纳米Ti02多孔微粒阳光催化降解活性艳蓝染料

首次利用高分子悬浮聚合与溶胶—凝胶法相结合的技术，成功地制备不同孔结构的TiO2多孔微粒，并对其光催化降解活性艳蓝KN—R的染料溶液PH、无机阴离子、光强、通空气等影响因素进行了系统研究。结果表明：强酸性条件有利于染料在催化剂表面的吸附，而强碱性条件有利于催化反应的进行；常见无机阴离子cl^-、so4^2-，对染料降解有不同程度的抑制作用；染料降解效率随光强增加而提高；光降解动力学结果表明：TiO2多孔微粒对活性艳蓝KN—R染料的光催化降解反应符合一级反应动力学；降解时持续通空气有利于降解效率的提高。实验证明所制得的微粒具有良好的光催化降解效果和重复使用性能。     

TiO2/活性炭复合体对罗丹明B的光催化降解

以紫外灯为光源,通过对可溶性染料罗丹明B的降解反应,考察TiO2／活性炭复合体的光催化活性,探讨了光催化反应中溶液的pH值、光强、反应温度和罗丹明B的起始浓度对催化反应的影响,结果表明,TiO2／活性炭复合体具有很高的光催化活性,对罗丹明B的降解过程遵循Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程,降解速率受pH值、罗丹明B起始浓度和入射光强度的影响很大,反应温度对降解速率影响很小．在研究范围内,pH6和40W的入射光强度有利于光催化降解．     

Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂对活性艳蓝KN-R脱色的研究

利用Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色进行研究,探讨了催化剂的制备方法、铁负载量、投加剂量、反应体系pH值以及焙烧温度对活性艳蓝KN-R催化脱色效率的影响,并考察了催化剂的重复利用性能.结果表明:离子交换法制得的Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂表现出较佳的染料脱色性能.在pH＜3.0,H2O2投加剂量为50.0 mmol·l-1,催化剂投加剂量为4.0g·l-1的条件下,对初始浓度为250mg·l-1的KN-R模拟染料废水,30 min之内脱色率达95%以上.采用有机酸络合铁作为铁源制得的Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂的催化活性大幅增强,但催化剂稳定性降低.铁负载量影响染料的脱色反应活性,过量负载会导致染料脱色效率降低;同样,适度增大催化剂用量可促进染料脱色效率,但过量投加不利于染料的脱色.pH＜3.0为该Y型分子筛负载铁催化剂的适用pH条件;催化剂重复利用三次后,1h内对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色率仍可达95%以上.     

UV-vis/草酸铁/Fenton体系降解蒽醌染料

以活性艳蓝KN—R作为研究对象,考察了处理活性艳蓝KN-R的主要影响因素。在固定染料浓度为100 mg/L时,得到氧化体系的最佳用量比值为ρ(Fe2+):ρ(H2O2):ρ(H2C2O4)为1:15:1.5。在最佳条件下,脱色率达到95%以上,COD和TOC去除率分别达到87.7%和66.8%。活性艳蓝KN-R脱色的动力学模型为拟一级反应模型。     

多针-水电极直流电晕放电染料废水脱色

采用多针-水电极反应器,研究了直流电晕放电对活性艳蓝KN-R染料废水的脱色,考察了放电电压、初始pH值和初始浓度对活性艳蓝脱色的影响,通过对液相活性物质(O3和.OH)浓度的考察探讨了脱色机理.结果表明,多针-水电极直流电晕放电对活性艳蓝脱色效果明显;放电电压、溶液初始pH值对活性艳蓝脱色效果的影响与其对液相O和.OH浓度的影响一致;.OH和O是促使RBB脱色的主要因素.     

多孔陶瓷球负载纳米晶粒二氧化钛光催化剂的制备及光催化活性

以多孔陶瓷球为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法在其表面进行纳米TiO2薄膜负载,制备了多孔陶瓷球负载纳米晶粒二氧化钛光催化剂,经X射线衍射法(XRD)等手段对其表征结果表明,复合载体经500℃焙烧后,TiO2以锐钛矿晶型存在。对催化剂降解活性艳蓝溶液的催化活性进行研究表明,催化剂在5 h内可完全降解活性艳蓝染料。     

NKY功能化树脂静态吸附混合染料的研究

探讨了NKY功能化树脂对混合染料(活性艳蓝：KN-R和活性艳橙K-GN)的静态吸附行为．结果表明：NKY树脂吸附单组分染料的能力大于其对混合染料的吸附，而且对混合体系中的染料有一定的选择性，吸附KN-R的速率较大．从动力学研究来看，NKY对混合染料的吸附速率其决定步骤是液膜扩散．等温曲线的结果显示，NKY对混合染料中每种组分的吸附行为同吸附单组分体系的类似，同时，随温度的升高，吸附速率常数增大，标准自由能变的绝对值增大。     

过渡金属Fe、Co、Ni介孔分子筛MCM-41催化剂的制备及其氧化性能

本研究用直接法和后处理法合成了不同过渡金属(Fe、Co、Ni)负载的介孔分子筛载体材料MCM-41,并利用Al对分子筛进行了改性,制备了Fe/Al复合催化剂,对上述材料进行了表征.研究了这些非均相催化剂对染料活性艳蓝KN-R的催化氧化脱色,分别研究了催化剂制备方法、过渡金属种类及负载量对KN-R脱色效率的影响,并考察了所制得催化剂的稳定性和重复利用性.结果表明,直接法合成的催化剂具有较高的催化性能及较低的金属溶出量,负载铁(Ⅱ)的催化剂对染料的催化降解性能要远高于钴(Ⅱ)和镍(Ⅱ)负载型催化剂,催化氧化活性随金属负载量的提高而显著升高.Al改性进一步提高了催化剂的活性,在pH=2.5,氧化剂H_2O_2投加剂量为50.0 mmol·L~(-1),催化剂剂量为4.0 g·L~(-1)的条件下,反应30 min,对初始浓度为250 mg·L~(-1)的KN-R染料的脱色率均可达95%以上,矿化率达60%以上.当Al/Si为0.21,Fe负载量为23.6 mg·g~(-1)时,在10 min内可将250 mg·L-1的KN-R完全脱色.经过3次循环使用后,上述催化剂仍能表现出良好的性能,但进一步循环使用,催化活性下降.     

TiO2纳米管光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）的研究

以水热法制备TiO2纳米管,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD),高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和紫外可见漫反射光谱对其结构和性质进行了表征.研究了光催化还原溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的反应活性,分别考察了煅烧温度、反应溶液的pH、助催化剂对TiO2纳米管光催化还原的影响.实验结果表明,TiO2-550光催化活性最优;酸性条件有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的还原;NiO和Co2O3复合的TiO2-550光催化活性明显提高.     

常见离子对漆酶降解活性艳蓝的调控作用

漆酶具有很高的工业价值,但水体中离子的存在为其推广使用带来了巨大挑战.探讨水体中常见的7种阳离子和8种阴离子调控自由漆酶和漆酶–介体系统对水中活性艳蓝降解速率的差异.结果显示:Mn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、HPO_4~(2-)和NO_2~-在0-10 mmol/L范围内可促进漆酶对活性艳蓝的降解,降解速率由高到低依次为NO_2~-、Mn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、HPO_4~(2-);SO_3~(2-)、Cl~-、Fe~(2+)和Fe~(3+)对活性艳蓝的降解有抑制作用,其中Fe~(2+)和SO_3~(2-)的最低抑制浓度分别为5和0.5 mmol/L;其他离子对漆酶降解活性艳蓝没有显著性影响.在5种介体的协同作用中,紫脲酸(VA)的效果最佳,导致漆酶对活性艳蓝的降解速率提升10%左右,其余介体的促进效率明显低于VA.在同等离子的调控下,漆酶–介体系统中的降解速率优于自由漆酶.本研究初步揭示了漆酶对活性艳蓝的降解机理,同时可以通过控制水体中离子的种类和数量来更好地实现漆酶对活性艳蓝的降解,结果可为漆酶在实际染料废水处理中的应用提供理论依据.(图4表4参40)     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.