Serum n-3 Tetracosapentaenoic Acid and Tetracosahexaenoic Acid Increase Following Higher Dietary α-Linolenic Acid but not Docosahexaenoic Acid

n‐3 Tetracosapentaenoic acid (24:5n‐3, TPAn‐3) and tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:6n‐3, THA) are believed to be important intermediates to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) synthesis. The purpose of this study is to report for the first time serum concentrations of TPAn‐3 and THA and their response to changing dietary α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3, ALA) and DHA. The responses will then be used in an attempt to predict the location of these fatty acids in relation to DHA in the biosynthetic pathway. Male Long Evans rats (n = 6 per group) were fed either a low (0.1% of total fatty acids), medium (3%) or high (10%) ALA diet with no added DHA, or a low (0%), medium (0.2%) or high (2%) DHA diet with a background of 2% ALA for 8 weeks post‐weaning. Serum n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations (nmol/mL ± SEM) were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Serum THA increases from low (0.3 ± 0.1) to medium (5.8 ± 0.7) but not from medium to high (4.6 ± 0.9) dietary ALA, while serum TPAn‐3 increases with increasing dietary ALA from 0.09 ± 0.04 to 0.70 ± 0.09 to 1.23 ± 0.14 nmol/mL. Following DHA feeding, neither TPAn‐3 or THA change across all dietary DHA intake levels. Serum TPAn‐3 demonstrates a similar response to dietary DHA. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that increases in dietary ALA but not DHA increase serum TPAn‐3 and THA in rats, suggesting that both fatty acids are precursors to DHA in the biosynthetic pathway.     

Repletion of n-3 Fatty Acid Deficient Dams with α-Linolenic Acid: Effects on Fetal Brain and Liver Fatty Acid Composition

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supply to the fetal brain depends upon the dam’s dietary intake of n-3 fats. In this study, we measured the incorporation of DHA into the fetal brain and liver in n-3 fatty acid deficient (0.1% alpha-linolenate) mice upon switching to an n-3 fatty acid adequate (2.1% alpha-linolenate) diet. Second generation mice raised and maintained on an n-3 deficient diet during mating were switched to an n-3 adequate diet on embryonic day 1 (ED 1) or ED 13. Fatty acid analysis was performed on fetal brains and livers and on maternal serum on ED 13, 15, 17, and 19. Although fetal brain and liver DHA began at a very low level (both exhibited an 85% decline), recovery was nearly complete by ED 15 in the group switched near conception but thereafter diverged. The maternal serum and fetal liver were very similar in their DHA and docosapentaenoic acid time courses. However, when repletion began on ED 13, brain DHA recovery was only about 44%. These results suggest that a nutritional intervention with alpha-linolenic acid can nearly but incompletely rescue the mouse fetal DHA deficiency if began at the time of conception but that the third trimester is too late, thus leaving a large DHA gap.     

Dietary n-3 HUFA Affects Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Capacity and Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress in Atlantic Salmon

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (90 g) were fed four different diets for 21 weeks (final weight 344 g). The levels of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) ranged from 11% of the total fatty acids (FA) in the low n-3 diet to 21% in the intermediate n-3 diet, to 55 and 58% in the high n-3 diets. The high n-3 diets were enriched with either docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Increasing dietary levels of n-3 HUFA led to increasing percentages (from 31 to 52%) of these FA in liver lipids. The group fed the highest level of DHA had higher expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β and the FA β-oxidation genes acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-II, compared to the low n-3 groups. The high n-3 groups had reduced activity of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and β-oxidation capacity, together with increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and caspase-3 activities. In the group fed the highest level of n-3 HUFA, decreased percentages of major phospholipids (PL) in the mitochondrial and microsomal membranes of the liver were also apparent. The percentage of mitochondrial cardiolipin (Ptd₂Gro) was 3.1 in the highest n-3 group compared to 6.6 in the intermediate group. These data clearly show an increased incidence of oxidative stress in the liver of fish fed the high n-3 diets.     

Increased Elongase 6 and Δ9-Desaturase Activity are Associated with n-7 and n-9 Fatty Acid Changes in Cystic Fibrosis

Patients with cystic fibrosis, caused by mutations in CFTR, exhibit specific and consistent alterations in the levels of particular unsaturated fatty acids compared with healthy controls. Evidence suggests that these changes may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Among these abnormalities are increases in the levels of n-7 and n-9 fatty acids, particularly palmitoleate (16:1n-7), oleate (18:1n-9), and eicosatrienoate or mead acid (20:3n-9). The underlying mechanisms of these particular changes are unknown, but similar changes in the n-3 and n-6 fatty acid families have been correlated with increased expression of fatty acid metabolic enzymes. This study demonstrated that cystic fibrosis cells in culture exhibit increased metabolism along the metabolic pathways leading to 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, and 20:3n-9 compared with wild-type cells. Furthermore, these changes are accompanied by increased expression of the enzymes that produce these fatty acids, namely Δ5, Δ6, and Δ9 desaturases and elongases 5 and 6. Taken together, these findings suggest that fatty acid abnormalities of the n-7 and n-9 series in cystic fibrosis are as a result, at least in part, of increased expression and activity of these metabolic enzymes in CFTR-mutated cells.     

鱼油中n-3系脂肪酸的提纯

本文阐述了鱼油中n－3系脂肪酸在国民经济许多领域中的广泛应用,较为详细地介绍了鱼油中n－3脂肪酸及EPA（二十碳五烯酸）及DHA（二十二碳六烷酸）的提纯过程。     

Lymphatic Transport of α-Linolenic Acid and Its Conversion to Long Chain n-3 Fatty Acids in Rats Fed Microemulsions of Linseed Oil

In the present study we evaluated the uptake of ALA and its conversion to EPA + DHA in rats given linseed oil (LSO) in native form or as a microemulsion in whey protein or in lipoid. In a single oral dose study in which rats maintained on rodent pellets deficient in ω-3 fatty acids were intubated with 0.35 g LSO in lipoid, the amount of ALA present in lymph was increased reaching a maximum concentration of 16.23 mg/ml at 2.5 h. The amount of ALA present in lymph was increased to a maximum level of 10.95 mg/ml at 4 h in rats given LSO as a microemulsion in whey protein. When LSO was given without emulsification, the amount of ALA present in lymph was found to reach a maximum level of 7.08 mg/ml at 6 h. A similar result was observed when weaning rats were intubated with 0.15 g of LSO per day for a period of 60 days. Higher levels of ALA by 41 and 103 % were observed in lymph lipids of rats given microemulsions of LSO in whey protein and in lipoid respectively as compared to rats given LSO without pre-emulsification. Very little conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA was observed in lymph lipids but higher amounts of EPA + DHA was observed in liver and serum of rats given LSO in microemulsion form. This study indicated that ALA concentration in lymph lipids was increased when LSO was given in microemulsion form in lipoid and further conversion to EPA and DHA was facilitated in liver and serum.     

Total Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Food Sources in the United States Compared to Recommended Intakes: NHANES 2003–2008

The American Heart Association recommends consuming fish (particularly oily fish) at least two times per week, which would provide ≈ 0.5 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Previous analyses indicate that this recommendation is not being met; however, few studies have assessed different ethnicities, subpopulations requiring additional n-3 fatty acid intake (i.e., children and pregnant and/or lactating women), or deciles of intake. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2008 was used to assess n-3 fatty acid intake from foods and supplements in the US population, according to age, sex, and ethnicity. A unique “EPA equivalents” factor, which accounts for potential conversion of shorter-chain n-3 fatty acids, was used to calculate total long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake. Data are reported for 24,621 individuals. More than 90% consumed less than the recommended 0.5 g/day from food sources (median = 0.11 g/day; mean = 0.17 g/day). Among the top 15% of n-3 fatty acid consumers, fish was the largest dietary contributor (71.2%). Intake was highest in men aged 20 years or more, and lowest in children and women who are or may become pregnant and/or are lactating. Among ethnicities, intake was lowest in Mexican-Americans. Only 6.2% of the total population reported n-3 fatty acid supplement use, and this did not alter median daily intake. Additional strategies are needed to increase awareness of health benefits (particularly among Mexican-Americans and women of childbearing age) and promote consumption of oily fish or alternative dietary sources to meet current recommendations.     

发展空间巨大n-3脂肪酸市场亟待规范

在北京第29届奥运会的运动员食谱中,各式各样的鱼成为不可或缺的菜式。原因在于,鱼肉中含有丰富的n-3脂肪酸,其可以令肌肉消除疲劳。因而,运动员在剧烈运动之后吃鱼可以帮助他们尽快恢复体能。而据专家介绍,另一新产品——海豹油比鱼油更富含n-3脂肪酸,而且吸收利用率更高。     

Effects of 3β-Acethyl Tormentic Acid (3ATA) on ABCC Proteins Activity

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is considered the main cause of cancer chemotherapy failure and patient relapse. The active drug efflux mediated by transporter proteins of the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) family is the most investigated mechanism leading to MDR. With the aim of inhibiting this transport and circumventing MDR, a great amount of work has been dedicated to identifying pharmacological inhibitors of specific ABC transporters. We recently showed that 3β-acetyl tormentic acid (3ATA) had no effect on P-gp/ABCB1 activity. Herein, we show that 3ATA strongly inhibited the activity of MRP1/ABCC1. In the B16/F10 and Ma104 cell lines, this effect was either 20X higher or similar to that observed with MK571, respectively. Nevertheless, the low inhibitory effect of 3ATA on A549, a cell line that expresses MRP1-5, suggests that it may not inhibit other MRPs. The use of cells transfected with ABCC2, ABCC3 or ABCC4 showed that 3ATA was also able to modulate these transporters, though with an inhibition ratio lower than that observed for MRP1/ABCC1. These data point to 3ATA as a new ABCC inhibitor and call attention to its potential use as a tool to investigate the function of MRP/ABCC proteins or as a co-adjuvant in the treatment of MDR tumors.     

Decreasing the Linoleic Acid to α-Linolenic Acid Diet Ratio Increases Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Erythrocytes in Adults

The n-6/n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratio has increased in the Western-style diet to ~10–15:1 during the last century, which may have contributed to the rise in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prior studies have evaluated the effects on CVD risk factors of manipulating the levels of n-6 and n-3 FA using food and supplements or investigated the metabolic fate of linoleic acid (LNA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) by varying the n-6/n-3 ratios. However, no previous studies have investigated the potential interaction between diet ratios and supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). We used a factorial design approach with adults (n = 24) in a controlled feeding trial to compare the accretion of EPA and DHA into red blood cell membranes (RBC) by adding a direct source (algal oil supplement) of EPA and DHA in a diet with a 10:1 versus 2:1 ratio of n-6/n-3 FA. Subjects were randomized into 8-week crossover diet sequences and each subject consumed three of four diets [10:1, 10:1 plus supplement (10:1 + S), 2:1 and 2:1 + S]. LNA and ALA intakes were 9.4 and 7.7%, and 1.0 and 3.0% during the low and high ALA diets, respectively. Compared to the Western-style 10:1 diet, the 2:1 diet increased EPA by 60% (P < 0.0001) in RBC membranes without the direct EPA source and a 34% increase (P = 0.027) was observed with the 10:1 + S diet; however, DHA levels increased in both diet ratios only with a direct DHA source. Shifting towards a 2:1 diet is a valid alternative to taking EPA-containing supplements.     

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of CF3Se-Substituted α-Amino Acid Derivatives

Several CF₃Se-substituted α-amino acid derivatives, such as (R)-2-amino-3-((trifluoromethyl)selanyl)propanoates ( 5 a / 6 a ), (S)-2-amino-4-((trifluoromethyl)selanyl)butanoates ( 5 b / 6 b ), (2R,3R)-2-amino-3-((trifluoromethyl)selanyl)butanoates ( 5 c / 6 c ), (R)-2-((S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanamido)-3-((trifluoromethyl)selanyl)propanoates ( 11 a / 12 a ), and (R)-2-(2-aminoacetamido)-3-((trifluoromethyl)selanyl)propanoates ( 11 b / 12 b ), were readily synthesized from natural amino acids and [Me₄N][SeCF₃]. The primary in vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that compounds 6 a , 11 a and 12 a were more effective cell growth inhibitors than the other tested CF₃Se-substituted derivatives towards MCF-7, HCT116, and SK-OV-3 cells, with their IC₅₀ values being less than 10 μM for MCF-7 and HCT116 cells. This study indicated the potentials of CF₃Se moiety as a pharmaceutically relevant group in the design and synthesis of novel biologically active molecules.     

酸性蓝3GL（C．I．Acid Blue 171）

美佳特蓝3GL（C．I．Acid Blue 171）是杭州下沙恒升化工有限公司推向市场的国内尚不多见的品种，它是Ciba公司Lanaset系列中不可或缺的品种，主基为蓝灰色调。主要适用于拼深色品种，作为改良型1：2金属络合染料配以相应匀染剂，在pH=4．5～5之间染色。其配伍性优良，重现性佳，具高标准牢度，适用在羊毛、羊绒、丝、锦纶及其混纺产品染色。     

Does Short-Term Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Influence Brain Hippocampus Gene Expression of Zinc Transporter-3?

Dietary omega-3 fatty acids have been recognized to improve brain cognitive function. Deficiency leads to dysfunctional zinc metabolism associated with learning and memory impairment. The objective of this study is to explore the effect of short-term dietary omega-3 fatty acids on hippocampus gene expression at the molecular level in relation to spatial recognition memory in mice. A total of 24 male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups and fed a standard pellet as a control group (CTL, n = 6), standard pellet added with 10% (w/w) fish oil (FO, n = 6), 10% (w/w) soybean oil (SO, n = 6) and 10% (w/w) butter (BT, n = 6). After 3 weeks on the treatment diets, spatial-recognition memory was tested on a Y-maze. The hippocampus gene expression was determined using a real-time PCR. The results showed that 3 weeks of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improved cognitive performance along with the up-regulation of α-synuclein, calmodulin and transthyretin genes expression. In addition, dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency increased the level of ZnT3 gene and subsequently reduced cognitive performance in mice. These results indicate that the increased the ZnT3 levels caused by the deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids produced an abnormal zinc metabolism that in turn impaired the brain cognitive performance in mice.     

Linolenic Acid Project in Liaoning

The agreement on the construction ofAsia's biggest Y-linolenic acid projecthas recently been signed.The project willbe located in Liaoning Dalian Develop-     

Supply Shortage of Adipic Acid

Adipic acid is an important organicchemical raw material.In China adi-pic acid is mainly used as raw mate-rial in the production of nylon 66 salt,     

Rapid Demand Inerease of Iminodiacetic Acid

Iminodiacetic acid is an important finechemical intermediate.It can formchelates with many types of metalions.98% of iminodiacetic acid inChina is used to produce herbicide     

Encapsulated Zosteric Acid Embedded in Poly[3-hydroxyalkanoate] Coatings—Protection against Biofouling

Summary The natural, non-toxic antifouling compound zosteric acid (ZA, p-coumaric acid sulfate) was encapsulated in polystyrene (PS) microcapsules (30 mg ZA /1 g PS) with an efficiency of 30 % via an in-liquid drying process. Electron micrographs showed microcapsules with smooth surfaces and a mean diameter of 200 m. The FIB method was used to cross-section a microcapsule in order to visualize the inner capsule structure and to localize ZA via element analysis. Coatings of a biocompatible polyester, poly[3-hydroxyalkanoate-co-3-hydroxyalkenoate] (PHAE), were prepared on microscopic slides. These coatings contained dispersed ZA (PHAE/ZA) or ZA-loaded PS microcapsules (PHAE/PS(ZA)). The release of ZA was monitored via conductivy measurements in water and was 4 gcm^-2d^-1 for PHAE/ZA and 0.9 gcm^-2d^-1 for PHAE/PS(ZA) coatings. To follow the initial steps of biofilm formation, coated slides were exposed to activated sludge and analyzed for cell adhesion with ESEM. ZA was effective during the burst release time of the PHAE/ZA coating, but no significant differences in biofouling were observed after 48 h. This was attributed to the minimal effective release rate of ZA, which is approximately 10 gcm^-2d^-1.     

Rapid Demand Increase for Isocaprylic Acid

Isocaprylic acid and its salts are im-portant fine chemicals. They aremainly used as accelerators and cata-lysts for unsaturated polyester resins,driers for coatings and inks, assis-tants for PVC processing, assistantsfor metal processing and lubricationand accelerators for rubber curing.They can also be used as intermedi-ates to synthesize pharmaceuticals,dyestuffs, pesticides, and flavors.     

Bafeng Establishes Amino Acid Production Base

Hubei Bafeng Pharmaceutical & Chemi-cals Share Co.,Ltd.and China SanjiangSpace Industry Group Co.have recentlysigned an agreement on the joint de-velopment of amino acid products andthe joint establishment of China's larg-