AODO: Secondary ion emission and surface modification

In order to study the sputtering of secondary ions from well characterized surfaces, we constructed a new UHV system named AODO. It consists of a detector chamber, a target preparation and analysis chamber, and a target transfer rod. We present the lay-out of this new instrument. The detector allows measuring the time-of-flight of emitted secondary ions and their position on a 2D imaging detector (XY-TOF imaging technique). The analysis chamber can be used to study surface modification by means of LEED (low energy electron diffraction). We show preliminary results of the evolution of the LEED patterns as a function of the projectile fluence during irradiation of HOPG (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) with slow Xe¹⁴⁺ ions at ARIBE (the low energy, highly charged ion beam line of the French heavy ion accelerator GANIL).     

精密轴承工作表面的微观结构及其改性

本文应用光学金相、显微硬度、X射线衍射、电子显微镜、俄歇谱仪和X光电子能谱仪等现代表面物理测试手段对精密轴承套圈工作表面层的成分、微观结构和显微硬度变化曲线进行了分析和测试。并根据分析测试结果描绘出实际存在于轴承套圈表面的表面软化变质层模型。对进一步应用离子注入强化精密轴承表面的工作做了试验研究。对GCr15轴承钢做了N~+重叠注入试验并获得好的效果。     

离子注入改善钢表面性能的研究

离子注入提供一种精确控制和改善钢表面性能的最灵便和最直接的方法。本文研究了离子注入对钢的表面硬度、光反射率和高温氧化性能的影响。     

Preparation of coatings and surface modification by plasma and thermal processes

The application of various plasma and ion beam processes for the production of coatings and surface modification of materials, are reviewed. We describe, in particular, cold plasma techniques for the preparation of nitrides, carbides, oxides, bondes and so on and ion implantation techniques for modification of surfaces and interfaces by ion beam mixing to form alloys and chemical compounds on materials. Further, we present our recent collaborative studies on in situ coatings by a dc glow discharge of H₂ + CH₄ gas in torus devices. The carbon coatings deposited on surface probes at liner positions of TEXTOR and JIPPT-IIU are characterized in terms of depth composition profiles, chemical binding states and hydrogen concentration. Properties of these coatings produced by the dc glow discharge are compared with those by an ECR plasma and by a thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons at high temperature.Finally, our recent results on the formation of ceramics by the exposure of Tokamak plasmas and thermal heating will be discussed. TiC layers on a Ti-coated graphite probe and TiB_x layers on a B-coated Ti probe were formed after the exposure to the scrape-off layer plasma in JIPPT-IIU, and TiC-TiN double layers on Ti-coated stainless steels were formed by vacuum heating at 600–1000°C.     

Investigation of biomass surface modification using non-thermal plasma treatment

The effects of non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment on biomass in the form of pulverized palm- based empty fruit bunches (EFB) are investigated. Specifically, this study investigates the effects of NTP treatment on the surface reactivity, morphology, oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio of the EFB at varying treatment times. The surface reactivity is determined by the reaction of antioxidant functional groups or reactive species with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). By measuring the concentration of the DPPH with a spectrophotometer, the change in the amount of antioxidant functional groups can be measured to determine the surface reactivity. The reactions of the various lignin components in the EFB with respect to the NTP treatment are discussed by qualitatively assessing the changes in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The surface morphology is examined by a scanning electron microscope. To determine the amount of oxygen deposited on the EFB by the air-based NTP treatment, the oxygen and carbon contents are measured by an energy dispersive x-ray detector to determine the O/C ratio. The results show that the NTP reactor produced reactive species such as atomic oxygen and ozone, increasing the surface reactivity and chemical scavenging rate of the EFB. Consequently, the surface morphology changed, with an observed rougher surface from the images of the EFB samples. The change in the appearance of the surface is accompanied by a high O/C ratio, and is caused by reactions of certain components of lignin due to the NTP treatment. The lignin component that was modified is believed to be syringyl, as the syringyl portion in the lignin of EFBs is higher compared to the other components. Syringyl components are detected in the range of FTIR wavenumbers of 1109–1363cm ⁻¹ . With increasing NTP treatment times, the absorbance (of the peaks in the FTIR spectra) for syringyl related C−H and lignin associated C=C bonds decreases as the syringyl decomposes. The resulting release of carboxyl compounds increases the absorbance for the carbonyl C=O group. The results show that NTP treatment is able to modify the surface properties of EFB, and that the surface reactivity can be increased to improve their conversion and processing efficiencies     

利用同步辐射进行氟塑料的表面改性与微器件制造研究

It is well-known that fluorinated polymers are very unique polymer materials because of their distinguished properties, such as high electrical resistivities, chemical and thermal stabilities, bio-compatibilities, etc. However,polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is degraded by ionizing radiation with a low dose through main chain scission, and the mechanical properties are seriously deteriorated. In early 1990's, it was found that irradiation for PTFE at elevating temperature enhances recombination of radicals induced by ionizing radiation. Thus, crosslinked PTFE had been obtained[1,2]. The crosslinked PTFE shows remarkable improvements for the radiation durability and mechanical properties, etc.We have performed micro-fabrication by means of synchrotron radiation (SR) for various kinds of PTFEs including crosslinked PTFEs. The direct photo--etching technique using SR is known as TIEGA() technology,which has been developed by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. The technology was applied for the micro-fabrication of fluorinated polymers. It has been found that etching rates obtained for crosslinked PTFEs were much larger than those of the non-crosslinked. The fact is strange from the viewpoint of radiation durability of crosslinked PTFEs. Hence, the results are not described by simple consideration such as the G-values of main chain scission. We have proposed that the etching rates should be controlled by the complex mechanism through at least two different steps as polymer decomposition and fragment desorption mechanisms.On the other hand, we have found that abnormal reactions were induced at the surface region under the SR etching for the various kinds of fluorinated polymers. Through the measurements using differential scanning calorimetory (DSC) and solid state 19F-NMR, we have confirmed crosslinking reactions for the polymers even in solid states. This reaction should be induced by the very high density radicals formation and their recombination in very localized area of the polymers under the SR etching processes.     

离子束混合及离子注入陶瓷材料表面改性研究概述

对离子注入陶瓷材料引起的辐照损伤和材料力学性能、摩擦学性能的改善及陶瓷基体上金属薄膜的离子束混合增强粘着研究的进展进行了综述。     

100keV金属表面改性离子注入与混合两用机

叙述了１００ｋｅＶ金属表面改性离子注入与混合两用机的总体结构及各主要部件的技术参数。该机经过调试各项主要指标已达到设计要求，工作稳定可靠，已开始金属材料表面改性实验。     

聚合物表面辐射接枝改性研究进展

辐射接枝是聚合物表面改性的重要方法之一。本工作讨论了接枝单体和基材的性质、溶剂、酸、阻聚剂以及其它添加剂对聚合物辐射接枝反应的影响,介绍了利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜原子力显微镜、凝胶色谱、X射线光电子能谱、拉曼光谱、红外光谱等所取得的接枝条件对接枝层的形态结构及接枝链长短研究结果。对近年来出现的能精确控制接枝链分子量和结构的活性聚合方法也作了简单介绍。     

GH903合金的离子注入表面改性研究

用离子注入、氧化和慢正电子束分析研究了ＧＨ９０３合金的氧化性能的改善与微观作用机理。注入的Ｃｒ＋．Ｙ＋的能量均为６０ｋｅＶ，注入的剂量分别由１ｘ１０１７．ｃｍ－２（Ｃｒ＋）、１ｘ１０１５Ｃｍ－２（Ｙ＋）和［１ｘ１０１５．ｃｍ－２（Ｙ＋）＋１ｘ１０１７·ｃｍ－２（Ｃｒ＋）］。结束显示，注入样品与未样品相比。氧化增重分别减少４．８％（注Ｃｒ＋）、２４．２％（注Ｙ＋）和３２．３％（注Ｙ＋＋Ｃｒ＋）。这表明合金氧化性能改善的作用机理主要是注入离子对样品浅表层内缺陷的填充与退火。同时，注入元素的化学性能和使样品表面更致密也起了重要作用。     

Plasma-assisted Ru/Zr-MOF catalyst for hydrogenation of CO2 to methane

As an important type of metal–organic framework (MOF), Zr-MOF shows excellent CO₂ adsorption performance. In this work, a Zr-MOF was synthesized by a solvothermal method and adopted to support Ru through simple incipient-wetness impregnation. Then the Ru/Zr-MOF was applied for CO₂ hydrogenation (V_H2 : V_CO2= 4:1) with the assistance of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. The hydrogenation of CO₂ results showed that methane was produced selectively under the synergistic effect between plasma and the Ru/Zr-MOF catalyst, and the selectivity and yield of methane reached 94.6% and 39.1%, respectively. The XRD and SEM analyses indicate that the basic crystalline phase structure and morphology of the Zr-MOF and Ru/Zr-MOF remained the same after DBD plasma treatment, suggesting that the catalysts are stable in plasma. The guest molecules in the pores of the Zr-MOF are removed and the Ru³⁺ ions are reduced to metallic Ru⁰ in the reduction atmosphere according to the BET and XPS results, which are responsible for the high performance of plasma with the Ru/Zr-MOF catalyst. In situ optical emission spectra of pure plasma, plasma with Zr-MOF, and plasma with Ru/Zr-MOF were measured, and the active species of C, H and CH for CO₂ hydrogenation were detected. The plasma-assisted Ru/Zr-MOF exhibited high catalytic activity and stability in CO₂ hydrogenation to methane, and it has great guiding significance for CO₂ hydrogenation by using plasma and MOF materials.     

模具钢电子束表面改性研究

利用电子束进行表面热改性处理是材料表面中的一种新兴技术。本文利用强流脉冲电子束（High current pulsed electron beam,HCPEB)技术对模具钢D3（Cr12Mo1V1）和模具钢H13（4Cr5MoSiV1)进行了表面改性处理。对改性试样进行了表面形貌及组织结构分析，并进行了显微硬度及磨损性能测试，结果表明，电子束轰击处理后试样的最表层发生熔化，晶粒明显细化，表面重熔层厚度最厚处达到10μm左右。试样次表层几百微米范围内都存在显微硬度增加现象，并呈现特殊的曲线分布状态。试样相对耐磨性也分别提高了5．63倍（D2）和11．76倍（H13）。     

强脉冲离子束材料表面改性研究进展

强脉冲离子束材料表面改性技术是正在发展中的新的材料表面改性技术。近四、五年来,我们围绕发展强脉冲离子束材料表面改性技术对其主要机制(强脉冲能量效应)、离子辐照诱发的热力学过程、表面熔坑现象及大面积均匀离子束技术开展了比较全面的基础性研究。研究表明,强脉冲离子束改性除了离子注入的元素掺杂效应外,其更可利用强脉冲能量沉积诱发的热力学效应,有望突破离子射程对改性层厚度的限制,并高效利用离子剂量和能量,成为新一代低成本、高效率、高生产率、实用化的离子束材料改性与合成工艺。本文对于上述研究的主要进展和相关问题进行了总结和评论。     

Automated machinery surveillance and diagnostics

One approach toward improving the availability of nuclear power plant machinery is by continuously monitoring and analyzing the vibrational characteristics of critical machines. Through proper analysis of the vibrational characteristics, it is possible to detect impending problems before failure occurs and probable causes of failures if they do occur. This permits improved scheduling of outages, reduction of downtimes and maintenance costs.

The number of critical machines, where monitoring is considered desirable, typically results in systems comprising between 100 and 200 individual sensors. The complex vibration information of each sensor must be analyzed periodically, frequencies identified, and amplitude trends recorded in order to provide the diagnostic information necessary to predict machinery health. This type of analysis requires expertise in the areas of machinery dynamics and instrumentation to provide meaningful results. Considering the number of sensors involved, coupled with the type of analyses required for each sensor, the need for a computer based automated type system becomes evident. This paper describes the development of such a system, including its capabilities and limitations. The system, funded by EPRI, is being developed for installation in the Northeast Utilities Millstone II nuclear power plant. Although not scheduled for system operation until April 1978, examples of system output run from instrument tape recording from the nuclear plant are presented.     

A low power 50 Hz argon plasma for surface modification of polytetrafluoroethylene

The characteristics of a low power 50 Hz argon plasma for surface treatment of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film is presented in this article. The current–voltage behavior of the discharge and time-varying intensity of the discharge showed that a DC glow discharge was generated in reversed polarity at every half-cycle. At discharge power between 0.5 and 1 W, the measured electron temperature and density were 2–3 eV and ∼10⁸ cm⁻³, respectively. The optical emission spectrum of the argon plasma showed presence of some 'impurity species' such as OH, N₂ and H, which presumably originated from the residual air in the discharge chamber. On exposure of PTFE films to the argon glow plasma at pressure 120 Pa and discharge power 0.5 to 1 W, the water contact angle reduced by 4% to 20% from the original 114° at pristine condition, which confirms improvement of its surface wettability. The increase in wettability was attributed to incorporation of oxygen-containing functional groups on the treated surface and concomitant reduction in fluorine as revealed by the XPS analysis and increase in surface roughness analyzed from the atomic force micrographs. Ageing upon storage in ambient air showed retention of the induced increase in surface wettability.     

电子束表面改性对变形镁合金AZ31结构和性能的影响

本文用强流脉冲电子束对变形镁合金AZ31进行表面处理。用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射分析表面处理层形貌和组织结构,并测试显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,处理样品表面完全重熔,残存有数百MPa压应力,且随脉冲次数增加,改性层加深,距表面数百μm范围内显微硬度均呈增加,15次脉冲处理后样品相对抗磨性提高5.6倍。     

高压脉冲辉光放电内表面注入及等离子体特征研究

为了提高内表面注入的剂量及深度均匀性,作者将脉冲高压辉光放电机制引入到内表面改性的研究中.利用发射光谱法及静电探针法对该方法获得的离子体参数进行了诊断,并在特定的内筒中采用氮气为工作气,进行了离子注入实验.结果显示,采用这种方法可以在内筒获得连续存在的等离子体.Ar等离子中含有大量激发态原子,而N等离子体中N2+离子占离子数量的绝大多数.等离子密度随着电压的提高显著提高,当电压从10kV增加到15kV时,Ar等离子体中离子密度增加约4倍,N等离子中离子密度增加约2倍.内表面获得均匀性良好的改性层,对于直径56mm的圆筒在电压20kV、气压1.5Pa条件下注入深度达到16.9nm,剂量均匀性可达到87.3%.     

Beam instrumentation and diagnostics for HLS

The beam diagnostic instrumentation for the Heifei Light Source(HLS) is described ,It provides sufficient parameters for machine study during the commisioning and common operation.The measured results are presented.