Spinal epidural abscess: correlation between MRI findings and outcome

Our purpose was to determine if specific MRI findings in spinal epidural abscess (SEA), at the time of diagnosis, are associated with the clinical outcome. The clinical records and MRI studies of 18 patients with SEA were reviewed and follow-up was obtained from the outpatient medical record, telephone interview, or both. The association between findings on contrast-enhanced MRI and clinical outcome (weakness, neck or back pain, and incomplete functional recovery) was evaluated. With univariate analysis, narrowing of 50 % or more of the central spinal canal (P = 0.03), peripheral contrast-enhancement (P = 0.05), and abnormal spinal cord signal intensity (P = 0.05) were associated with weakness at follow-up. Persistent neck or back pain was associated with spinal canal narrowing (P = 0.02), peripheral contrast-enhancement (P = 0.02), and an abscess longer than 3 cm (P = 0.04) on MRI. Incomplete clinical recovery was associated with both abscess length (P = 0.01) and the severity of canal narrowing (P = 0.01). Abscess length, enhancement pattern, and severity of canal narrowing can be incorporated in a grading system that can be used to predict outcome. Received: 9 September 1998 Accepted: 6 March 1999     

Spinal tract pathology in AIDS: Postmortem MRI correlation with neuropathology

Vacuolar myelopathy (VM) and tract pallor are poorly understood spinal tract abnormalities in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We studied the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect these changes in spinal cord specimens postmortem and whether criteria could be formulated which would allow these conditions to be differentiated from other lesions of the spinal cord in AIDS, such as lymphoma, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) myelitis. We imaged 38 postmortem specimens of spinal cord. The MRI studies were interpreted blind. The specimens included cases of VM myelin pallor, CMV myeloradiculitis, HIV myelitis, lymphoma as well as normal cords, both HIV+ve and HIV-ve. MRI showed abnormal signal, suggestive of tract pathology, in 10 of the 14 cases with histopathological evidence of tract changes. The findings in VM and tract pallor on proton-density and T₂-weighted MRI were increased signal from the affected white-matter tracts, present on multiple contiguous slices and symmetrical in most cases. The pattern was sufficiently distinct to differentiate spinal tract pathology from other spinal cord lesions in AIDS.     

High-signal lesions in the midbrain on T1-weighted MRI in an HIV-infected patient

In addition to opportunistic infections, neoplasms or cerebrovascular complications, metabolic encephalopathies are a classical cause of diffuse brain dysfunction in HIV infection and are frequent in the terminal stage. We report an HIV-infected patient with symmetrical, focally increased signal in the midbrain on proton density- and T1-weighted MRI without corresponding high signal on T2-weighted images or on CT. While the precise nature and cause of this uncommon finding is not fully understood, the available evidence suggests that these lesions might represent a novel metabolic encephalopathy. Received: 15 December 1995 Accepted: 26 March 1996     

胆管囊腺癌的MRI表现与病理的对照分析

目的 探讨MRI诊断胆管囊腺癌（BCAC）的价值。方法 回顾性分析5例经手术病理证实的BCAC患者的MRI表现，并与病理所见对照。结果 4例单发，1例多发。5例均为囊实性肿物，2例单房、3例多房，囊内可见多个大小不等的壁结节及厚薄不均的间隔。液性部分呈均匀的长T1、长T2信号，实性部分呈稍长T1、稍长T2信号。注射钆喷替酸葡甲胺（Gd—DTPA）后，囊性部分无强化，实性部分动脉期轻度强化、门静脉期及延迟期呈中度至明显强化。MRI表现与病理所见对应良好。术前4例诊断为囊腺瘤或囊腺癌，1例诊断为胆管癌。结论 MRI能显示BCAC的特征性表现，可以做到术前正确诊断。     

乳腺叶状瘤的MRI表现及病理对照分析

目的 探讨乳腺叶状瘤(PT)的MR表现及其病理基础.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2010年6月期间27例(28个病灶)经手术病理证实的PT患者MRI表现,并与病理学分级结果相对照.采用单因素方差分析、Fisher精确检验及Spearman相关分析比较不同病理分级PT病灶的大小、MRI表现异同及其与乳腺影像报告和数据系统(BI-RADS)分类的相关性.结果 (1)28个PT病灶中,病理学分级为良性、交界性及恶性者分别为4(14.3％)、15(53.6％)和9(32.1％)个.(2)恶性、交界性和良性PT病灶的平均最大径分别为(6.4±3.9)、(5.7±2.2)和(4.8±1.8)cm,差异有统计学意义(F= 287.541,P=0.000),其中良性和恶性病灶间比较差异有统计学意义(P =0.033).(3)与病理学分级对照,在良性、交界性及恶性PT病灶中,T2WI上有低信号分隔者分别为2、13和13个,无低信号分隔者分别为2、2和6个;增强后有裂隙状低信号影者分别为3、3和6个,无裂隙状低信号影者分别为1、12和3个;病灶时间-信号强度曲线为持续型者分别为2、11和1个,平台型者分别为1、2和3个,廓清型者分别为1、2和5个,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为7.334、6.765和9.296,P值均＜0.05).(4)将BI-RADS 4a作为可疑恶性病灶,MRI检出病变的准确率为96.4％( 27/28),且BI-RADS分级与乳腺PT的恶性程度呈低度相关(r=0.382,P=0.045).结论 乳腺PT的MRI表现有一定的特征性,病灶大小及MRI的一些特殊征象与其病理学分级呈低度相关.     

非哺乳期乳腺炎性病变的MRI表现及其与病理的对照研究

目的 探讨非哺乳期乳腺炎性病变的MRI表现及其病理基础.方法 回顾性分析术前行动态增强乳腺MRI检查,且经病理确诊的非哺乳期乳腺炎性病变患者78例.其中27例行DWI检查.观察MR图像上病灶的动态增强特点及DWI表现.病灶内部强化分为环形强化、不均匀强化(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)、均匀强化及集簇状强化.观察4种主要病理改变(脓肿、导管扩张、炎性囊肿和其他炎性表现)的出现情况.将MRI和病理结果进行对照.结果 78例中,环形强化55例,不均匀强化Ⅰ型10例,不均匀强化Ⅱ型9例,均匀强化2例,集簇状强化2例.27例行DWI的患者中,17例病灶内部强化为环形强化,在DWI上均呈中央高信号,其病理表现多为炎性囊肿(9例)和脓肿(8例);1例呈环形强化,在DWI上呈周边高信号,其病理表现为炎性囊肿;3例呈不均匀强化Ⅰ型,在DWI上均呈不均匀高信号,其病理表现均为其他炎性表现;6例呈不均匀强化Ⅱ型,在DWI上均呈类圆形或条状高信号,其病理表现为脓肿(5例)及导管扩张(3例).结论 非哺乳期乳腺炎性病变在MRI上具有一定特征,其MRI表现和病理基础有关.     

韧带样纤维瘤病MRI特征表现及其病理基础

目的：探讨韧带样纤维瘤病（DF）的MRI特点,重点分析MRI特征影像及其病理基础,评价MRI在DF诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实14例韧带样纤维瘤病的MRI表现（14个病灶均行M RI增强及延迟扫描）,与术后病理结果进行比较,并探讨M RI特征影像的病理基础。结果14例均为单发病灶（腹外型7例、腹壁型4例、腹内型3例）,其中有2例为术后复发,肿瘤沿着肌肉长轴生长。T1 WI呈等或稍低于肌肉的信号,T2 WI呈高于肌肉信号,增强扫描病灶均呈不均匀强化,以延迟强化为明显,病灶内可见条状或带状 T1 WI及 T2 WI低信号,增强后未见强化。14例病灶内均未见坏死、囊变及瘤周水肿。病理组织学上肿瘤由不同比例的成纤维细胞、纤维组织和胶原纤维束组成,纤维细胞及成纤维细胞密集区域T2 WI信号增高,而肿瘤内胶原纤维区域在 T1 WI、T2 WI均为低信号。肿瘤内见较多血管壁完整的毛细血管,这是病灶延迟强化的病理基础。结论病灶内可见T1 WI、T2 WI均呈带状低信号且增强扫描不强化以及病灶延迟强化是DF的特征性MRI表现。MRI可以很好评估肿瘤侵犯范围及其与周围结构的关系,有助于DF的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

Signal intensity correlation of MRI with pathological findings in spinal neurinomas

Summary MR signal intensities at 0.282 T were correlated with the pathological findings in 23 cases of spinal neurinoma. With T2-weighted images (SE-T2WI or RARE-T2WI), all the tumors displayed high signal intensities similar to that of cerebrospinal fluid, indicating long T2 values. It is shown that the long T2 values of neurinomas are caused not only by intratumoral cystic formation, as reported by other authors, but also by intratumoral Antoni B structure, intratumoral micronecrosis and intratumoral vascular malformation. On SE-T1WI, the majority of neurinomas (73.9%) were isointense to spinal cord while the minority (16.1%) were hypointense. The similarity of the T1 values of neurinomas to that of the spinal cord may be related to the abundance of Schwann cells within the tumors, but tumors hypointense to cord and tumors isointense to cord on T1WI showed no significant difference in their gross and microscopic pathology.     

Spinal disease in neurologically symptomatic HIV-positive patients

We review the MRI findings of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with “spinal” symptoms and review the literature. In 23 consecutive HIV-positive patients presenting with acute neurologic complaints thought to be referable to the spine, we reviewed spinal MRI, medical charts, and laboratory, pathologic, and autopsy data. In the early stages of HIV infection, the common causes of spinal complaints (i. e., degenerative spine and disc disease) predominated. However, pathology may be missed without contrast-enhanced MRI of the spine. In more advanced cases, the differential diagnosis includes one or more neoplastic and/or infectious causes which require contrast-enhanced MRI for detection. In these cases, normal cerebrospinal fluid findings should not preclude contrast-enhanced MRI of the spine. Imaging of the brain may also be indicated in cases when the spinal study is negative. Received: 30 December 1997 Accepted: 12 October 1998     

脓肿期浆细胞性乳腺炎的MRI表现及与手术对照研究

目的:探讨脓肿期浆细胞性乳腺炎的MRI表现及其在临床诊疗中的应用价值。方法:收集经手术病理证实为脓肿期浆细胞性乳腺炎患者30例,术前均行双乳MRI平扫及增强扫描,分析其MRI表现,并与手术结果进行对照。结果:30例均为单侧发病,其中左乳21例,右乳9例。MRI示2个(6.7%)患乳内病灶局限于乳晕周围、5个(16.7%)累及单个象限及乳晕区、17个(56.7%)累及多个象限及乳晕区、4个(13.3%)累及单个象限、2个(6.7%)累及多个象限,其中15个(50%)累及乳后间隙。23个(76.7%)患乳病灶呈非肿块样,7个(23.3%)呈肿块样。采用切开扩创术3例、切开扩创术+象限切除术21例、象限切除术6个,1例切开扩创术后效果欠佳再次行切开扩创术+象限切除术,1例切开扩创术+象限切除术后效果欠佳再次行象限切除术。结论:MRI能清晰显示脓肿期浆细胞性乳腺炎病变的位置、累及范围及深度、皮下及病灶间的瘘管,具有一定特征性,与手术所见具有较高的一致性,对临床手术方案的制订有重要参考作用。     

肝脏肺吸虫病变综合影像特征与病理对照分析

目的：研究肝脏肺吸虫病变的ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ和超声（ＵＳ）检查的影像特征及其病理组织学基础。材料与方法：回顾性分析了经病理证实的７例直径３ｃｍ以下肝脏肺吸虫病变的ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ和ＵＳ征象，并与病理结果进行了对照研究。结果：７例均为单发病变。ＵＳ均表现为低回声，彩色多普勒示病变内未见血流频谱；ＣＴ上６例呈低密度，１例为等密度，注射造影剂后病变内大部分无强化，周边轻度强化；ＭＲＩ上４例呈稍长Ｔ１、稍短Ｔ２信号，３例呈稍长Ｔ１、等和稍长Ｔ２信号；５例注射Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ，病变周边均可见轻或中度强化，病变内大部分无强化。大体标本上病变呈边界清楚的灰黄或灰白色结节，４例呈多结节融合状，有部分或完整的纤维包裹；大体和组织切片示：病变内有含凝固坏死物的多房性小囊腔或穴道形成及较多的夏科雷登结晶和嗜酸粒细胞。结论：稍短Ｔ２信号是肝脏肺吸虫病变的重要征象。稍短Ｔ２信号的病理基础为凝固坏死。凝固坏死多呈稍长Ｔ１、稍短Ｔ２信号，也可呈稍长Ｔ１、稍长Ｔ２信号。     

Application of magnetic resonance imaging in cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction and is caused by static or dynamic repeated compression of the spinal cord resulting from degenerative arthritis of the cervical spine and some biological injuries to the cervical spine. The T2 signal change on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is most commonly associated with neurological deficits. Diffusion tensor imaging and MR spectroscopy show altered microstructure and biochemistry that reflect patient-specific pathogenesis and can be used to predict neurological outcome and response to intervention. Functional MRI can help to assess the neurological functional recovery after decompression surgery for CSM.     

胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤的MRI表现与病理对照分析

目的:分析6例胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤(dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors,DNT)的MRI表现和病理所见,探讨其MRI表现特征与病理间的关系。方法:回顾性分析6例经手术病理证实的DNT的MRI资料和病理所见,观察MRI信号改变与病理所见的关系。结果:典型的DNT位于皮层或主要位于皮层区,肿瘤以囊性成分为主,病灶在T1WI为低信号,T2WI为高信号,其ADC值增高,FLAIR序列上病灶边缘和分隔为高信号改变,增强扫描病灶实质结节或分隔可见轻度强化。瘤周无水肿,三角征和瘤内分隔为其影像学表现特征。与之病理对照所见DNT肿瘤细胞弥漫分布、密度不高、胞浆较空、存在黏液湖及肿瘤内富含薄璧分枝状血管是形成MRI所见的组织学基础。结论:DNT的MRI所见具有特征性,反映了其组织病理学改变特征,在病理诊断困难的情况下,结合临床和影像学表现,可以对DNT做出正确的诊断。     

MRI在脊髓型颈椎病中的研究进展

在脊髓型颈椎病(CSM) 的诊断中,常规MRI上脊髓的信号改变与神经功能障碍密切相关,扩散张量成像（DTI）和磁共振波谱（MRS）可以作为寻找神经功能损伤放射学标志物和了解脊髓生理学的工具,而功能MRI（fMRI）有助于评估CSM减压术后神经功能恢复情况。综述常见MRI技术在CSM病人诊断与治疗中的研究进展。     

成人颅内原始神经外胚层肿瘤的MRI表现和病理对照

目的 探讨成人颅内原始神经外胚层肿瘤(primitive neuroectoderrnal tumors，PNET)的MRI特征，以期提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析了7例经手术和病理证实的成人颅内PNET的MRI表现，并与手术、病理相对照。结果 肿瘤多位于大脑半球和小脑蚓部，浸润性生长，瘤组织由低分化的小细胞构成，形态上可向多种细胞过渡。(2)MRI上肿瘤较大，4例呈浅分叶状，边界较清楚，瘤周水肿轻微；平扫呈不均匀较低T1、等或高T2信号，内部常伴有囊变和坏死区、可有出血和钙化；增强扫描6例肿瘤有明显的不均一强化；2例发生颅内转移，1例术后发生腰椎转移。结论 成人颅内PNET的MRI表现有一定特点；MRI有助于该病的诊断和指导治疗。     

磁共振DWI成像技术在脊髓型颈椎病的临床研究

目的：研究扩散加权成像（DWI）在脊髓型颈椎病（CSM）中的应用价值。方法：对26例临床及影像学证实为CSM患者,22例非CSM患者行颈髓MRI和扩散加权成像,分析病变表现并测量其ADC值。结果：48例均获得弥散加权图像和弥散系数。CSM患者受压部位ADC值明显高于邻近部位和正常颈髓ADC值,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;17例CSM脊髓受压部位T2WI出现高信号,ADC值增高;9例T2WI表现为等信号,其中有6例表现为脊髓受压部位ADC值增高,DWI显示不同信号组受压部位平均ADC值差别无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但不同信号组受压部位与相应邻近正常部位平均ADC值比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：DWI可以通过受压脊髓ADC值改变更早的判断脊髓内部变化,比常规T2WI能更早、更准确显示脊髓受压的情况,从而有助于早期诊断和治疗。     

The effects of cidofovir on progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: an MRI case study

MRI was used to study the effects of introducing cidofovir (HPMPC, Vistide) to the antiretroviral therapy of a 33-year-old white man diagnosed as having progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) secondary to AIDS. In response to combined cidofovir and antiretroviral therapy he showed significant clinical improvement. MRI showed a decrease in extent of existing lesions, without new ones. Blood chemistry information obtained indicated some involvement of immunologic mechanisms: the CD4:8 ratio showed improvement from an average of 0.08 before treatment to 0.13 during therapy. Received: 24 January 2000 Accepted: 6 September 2000     

Parotid gland tumors: comparison of conventional and diffusion-weighted MRI findings with histopathological results

Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between pathological classification of parotid gland tumors and conventional MRI – diffusion-weighted imaging findings and also contribute the possible effect of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) to diagnosis.Methods:60 patients with parotid masses diagnosed using histopathology and/or cytology were enrolled in this retrospective study. All patients were evaluated using a 1.5 T MRI. Demographic features, conventional MRI findings, and ADC values (mean, minimum, maximum, and relative) were recorded. MRI findings and ADC values were compared between benign–malignant groups and pleomorphic adenoma vs Warthin’s tumor groups.Results:60 tumors (48 benign, 12 malignant) were evaluated in a total of 60 patients (39 males, 21 females). The mean age was 59 (±14, 18–86) years old; the mean lesion size was 26 (±10, 11–61) mm. On the texture of conventional MRI, T2 dominantly hyperintense/with hypointensity signal was seen in 87% of pleomorphic adenomas and T2 dominantly hypointense/with hyperintesity signal was encountered in 64% of all Warthin’s tumors. Seven (28%) Warthin’s tumors were misdiagnosed as pleomorphic adenomas and two others (8%) as malignant tumors. The commonly used mean ADC value was 1.6 ± 0.6 × 10^–3 mm² s⁻¹ for benign tumors, 0.8 ± 0.3 × 10^–3 mm² s⁻¹ for malign tumors, 1 (0.9–1.8) × 10^–3 mm² s⁻¹ for Warthin’s tumors, and 1.9 ± 0.3 × 10^–3 mm² s⁻¹ for pleomorphic adenomas. There was a statistically significant difference in ADC values between benign-malignant tumors and pleomorphic adenomas-Warthin’s tumors.Conclusions:Warthin’s tumor may occasionally be misdiagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma and malignant tumor because of variable morphologic features. In addition to benign–malignant differentiation, the added ADC measurement may also be useful for differentiating Warthin’s tumors from pleomorphic adenomas.     

新生儿窒息早期的MRI表现及与预后的关系

目的 探讨新生儿窒息早期的MRI表现及其与预后的关系。方法 回顾性分析80例以新生儿窒息住院的患儿初期的MRI表现及26例复查病例的MRI表现。结果 80例根据MRI表现分为5组：A组：MRI无异常发现，15例；B组：小范围脑水肿12例；C组：T1WI呈点状和弯曲条状高信号8例；D组：大面积的脑水肿12例；E组：其他病变及以上3组不同程度病变的组合33例。A组复查3例及B、C组各复查5例，仅C组1例发现异常征象；D组复查4例均出现明显的异常征象；E组复查9例，7例发现异常MRI征象。结论 MRI可以客观地反映新生儿窒息后脑损伤的情况，并且可以早期评估预后。     

软骨母细胞瘤MRI及X线平片和CT的表现特征

目的 研究软骨母细胞瘤的影像表现,探讨其MRI与X线平片、CT征象的对应关系.方法 分析16例经手术、病理证实的良性软骨母细胞瘤的影像资料,总结其MRI表现与X线平片、CT征象的对应关系.结果 16例软骨母细胞瘤均位于骨骺,大小为0.9 cm×0.8 cm×1.0 cm～4.8 cm×4.3 cm×5.1 cm,呈不同程度的分叶状.在T1WI上以等、低信号为主,T2WI上呈混杂信号,CT上为软组织密度,内见钙化和更低密度区.边缘呈长T1、短T2信号,在CT上表现为硬化边.MRI可见病灶周围有骨髓水肿,在X线和CT上表现为骨质硬化区.病灶邻近软组织肿胀.MRI显示骨膜异常9例,8例与病灶不相邻;X线和(或)CT显示骨膜新生骨6例.MRI显示关节积液12例,CT显示6例.MRI上病灶均呈不均匀强化,骨髓水肿、骨膜反应和软组织肿胀均见强化.软骨母细胞瘤在扩散加权成像(DWI)上呈等、高信号,在MR平扫中的等T1、等T2成分和长T1、长T2成分,以及骨髓水肿、骨膜反应和软组织肿胀在DWI上均呈高信号.结论 MRI和X线平片、CT从不同方面反映软骨母细胞瘤的病理改变,联合应用不同检查手段可更全面显示软骨母细胞瘤的特点.