实验性铅中毒对睾丸神经生长因子基因表达的影响

目的 探讨实验性铅中毒对睾丸组织神经生长因子（ＮＧＦ）基因表达的影响。方法 小鼠以０．５％醋酸铅自由饮服８周,测定血铅和睾丸铅含量。采用原位杂交法（以地高辛标记ＮＦＧ ＤＮＡ为探针）和ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法,观察睾丸组织ＮＧＦ ｍＲＮＡ含量的变化。结果 铅染毒小鼠血铅和睾丸组织铅含量明显升高;原位杂交结果显示,铅染毒小鼠睾丸杂交信号明显减少,ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ结果表明,铅染毒小鼠睾丸组织ＮＧＦ ｍＲＮＡ表达量     

培养的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞血管紧张素Ⅱ受体的基因表达及调节

在培养的自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）和正常血压ＷＫＹ大鼠的主动动脉平滑肌细胞（ＡＳＭＣ）模型，应用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交和逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）技术，分别检测ＡＳＭＣ中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（ｈＦＧＦ）和血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡＮＧⅡ）Ｉ型受体（ＡＴ１Ｒ）的基因表达。结果表明：ＳＨＲＡＳＭＣ中ｈＦＧＦ基因的基础表达和ＡＮＧⅡ刺激后的表达水平元旦明显高于ＷＫＹ大鼠；ｂＦＧＦ（１０ｎｍ／ｍｌ）对两种     

α-黑素细胞刺激素体外对星形胶质细胞产生NO和前炎性细胞因子的影响

目的：研究α－黑素细胞刺激素（α－ＭＳＨ）对ＬＰＳ诱导星形胶质细胞产生ＮＯ和前炎性细胞因子的影响。探讨α－ＭＳＨ的抗炎作用机制。方法：分别用ＬＰＳ或α－ＭＳＨ＋ＬＰＳ处理体外培养的大鼠脑星形胶质细胞,用Ｇｒｉｅｓｓ试剂测定ＮＯ,以ＭＴＴ显色法检测ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６和ＴＮＦ－α,采用半定量ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测ＭＩＦｍＲＮＡ表达。结果：体外培养的星形胶质细胞在ＬＰＳ刺激下产生ＮＯ、ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６、ＴＮＦ－α和表达ＭＩＦｍＲＮＡ表达。结果：体外的星形胶质细胞在ＬＰＳ刺激下产生ＮＯ、ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６、ＴＮＦ－α和表达ＭＩＦｍＲＮＡ显著增高;若同时给予ＬＰＳ和α－ＭＳＨ,可明显降低ＮＯ、ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６和ＴＮＦ－α的产生以及ＭＩＦｍＲＮＡ表达。结论：Ｒ昧α－ＭＳＨ抑制星形胶质细胞产生ＮＯ和前炎性细胞因子与其抑制中枢神     

慢性缺氧影响肺脏内皮素和一氧化氮合成酶mRNA的表达

以逆转录多聚酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）检测了慢性缺氧大鼠肺组织内内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）ｍＲＮＡ．内皮素受体－Ａ（ＥＴＲ－Ａ）ｍＲＮＡ和一氧化氮合成酶（ＮＯＳ）ｍＲＮＡ的表达水平。结果显示：缺氧１，２．３周时，肺内ＥＴ－１ｍＲＮＡ分别较正常对照上升６３．８％，１０５．５％和４０．９％（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。ＥＴＲ－ＡｍＲＮＡ分别上升５０．６％．５７．４％和５６．３％（Ｐ均＜０．０５），而ＮＯＳｍＮＲＡＲ则分别较正常对照下降３４．２％．４９．６％和３３．５％（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。提示缺氧时肺内ＥＴ水平上升和ＮＯ减少与缺氧刺激肺内ＥＴ－１ｍＲＮＡ表达增加和ＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ表达减少有关。     

中年自发性高血压大鼠主动脉α1肾上腺素受体亚型的改变

目的：研究１２月龄Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠与同龄自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）主动脉α１肾上腺。素受体（α１－ａｄｒｅｎｏｃｅｐｔｏｒ，α１－ＡＲ）亚型的分布。方法：采用离体灌流血管收缩功能实验和逆转录－多聚酶链式反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）方法，结果：ＳＨＲ与同龄Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠相比，ＢＭＹ７３７８拮抗去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）缩血管效应的ｐＡ２值显著增大，ｓｅｒｔｉｎｄｏｌｅ的ｐＡ２值显著减小，而ＷＢ４１０１的ｐＡ２值无显著变化。ＣＥＣ预处理引起ＮＥ累积浓度－收缩效应曲线右移的作用显著增大。主动脉α１－ＡＲ３种亚型的ｍＲＮＡ稳态水平无明显改变。提示１２月龄ＳＨＲ主动脉中介导ＮＥ缩血管效应的α１－ＡＲ由对照组的α１Ａ－ＡＲ与α１Ｄ－ＡＲ亚型变为以α１Ｄ－ＡＲ亚型为主，这种改变不发生在ｍＲＮＡ表达水平     

慢性缺氧影响肺脏内皮素和一氧经氮合成酶mRNA的表达

以逆转录多聚酶链反庆（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）检测了慢性缺氧大鼠肺组织内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）ｍＲＮＡ内皮素受体－Ａ（ＥＴＲ－Ａ）ｍＲＮＡ和一氧化氮合成酶（ＮＯＳ）ｍＲＮＡ的表达水平，结果显示：缺氧１、２、３周时，肺内ＥＴ－１ｍＲＮＡ分别较正常对照上升６３．８％，１０５．５％，和４０．９％（Ｐ均〈０．０５），ＥＴＲ－ＡｍＲＮＡ分别上升５０．６％，５７．４％和５６．３％（Ｐ均〈０．０５）而ＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ则分别较     

狼疮性肾炎病人肾脏组织中IL—6mRNA的表达

为探讨ＩＬ－６在狼疮性肾炎病人肾脏组织中的表达情况及其致病作用，我们用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ和原位杂交方法对狼疮性肾炎病人和正常人肾穿标本中的ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ进行检测。结果：（１）用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法检测的５例病人都有ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ的表达，而３例正常对照中仅一例有弱的ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ的表达。（２）用地高辛标记的ＩＬ－６ｃＤＮＡ探针，对１３例病人进行原位杂交检测，结果都有不同程度ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ的表达，表达部位在肾小球系膜细胞、小管上皮细胞、血管内皮细胞和间质细胞等。而３例正常对照未检测到ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ的表达。表明在狼疮性肾炎病人肾脏组织中ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ表达增高，且ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ的高表达与血清中ＡＮＡ水平及肾脏ＩｇＧ、Ｃ３沉积可能有关。提示ＩＬ－６在狼疮性肾炎发病中可能有重要的病理作用。     

TGF—β1对肾间质成纤维细胞Ⅲ型胶原表达的影响

通过观察ＴＧＦ－β１对肾间质成纤维细胞的增殖及Ⅲ胶原ｍＲＮＡ表达的影响,探讨间质成纤维细胞在肾纤维化过程中的作用。方法应用大鼠肾间质成纤维细胞体外培养。以ＭＴＴ比色法和ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ法,观察ＴＧＦ－β１对肾间质成纤维细胞的增殖作用和对Ⅲ型 ｍＲＮＡ表达的影响。     

定量测定IL—4和IFN—γmRNA的RT—竞争PCR法及其 …

目的 建立测定ＩＦＮ－γｍＲＮＡ和ＩＬ－ｍＲＮＡ和ＲＴ－竞争ＰＣＲ方法，探讨体外诱生条件并作临床初步应用。方法 用自行设计和制备的ＩＦＮ－γ ＣＤＮＡ和ＩＬ－４ ｅＤＮＡ竞争模板，作ＲＴ－竞争ＰＣＲ，对健康人经ＰＭＡ和ｃａｌｃｉｕｍ ｉｏｎｏｐｈｏｒｅ（钙离子载体）诱导的ＰＢＭＣ、１１例健康人和１３例哮喘患者ＰＢＭＣ作ＩＦＮ－γ ｍＲＮＡ和ＩＬ－４ ｍＲＮＡ定量测定。结果 在建立了准确的定量测定ｍ     

应用逆转录PCR技术检测细胞因子基因表达

逆转录ＰＣＲ（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）可以快速、灵敏地检测表达很低或只有几个细胞表达折细胞因子ｍＲＮＡ。这项技术又叫细胞因子ｍＲＮＡ扩增测定技术（即ＭＡｐｐｉｎｇ）。可同时测定各种细胞中多种细胞因子ｍＲＮＡ。操作过程包括ＲＮＡ分离、ｍＲＮＡ逆转录为ｃＤＮＡ，ＰＣＲ扩增、产物检测等。根据定量细胞因子ｍＲＮＡ原理和方法的不同，可分为半定量ＰＣＲ法、竞争性定量ＰＣＲ法、内参标定量ＰＣＲ法、ＨＰＬＣ－ＰＣＲ法以及酶     

Expression of orphanin FQ and the opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor in the developing human and rat brain

The orphanin peptide system, although structurally similar to the endogenous opioid family of peptides and receptors, has been established as a distinct neurochemical entity. The distribution of the opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor and its endogenous ligand orphanin FQ (OFQ) in the central nervous system of the adult rat has been recently reported, and although diffusely disseminated throughout the brain, this neuropeptide system is particularly expressed within stress and pain circuitry. Little is known concerning the normal expression of the orphanin system during gestation, nor how opiate or stress exposure may influence its development. Using in situ hybridization techniques, the present study was undertaken to determine the normal pattern of expression of ORL1 mRNA in the human and rat brain at various developmental stages. Rat embryos, postnatal rat brains and postmortem human brains were collected, frozen and cut into 15 μm coronal sections. In situ hybridization was performed using riboprobes generated from cDNA containing representative human and rat ORL1 and OFQ sequences. Both ORL1 and OFQ mRNA is detected as early as E12 in the cortical plate, basal forebrain, brainstem and spinal cord. Expression for both ORL1 and OFQ is strongest during the early postnatal period, remaining strong in the spinal cord, brainstem, ventral forebrain, and neocortex into the adult. Human ORL1 and OFQ expression is observed at 16 weeks gestation, remaining relatively unchanged up to 36 weeks. The influence of early orphanin expression on maturation of stress and pain circuitry in the developing brain remains unknown.     

Expression of orphanin FQ and the opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor in the developing human and rat brain.

The orphanin peptide system, although structurally similar to the endogenous opioid family of peptides and receptors, has been established as a distinct neurochemical entity. The distribution of the opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor and its endogenous ligand orphanin FQ (OFQ) in the central nervous system of the adult rat has been recently reported, and although diffusely disseminated throughout the brain, this neuropeptide system is particularly expressed within stress and pain circuitry. Little is known concerning the normal expression of the orphanin system during gestation, nor how opiate or stress exposure may influence its development. Using in situ hybridization techniques, the present study was undertaken to determine the normal pattern of expression of ORL1 mRNA in the human and rat brain at various developmental stages. Rat embryos, postnatal rat brains and postmortem human brains were collected, frozen and cut into 15 microm coronal sections. In situ hybridization was performed using riboprobes generated from cDNA containing representative human and rat ORL1 and OFQ sequences. Both ORL1 and OFQ mRNA is detected as early as E12 in the cortical plate, basal forebrain, brainstem and spinal cord. Expression for both ORL1 and OFQ is strongest during the early postnatal period, remaining strong in the spinal cord, brainstem, ventral forebrain, and neocortex into the adult. Human ORL1 and OFQ expression is observed at 16 weeks gestation, remaining relatively unchanged up to 36 weeks. The influence of early orphanin expression on maturation of stress and pain circuitry in the developing brain remains unknown.     

Acute myocardial ischemia up-regulates nociceptin/orphanin FQ in dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord of rats

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) possesses modulatory effects on somatic noxious signals in spinal cord, while the potential role in visceral nociception remains elusive. We designed this study to investigate the hypothesis that cardiac nociceptive signals from acute ischemic myocardium to the spinal cord are transmitted or modulated by mechanisms including N/OFQ. We examined the changes of N/OFQ and its mRNA in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of upper thoracic segments innervating the heart of rats. Thoracic epidural anesthesia was performed to confirm neural mechanism underlying the changes. We observed that selective coronary artery occlusion significantly up-regulated N/OFQ and ppN/OFQ mRNA in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord. Thoracic epidural anesthesia abolished the changes in the expression of N/OFQ and its mRNA. The observations indicate that cardiac noxious neural afferent drive is responsible for the up-regulation of N/OFQ in the primary afferent neurons and intrinsic spinal neurons.     

Elevated prepronociceptin, nociceptin/orphanin FQ and nocistatin concentrations in rat chronic constriction nerve injury and diabetic neuropathic pain models

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and nocistatin are derived from the same precursor peptide, prepronociceptin. N/OFQ and nocistatin have been postulated to participate in pain modulation. In this study, we investigated whether the prepronociceptin, N/OFQ and nocistatin concentrations in the brain and spinal cord would be altered in chronic constriction injury and diabetic rat neuropathic pain models. Total brain and spinal cord lysates as well as serum from rats that had undergone chronic constriction injury and streptozocin-induced diabetic neuropathy were used to determine the concentrations of three peptides using competitive radioimmunoassay. We found that N/OFQ and prepronociceptin concentrations were significantly raised in both rat neuropathic pain models. Nocistatin was raised in the brains of post traumatic neuropathy pain rats. Overall, our data have demonstrated for the first time that prepronociceptin, N/OFQ and nocistatin concentrations are significantly altered at different tissues of two rat neuropathy pain models.     

MPTP treatment increases expression of pre-pro-nociceptin/orphanin FQ mRNA in a subset of substantia nigra reticulata neurons

Antagonists selectively inhibiting activation of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) receptor reduce motor symptoms in experimental models of Parkinson's disease, and genetic deletion of the ppN/OFQ gene offers partial protection of mid-brain dopamine neurons against the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MPTP increased ppN/OFQ mRNA expression in the substantia nigra (SN). We have evaluated the temporal relationship of dopamine cell loss to increased ppN/OFQ mRNA expression in the substantia nigra after MPTP treatment, and characterized the cellular locations in which increased ppN/OFQ mRNA expression was observed after MPTP treatment. MPTP increased by about 5-fold the number of neurons expressing ppN/OFQ mRNA in the pars reticulata of SN (SNr) by 24 h after treatment and the elevation remained significant for at least 7 days. This period coincided with the timing of the loss of dopamine neurons from the pars compacta of substantia nigra (SNc) after MPTP. The increased expression of ppN/OFQ mRNA co-localized with a neuronal marker in the SNr. MPTP treatment resulted in a small increase in the numbers of neurons expressing ppN/OFQ in the SNc in mice from one mouse colony but the increase did not reach statistical significance in mice from another colony. No changes in ppN/OFQ-mRNA expression were observed in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the caudate-putamen, the subthalamic nucleus, or in two other brains areas. These results demonstrate that increased N/OFQ expression in the SNr is closely associated with the MPTP-induced loss of dopamine neurons in the SNc in a widely used animal model of Parkinson's disease.     

Autoradiographic localization of (125)i[Tyr(14)] nociceptin/orphanin FQ binding sites in macaque primate CNS

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is a recently identified neuropeptide that has been implicated in a multitude of CNS functions. These include nociception, feeding, cognition, locomotion, stress and neuroendocrine control. The endogenous receptor for this ligand is the nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor. The distribution of NOP in rodent has been widely reported by the use of in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and autoradiographic radioligand binding but less is known of its localization in higher species. We have therefore sought to optimize and determine the distribution of (125)I[Tyr(14)]N/OFQ binding sites in macaque primate brain and spinal cord. Highest levels of binding were observed in neocortical areas, hippocampus, amygdala, caudate nucleus and putamen, medial thalamic nuclei and superficial laminae of the superior colliculus. These novel data present for the first time, the distribution of N/OFQ receptors in non-human primate CNS and, by comparison with localization in the rat, reveal that species differences may exist in the distribution of this neuropeptide receptor. These data have important implications regarding the roles of N/OFQ across species and may have ramifications in the interpretation of preclinical pharmacological studies.     

A subset of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor-expressing neurons in the anterior hypothalamic area,as revealed in mice with lacZ reporter gene

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is an endogenous peptide agonist for the opioid receptor homolog, N/OFQ receptor, and serves for the central control of autonomic functions. Morphological details including the cell types that may account for such N/OFQ functions, however, remain unclear. By using X-gal histochemistry for the detection of receptor-expressing cells at both light and electron microscopic levels, we examined the hypothalamus from the receptor-deficient mice bearing a lacZ insertional mutation in the N/OFQ receptor gene. The N/OFQ receptor reflected by lacZ expression was seen at high levels in the anterior hypothalamic area. With electron microscopy, lacZ expression was observed in a subset of neurons showing large cell size and indented nucleus.     

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ: role in nociceptive information processing

Recently, opioid receptor like1 (ORL1) receptor was identified. The ORL1 receptor is a G protein coupled receptor and the sequence of the ORL1 receptor is closely related to that of the opioid receptors. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ has been identified as a potent endogenous agonist of the ORL1 receptor and the sequence of nociceptin/orphanin FQ is closely related to that of dynorphin A. Nociceptin/orphanin FQis not active at the classical opioid receptors, such as mu, kappa and delta receptors. The distribution of prepronociceptin mRNA is distinct from that of the opioid peptide precursor. Mice lacking the ORL1 receptor showed no significant differences in nociceptive threshold compared with wild mice. The role of nociceptin/orphanin FQ on nociceptive transmission is unclear. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of nociceptin/orphanin FQ produced hyperalgesia and allodynia and antagonized morphine analgesia. On the other hand, intrathecal injection of low dose nociceptin/orphanin FQ produces allodynia, but high dose of nociceptin/orphanin FQ produces an analgesic effect. Although we do not fully understand the mechanisms that produce the difference between the effect of i.c.v. injection of nociceptin/orphanin FQ and that of intrathecal injection of nociceptin/orphanin FQ, we believe that spinal ORL1 receptor may be the next receptor which should be targeted by drugs designed for the treatment of pain.