黑木耳藜麦复合发酵饮料加工工艺及稳定性研究

以黑木耳、藜麦为原料,利用复合乳酸菌粉进行发酵,以感官评分和沉淀率为评价指标,采用正交试验对黑木耳藜麦复合发 酵饮料发酵工艺和稳定性进行优化。 结果表明,当发酵温度为37 ℃,复合乳酸菌粉添加量为5 g/L,加糖量为15%时,所得黑木耳藜麦 复合发酵饮料感官评分为96分,酸甜宜口,风味独特;当均质压力为35 MPa,黄原胶∶明胶1∶2（g∶g）,稳定剂添加量为0.4%时,沉淀率最 低为0.51%,无分层现象,说明发酵饮料稳定性好,均匀细腻,具有黑木耳和藜麦天然风味及乳酸菌发酵的特有滋气味。     

Supplementation of alkaline phytase (Ds11) in whole-wheat bread reduces phytate content and improves mineral solubility

Abstract: In this study, alkaline phytase was added to whole‐wheat bread and the phytate content and mineral profiles were compared to commercially available acidic phytase. At neutral pH, some phytate (approximately 20%) was degraded by endogenous phytase in wheat flour, while 40% of phytate was hydrolyzed by alkaline phytase DS11 and a 35% reduction was observed with acidic phytase. Most of the enzymatic activity occurred during the proofing stage, and the rate of reaction depended on pH. DS11 phytase effectively degraded the phytate level within a 30 min treatment at pH 7; however, at least 60 min was needed with acidic phytase to achieve the same hydrolysis level. Mineral profiles were also dramatically affected by the phytate reduction. The biggest increase was observed in Fe²⁺ by the phytase treatment. The Fe²⁺ content increased 10‐fold at pH 7 and 8‐fold at pH 5 with alkaline phytase DS11. Alkaline phytase DS11 was shown to be effective at phytate reduction in whole‐wheat bread preparation. Additionally, phytate degradation enhanced the mineral availability of bread.     

Selection and Use of Phytate-Degrading LAB to Improve Cereal-Based Products by Mineral Solubilization During Dough Fermentation

ABSTRACT:  New producers of phytate-degrading enzymes, especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB), were used to improve mineral solubilization during dough fermentation. In all, among strains from different sources by microorganisms (150 lactic acid bacteria, 36 yeasts), 38 (24%) exhibited a clear zone around the colonies by hydrolyzing hexacalcium phytate contained in solid medium. When phytase-positive strains from plate assay were tested for phytase activity in liquid medium, 6 of the strains (37%) exhibited phytate-degrading activity in at least one of the 3 different media used. Of the LAB, the highest phytase values were found for  Enterococcus faecium  A86 (0.74 U/mL) and  Lactobacillus plantarum  H5 (0.71 U/mL). Two different starter cultures obtained by combinations of phytase-positive (phy+:  L. plantarum  H5 and L3,  Leuconostoc gelidum  A16, and  E. faecium  A86) or phytase-negative (phy−:  L. gelidum  LM249,  L. plantarum  H19, and  L. plantarum  L8) selected LAB strains, were used to measure mineral concentrations of iron, zinc, and manganese during dough fermentation. Although the 2 kinds of starter showed similar acidic values, the presence of phytate-degrading LAB strains increased mineral solubilization in comparison to the starter phy−.     

发酵型含醇酸豆奶的研制

为了开发酸豆奶新产品,对乳酸菌、酵母菌混和发酵生产酸豆奶进行了研究。正交试验结果表明,生产品质优良产品的最佳工艺参数为豆水比1∶10;菌种保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)＋嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus),啤酒酵母(Saccharomy cescerevisiae),菌种配比1∶2;蔗糖、明胶、羧甲基纤维素纳、黄原胶、乙基麦芽酚等适量,发酵时间为6h,发酵温度35℃,发酵剂接种量3％。     

电能在鳕鱼下脚料水解液乳酸发酵中的应用

研究了外加直流电应用在鳕鱼下脚料水解液中胚芽乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)的乳酸发酵.在电能发酵(E-E F)系统中,中性红浓度和电压值对MRS肉汤和水解液的影响明显不同.在最适的中性红浓度(100 μmol/L)和电压(1.0 V)条件下,鳕鱼下脚料水解液经48 h的发酵后乳酸量提高了11.7%,最终pH值为4.060.     

优良梨汁发酵乳酸菌的筛选与发酵性能分析

对10?株分离于水果发酵液等不同来源的乳酸菌进行耐受性筛选,得到性能优良的植物乳杆菌ZG2和干酪乳杆菌GG8作为梨汁发酵菌株,并通过测定发酵过程中梨汁的活菌数、pH值、有机酸与挥发性成分对2?株乳酸菌的发酵性能进行比较。结果表明：ZG2发酵前期活菌数下降迅速,发酵持续时间较短;GG8发酵结束后pH值低于ZG2;2?种发酵液中有机酸种类相似,ZG2产乳酸能力较强,GG8发酵产柠檬酸和总酸含量明显多于ZG2;发酵前后构成梨汁主体风味的物质相似,分别为2-甲氧基-3-甲基吡嗪、芳樟醇和松油醇,2?株菌均在发酵中期产生的挥发性成分最丰富,发酵后期GG8产挥发性风味物质较丰富。相较植物乳杆菌ZG2,干酪乳杆菌GG8具有更大发酵潜力和研究价值。     

Lactic Acid Fermentation of Edible Mushrooms: Tradition,Technology, Current State of Research: A Review

Pickling is one of the methods for preserving food. However, this term may refer to both types of products, that is, to those subjected to lactic acid fermentation and to marinated ones (acidified) that are usually produced by the addition of acetic acid. Various raw materials are subjected to lactic acid fermentation (vegetable and animal origin), which yields food products with high nutritional and dietary value. In many regions of the world, the process of lactic fermentation is also traditionally used to preserve fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms. Mushrooms are appreciated for their organoleptic qualities as well as the presence of many different bioactive substances exhibiting healing and health‐promoting properties. This article reviews the literature related to the use of lactic fermentation in the process of mushroom preservation. Particular attention has been paid to the aspects of the technological process and its impact on the quality and suitability of the final products. Moreover, research results concerning the influence of lactic fermentation on chemical and physical changes in fruiting bodies of edible fungi are also presented.     

Natural Fermentation of Lentils: Influence of Time,Concentration and Temperature on the Kinetics of Hydrolysis of Inositol Phosphates

Lentil (Lens culinaris var vulgaris) flour was naturally fermented for 96 h at various conditions of concentration (79, 150 and 221 g litre⁻¹) and temperature (28°C, 35°C and 42°C). The content of total inositol phosphates (IP-total) and individual inositol phosphates (hexa- (IP₆), penta- (IP₅), tetra- (IP₄) and tri- (IP₃) phosphates) were analysed to establish the changes of these compounds during natural fermentation of lentils. The preparation of the lentil suspension brought about 16–27% reduction of the total inositol phosphates. At the end of 96 h of natural fermentation maximum IP loss (70–75%) was achieved for an experiment carried out at minimum concentration. For IP₆, the largest decrease was achieved at the highest temperature, the fermentation condition that also brought about the highest IP₅ content.     

乳酸菌发酵降镉对大米淀粉结构和理化性质的影响

以乳酸菌发酵降镉后的大米作为研究对象,通过Osborne分级提取法分离出蛋白质后,分层提取大米白、黄淀粉。分析乳酸菌发酵降镉对大米淀粉的微观形态、结晶度、热特性、糊化特性、溶解度和膨润力的影响。结果表明,乳酸菌发酵降镉对大米白、黄淀粉的表面有轻微的损害;晶型未改变,为A型,但结晶度降低;糊化初始温度增加,吸热焓降低;随着糊化温度和峰值时间增加,崩解值减小;溶解度和膨润力均有小幅度增加。     

蔬菜发酵菌种的筛选及发酵特性

为了选择适合蔬菜发酵的发酵菌种,本研究从四川泡菜老汤中分离的6 种乳酸菌Lactobacillus plantarum、Lactobacillus fermentum、Lactobacillus brevi、Lactobacillus pentosus、Leuconostoc mesenteroides、Lactobacillus lactics筛选发酵菌种。6 种乳酸菌接入亚硝酸盐的MRS培养液中,6 种乳酸菌还原亚硝酸盐的大小顺序为Lactobacilluspentosus＞Lactobacillus plantarum＞Leuconostoc mesenteroides＞Lactobacillus fermentum＞Lactobacillus lactics＞Lactobacillus brevis。以pH值降低的速率为发酵速率,Lactobacillus plantarum、Lactobacillus pentosus、Leuconostocmesenteroides这3 种发酵剂的发酵速率较其他3 种快,并且通过乳酸菌的全细胞蛋白电泳实验得出此3 种乳酸菌在甘蓝发酵过程中能够成为优势菌。从乳酸菌还原亚硝酸盐的能力、发酵速率、发酵菌种的生存能力（是否能成为优势菌）的实验结果表明Lactobacillus plantarum、Lactobacillus pentosus、Leuconostoc mesenteroides这3 种乳酸菌作为蔬菜发酵的发酵剂。通过对3 种发酵菌种发酵特性的研究可知,Leuconostoc mesenteroides较另两种生长周期短,稳定期维持时间短,很快进入衰退期。Lactobacillus plantarum菌较Lactobacillus pentosus、Leuconostoc mesenteroides耐酸,Leuconostoc mesenteroides对酸敏感。Leuconostoc mesenteroides最适生长温度为30 ℃,Lactobacillus plantarum、Lactobacillus plantarum两种菌的最适生长温度是37 ℃。15 ℃条件下Leuconostoc mesenteroides的光密度（OD600 nm）值很低,说明Leuconostoc mesenteroides较Lactobacillus plantarum、Lactobacillus pentosus对低温敏感。     

耐氨米根霉的分批补料发酵及发酵动力学初探

以氨水为中和剂,替代CaCO3,对耐氨米根霉R.oryzaeJS-N0-2-02进行15L自动发酵罐的分批和分批补料发酵及其发酵动力学的初步研究,结果表明,降低起始糖浓度,产酸期补糖可明显提高菌体L-乳酸比生产速率和耗糖产酸能力,提高L-乳酸产量和纯度,降低残糖。在发酵起始时添加1 g/L CaCO3能进一步提高补糖发酵的L-乳酸比生产速率,增强发酵后期菌体耗糖产酸能力,从而进一步提高L-乳酸产量和纯度,降低残糖。发酵结果:起始糖浓度为120 g/L,25h时补糖使最终发酵总糖浓度达137 g/L,发酵培养60 h,L-乳酸产量可达101.8 g/L,纯度97.3%,菌体耗糖转化率76%,比生产速率0.27 g/g.h,残糖降至3 g/L。     

乳酸菌发酵大豆糖蜜生产乳酸及糖代谢变化

选用德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种KLDS1.8501、嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS1.0327、嗜酸乳杆菌ATCC11975、植物乳杆菌植物亚种CICC23168、干酪乳杆菌ATCC393、植物乳杆菌NAU322分别接种于大豆糖蜜,用高效液相色谱法测定乳酸的产生以及碳水化合物的利用情况,分析不同乳酸菌发酵大豆糖蜜生产乳酸能力及糖代谢能力。结果表明,在15 °Brix大豆糖蜜中,37?℃、pH?6.0条件下发酵24?h,植物乳杆菌植物亚种CICC23168的活细胞数达到6.66×109?CFU/mL,乳酸产生量为12.18?g/L,总糖消耗量为22.48?g/L,与其他菌株相比有明显优势。因此,植物乳杆菌植物亚种CICC23168是能利用大豆糖蜜发酵产乳酸的潜力菌株。     

菌群强化与直接装瓶发酵糟辣椒生产工艺研究

糟辣椒(即自然乳酸发酵辣椒)中，乳酸菌为优势菌群，适量酵母菌亦起重要作用。糟辣椒生产宜选择前期成熟的、椒肉组织结构厚实且质地硬脆的鲜红辣椒为原料。采用直接装瓶发酵新工艺进行糟辣椒生产，无论是调酸、防腐进行选择性抑菌，还是减菌后人工接种进行优势菌群强化，均可确保产品的安全发酵和品质提高。     

Screening and Identification of Functional Lactobacillus Specific for Vegetable Fermentation

Abstract: In this study, functional lactic acid bacteria (LAB) specific for vegetable fermentation were screened from Chinese sauerkraut brine by designing purpose media. The selected LAB strains showed excellent tolerance to high concentrations of bile salt and acids. They can also survive passage through the simulated gastric fluid and may be able to reach to the intestine. Through the performance measurements of vegetable fermentation, one of these strains, NCU116 was found to have the best fermentation ability, and further subjected to a series of analyses including identification of physiological and biochemical characteristics, 16S rDNA and pheS sequencing. Taken together, the strain NCU116 was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum. These results laid a good foundation for the fermentation research in the future.     

Malic Acid Analysis in Cucumber Juice and Fermentation Brines in the Presence of Interfering Fructose

A procedure was developed for HPLC analysis of malic acid in the presence of an interfering fructose peak with an Aminex HPX-87H column. Fructose in cucumber juice or fermented cucumber brine was reduced to mannitol and sorbitol with sodium borohydride. The sugar alcohols eluted after malic acid and did not absorb light at 210 nm so that malic acid could be quantitatively determined either by refractive index or ultraviolet detectors. Lactic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol could also be determined in the sample after reduction of fructose.     

泡菜中优良乳酸菌的分离鉴定及其发酵性能的研究

从多种泡菜中分离出92株菌，对其在低温下发酵能力进行测试，筛选出了四株产酸较快、发酵风味较好的菌株Leu．1、Leu．2、Lact．1和Lact．2。经API系统鉴定，Leu．1和Leu．2为肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种(Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp.mesenteroides)，Lact．1为干酪乳杆菌干酪亚种(Lactobacillus casei subsp.casei)，Lact.2为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)。在10℃发酵白菜中，接种发酵的产酸速度和风味明显优于自然发酵，其中Leu．1和Leu．2发酵前期产酸较快，发酵11d白菜汁pH值达3．67，而Lact．1和Lact．2发酵11d pH值达3．30左右。另外还对四株菌的相关发酵性能进行了测试。     

传统发酵泡菜优势微生物及其代谢特性

采用平板计数法分析泡菜发酵过程中主要微生物的变化规律,并利用高效液相色谱仪、pH计等仪器分析底物、代谢产物和pH值的变化。结果表明：我国传统泡菜发酵过程中的主要微生物有乳酸菌、醋酸菌、酵母菌及霉菌;发酵7 d后,卤水的最终pH值由初始的5.7降至3.2;蔗糖作为发酵体系内的主要碳源,在整个发酵过程中被大量代谢利用,发酵7 d后,蔗糖浓度由初始的74.4 mmol/L变为18.4 mmol/L;而葡萄糖和果糖在发酵过程中没有明显被利用,其浓度分别维持在28.1 mmol/L和23.2 mmol/L;柠檬酸与苹果酸分别在24 h和12 h时达到最大浓度（3.4 mmol/L和8.9 mmol/L）,然后下降,最后维持稳定,因此,发酵微生物对柠檬酸和苹果酸有一定的利用能力;乳酸是发酵过程中的主要代谢产物并且呈现稳定的增长趋势,其浓度由初始的5.6 mmol/L增长至149.6 mmol/L;乙酸和乙醇的产生则主要发生在泡菜的发酵前期。     

肉类发酵剂及其发酵方式

在干香肠的制作过程中,添加剂、发酵过程、生产过程中很多方面的变化都与发酵剂有关.本文详细介绍了常用于工业发酵的乳酸杆菌、片球菌、微球菌和葡萄球菌等发酵剂的生长代谢和生产工艺.     

益生菌发酵苹果汁工艺优化及有机酸的变化

以红富士苹果为原料,进行乳酸菌发酵苹果汁工艺条件优化并分析发酵期间苹果汁有机酸的变化。选择Lactobacillus paracasei 20241、Bifidobacterium animalis 6165、Streptococcus thermophilus 6063和Lactobacillus acidophilus 6005混合发酵苹果汁,以活菌数和感官评分为主要指标,在单因素试验基础上进行响应面优化试验,研究不同的菌种比例、接种量、发酵时间等对苹果汁活菌数和感官评分的影响。结果表明,乳酸菌发酵苹果汁的优化工艺条件为菌种比例1∶1∶1∶1、接种量2%、发酵时间24 h、发酵温度37℃,在此条件下得到的活菌数为1.985×108 CFU/mL,感官评分为80.23分。采用最佳工艺条件发酵苹果汁,利用高效液相色谱法对发酵过程中苹果汁有机酸的变化情况进行分析,结果表明:经过发酵后,苹果酸和琥珀酸含量下降明显(P0.05),而乳酸、奎宁酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、丙酮酸和莽草酸含量均显著提高(P0.05)。