 in the endoscopic. Oral feeding could be reintroduced 36 hours after open surgery and 24 h after endoscopic treatment. The average discharge date was 3.8 days after the surgery in the open group and 2 days in the endoscopic group. Complications appeared in the 12.4% of the cases, all related to cervicotomy. There were 2 cases of relapse in the group treated with open surgery, one case was treated with the endoscopic approach and another with the open approach.ConclusionsThe combined endoscopic approach offers good results in patients with symptomatic Zenker's diverticulum who can be under general anesthesia during the surgery. A conversion to open surgery with cervicotomy should be done when a good endoscopic exposure is not possible.     

Endoscopic surgery for congenital basal meningoencephaloceles in children

Conclusions Endoscopic surgery is safe and effective for children with congenital basal meningoencephaloceles (CBMs); it provides an acceptable operative outcome with a short recovery time and fewer complications and may be considered as a primary approach. Objectives To explore the safety and effectiveness of using transnasal or transoral endoscopic surgery on children with CBMs. Methods The clinical data of eight CBMs children who underwent transnasal or transoral endoscopic surgery in a hospital from January 2011 to January 2015 were collected. The presenting symptoms, lesion locations, surgical outcomes, and complications were examined retrospectively. Results Of the eight children, five (62.5%) patients were male, and their ages ranged from 1 year and 6 months to 14 years (median of 9 years). Six patients presented with the transethmoidal sub-type, and two presented with the transsphenoidal sub-type. The average hospital stay of all patients was 8.6?±?2.6 days. There were neither intra-operative nor post-operative complications observed in any of the cases during the follow-ups that occurred between 6–54 months (mean of 15.5 months).     

Particularidades del abordaje transcanal endoscópico de los tumores benignos de oído medio en adultos

Background and objectiveMinimally invasive surgery of benign middle ear tumours is possible by using the endoscope. The optimal lighting and the broadest vision it offers, allow a transcanal approach to these rare tumours. The objective of this work is to summarize its key points through a case series.Materials and methodsRetrospective study of benign middle ear tumours that underwent exclusive endoscopic surgery in a third-level adult university hospital between June 2018 and June 2020. Postoperative follow-up was performed by otoendoscopy and audiometry.ResultsSix patients underwent surgery during the study period. Five patients were female and one male, with an average age of 57.8 years (± 21.9). Four tumours were in the left ear and 2 in the right ear. These included 4 tympanic paragangliomas (3 type I and one type II), a chorda tympani neuroma, and a congenital cholesteatoma. There were no serious postoperative complications. At present, no tumour recurrence has been found in either case, with a minimum follow-up of 7 months.ConclusionsThe present study adds evidence on the safety and efficacy of endoscopic transcanal ear surgery, as a minimally invasive technique, for the treatment of benign middle ear tumours confined to the tympanic cavity.