膳食脂肪酸和肠道微生物的关系研究进展

肠道微生物是宿主重要的"微生物器官",是连接膳食与人体健康的桥梁。它与营养成分的吸收和代谢等生理功能密切相关。本文概述了膳食脂肪酸对肠道微生物的影响,皆在为未来研究膳食脂肪酸、肠道微生物与健康的关系提供参考。     

膳食对肠道菌群影响的研究进展

人体肠道内大量微生物参与机体的各种代谢活动,如营养代谢、药物代谢,与人体健康密切相关。可以说,人类肠道微生物组是健康和疾病的潜在控制者。在人类的整个生命周期中,肠道微生物组的变化受到多种因素的影响,其中饮食因素起着至关重要的作用。近几年,肠道菌群已成为研究热点,而不同的膳食模式会对肠道菌群的组成、多样性、基因和功能产生重要的影响。该文总结几种比较典型的膳食模式（素食、地中海饮食及西方饮食）,阐述膳食模式以及饮食成分对肠道菌群组成、结构、功能和基因的影响,旨在为饮食、肠道微生物与健康关系的研究提供参考。     

膳食中的主要成分对肠道微生物组成及代谢影响的研究进展

随着对肠道微生物结构和功能的不断挖掘,研究发现肠道微生物参与人体与膳食相关的多项生理过程,膳食在调节人体肠道微生物的组成和代谢活动中有重要作用。膳食营养中含有肠道菌群代谢所需的底物,以多种途径影响肠道菌群的组成和功能。本文对近几年来国内外关于膳食主成分对肠道菌群组成及代谢影响的研究进行综述,以肠道菌群为靶点,通过调整人类的食物多样性来改善宿主的代谢能力和健康,旨在为肠道菌群的研究及其饮食调控提供参考。     

膳食纤维对肠道微生物及机体健康影响的研究进展

近些年来,关于肠道微生物对人体健康功能作用的影响已成为研究的热点。越来越多的证据表明,膳食纤维的摄取与肠道微生物的组成和丰富度密切相关;肠道微生物发酵膳食纤维的代谢产物对机体健康有明显促进作用。综述了肠道微生物对不同类型膳食纤维的发酵利用及其代谢产物对健康的影响。     

膳食多酚与肠道微生物相互作用研究进展

近年来膳食多酚与肠道微生物的相互作用逐渐成为食品科学、营养学和生物学的研究热点。多酚的抗衰老、抗肿瘤、预防心脑血管疾病的功能发挥主要依赖于肠道微生物对其的代谢;多酚的肠道微生物代谢产物又会通过影响肠道微生物菌相进而影响人体健康。本文在广泛查阅文献的基础上,综述肠道微生物对膳食结合态多酚的释放、代谢和影响因素以及多酚及其代谢产物对肠道微生物菌相和酶的影响,以期为膳食多酚和肠道菌群相互作用的深入研究提供一定参考依据。     

膳食纤维与肠道微生物及相关疾病的研究进展

肠道微生物与人体长期共生,且与人体健康和疾病密切相关,膳食纤维通过改变肠道微生物的种类与数量,间接影响其在肠道中的代谢产物,进而影响人体的健康与疾病。肠道微生物与膳食纤维密切合作,对人体健康的影响意义重大。本文介绍了膳食纤维的定义、膳食纤维的生理功能、膳食纤维的最适摄入量、肠道微生物及其生理功能、膳食纤维对肠道微生物的影响、膳食纤维及肠道微生物对肥胖、炎症、结直肠癌、妊娠合并症及心脑血管疾病的影响,为通过调整膳食纤维治疗疾病的实践提供参考。     

肠道微生物群诱发代谢性疾病的治疗方向研究进展

肠道微生物群驻留在胃肠道中长期与宿主共生,参与人体的代谢过程。代谢性疾病是以物质代谢异常为基础的症候,物质代谢异常会导致肠道微生物群紊乱,因此,代谢性疾病与肠道微生物群有密切联系。本文以肠道微生物群为研究基础,通过查阅与代谢性疾病相关的治疗方法,分析肠道微生物群与代谢性疾病的关系,总结代谢性疾病食疗与药疗相结合的治疗方法;通过探讨膳食纤维和中药对肠道微生物群的影响,发现膳食纤维和中药对肠道微生物群的共同调节作用,为日后研究膳食纤维与中药结合使用以防治代谢性疾病提供理论参考。     

膳食、肠道微生物与人体健康

膳食与宿主的代谢、免疫系统密切相关。大量报道表明膳食显著影响肠道菌群的组成和功能,进一步影响宿主生理。基于肠道菌群膳食干预的健康调控策略已成为研究热点。本文作者综述了近年来国内外高水平团队的相关研究成果,介绍了膳食模式、膳食成分、功能膳食补充剂对肠道微生物及人体健康研究的相互关系,为相关膳食干预策略的开发提供一些借鉴和参考。     

大豆异黄酮与肠道微生物相互作用研究进展

膳食摄入大豆异黄酮与人体健康有密切的关系。大豆异黄酮糖苷组分与肠道菌群相互作用可产生生物活性和生物可利用度显著提高的新型微生物转化物,促进大豆异黄酮生理活性充分发挥。同时,大豆异黄酮通过调控肠道菌群结构影响结肠中的微生物酶活性,改变结肠菌群代谢能力。本文将对大豆异黄酮与肠道微生物的相互作用进行综述,重点阐述肠道微生物对大豆异黄酮的生物转化作用、大豆异黄酮对肠道微生物及其酶活性的调控作用以及大豆异黄酮及其肠道转化产物对健康的作用。以期为膳食组分和肠道菌群相互作用促进人体健康研究领域提供理论参考。     

蛋白质基于调节肠道微生物群的健康作用研究进展

肠道微生物群被认为是连接膳食和人体健康的重要桥梁,其生态系统的改变可能会对宿主健康造成影响。蛋白质是人类膳食营养的重要组成部分,根据来源不同,其营养特性存在差异。由于不同来源膳食蛋白的氨基酸组成结构以及消化特性的不同,为肠道中的微生物群提供了不同的代谢底物,导致微生物群的组成结构及代谢特性产生差异,进而不同程度地影响宿主健康。现有报道显示,不同来源的膳食蛋白质会以肠道菌群为介导对机体健康造成不同的影响。该文比较了不同来源蛋白质的氨基酸组成及消化利用情况,分析了其对肠道微生物群的调节作用,并分析其通过调控肠道微生物群影响健康的机理,以期更好地认识与了解膳食蛋白-肠道菌群相互作用以调节机体健康的作用差异,为科学膳食以促进健康提供有益参考。     

Targeting the gut microbiota by dietary nutrients: A new avenue for human health

The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem consisted of trillions of microbes that have co-evolved with their host for hundreds of millions of years. During the last decade, a growing body of knowledge has suggested that there is a compelling set of connections among diet, gut microbiota and human health. Various physiological functions of the host, ranging from metabolic and immune regulation to nerve and endocrine development, are possibly mediated by the structural components of microbial cell or the products of microbial metabolism, which are greatly influenced by dietary macronutrients and micronutrients. Thus, governing the production and activity of these microbial-associated small molecules and metabolites through dietary intervention may provide promising strategies for the improvement of human health and disease. In this review article, we first provide an overview of current findings about the intimate interrelationships between diet and gut microbiota. We also introduce the physiological effects of some microbial-associated small molecules and metabolites on the host as well as the detailed signaling mechanisms.     

燕麦β-葡聚糖与沙蒿胶多糖对菌群人源化小鼠生理及肠道微生物调节比较研究

以菌群人源化(human flora-associated,HFA)小鼠为研究模型,探讨燕麦β-葡聚糖(oatβ-glucan,OG)与沙蒿胶多糖(Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.polysaccharide,ASP)对HFA小鼠生理及肠道微生物的不同影响。通过接种健康人志愿者的粪便悬液构建HFA小鼠模型,将30只HFA小鼠随机分为普通组(CT组)、燕麦β-葡聚糖组(CT+OG组)和沙蒿胶多糖组(CT+ASP组),分别用基础饲料和添加质量分数5%燕麦β-葡聚糖或5%沙蒿胶多糖饲料饲喂HFA小鼠8周,进行血清生化指标测定、肝脏和脂肪苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色、肠道菌群聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)检测。结果表明:与CT组比较,两种多糖均能降低HFA小鼠空腹血糖水平(P0.05),CT+OG组能显著降低甘油三酯含量(P0.05),CT+ASP组总胆固醇含量和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著高于其他两组(P0.05);CT+OG组脂肪细胞较CT+ASP组、CT组明显变小,细胞排列更加紧密;多糖饮食会增加HFA小鼠肠道的微生物多样性,CT+ASP组效果优于CT+OG组(P0.05),说明多糖饮食会明显改变HFA小鼠生理及肠道菌群结构,而且不同多糖饮食对于HFA小鼠的肠道菌群组成和丰富度的作用差异与多糖分子质量大小有关。在降低HFA小鼠血糖血脂含量、脂肪细胞大小方面,分子质量小的燕麦β-葡聚糖功效明显优于分子质量大的沙蒿胶多糖;但在增加HFA模型小鼠肠道微生物多样性方面,分子质量大的沙蒿胶多糖优于分子质量小的燕麦β-葡聚糖。     

A critical review of the relationship between dietary components,the gut microbe Akkermansia muciniphila,and human health

Abstract

The human gut contains trillions of microorganisms with a great diversity that are associated with various health benefits. Recent studies have reported an increasing correlation between diet, gut microbiota, and human health, indicating rapid development in the field of gut health. Diet is an important factor that determines the gut microbiota composition. The gut comprises great diversities of microbes involved in immune modulation and other functions. In particular, Akkermansia muciniphila is a mucin-degrading bacterium is believed to have several health benefits in humans. Several studies have evaluated the prebiotic effects of various dietary components on A. muciniphila and their association with various ailments, such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Hence, this review aims to provide a plausible mechanistic basis for the interactions between dietary components, and A. muciniphila and for the therapeutic benefits of this interaction on various illnesses.     

膳食主成分对肠道微生物的影响研究进展

饮食是影响肠道菌群组成和代谢的重要因素之一,更是最容易控制或改变的因素。饮食中大量营养成分的类型、数量及平衡状态会影响肠道微生物的组成和数量;同样,微生物会影响食物消化效率,并根据膳食底物产生特定的代谢产物,从而影响其他微生物及宿主健康。本文综述膳食主要成分对肠道微生物组成及代谢的影响,旨在为肠道菌群研究及其饮食调控提供一定的思路和参考。     

人体肠道菌群的试验模型的研究进展

肠道菌群与人体健康密切相关,肠内菌群可以参与人体发育、消化吸收、代谢等生理过程,因此,肠道菌群的平衡对我们的健康和疾病有着重要的影响。但是,肠道菌群数量及种类庞大,且与人体相互组成了非常复杂的生态系统,因此研究人体肠道菌群存在很多困难。文章综述了研究人体肠道菌群的体内和体外的具有代表性的试验模型方法,并概述了各模型方法的特点和问题,为完善和开发新的技术及方法提供基础与思路。     

Modulation of the human gut microbiota by phenolics and phenolic fiber‐rich foods

The gut microbiota plays a prominent role in human health. Alterations in the gut microbiota are linked to the development of chronic diseases such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, and certain cancers. We know that diet plays an important role to initiate, shape, and modulate the gut microbiota. Long‐term dietary patterns are shown to be closely related with the gut microbiota enterotypes, specifically long‐term consumption of carbohydrates (related to Prevotella abundance) or a diet rich in protein and animal fats (correlated to Bacteroides). Short‐term consumption of solely animal‐ or plant‐based diets have rapid and reproducible modulatory effects on the human gut microbiota. These alterations in microbiota profile by dietary alterations can be due to impact of different dietary macronutrients, carbohydrates, protein, and fat, which have diverse modulatory effects on gut microbial composition. Food‐derived phenolics, which encompass structural variants of flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, coumarins, stilbenes, ellagitannins, and lignans can modify the gut microbiota. Gut microbes have been shown to act on dietary fibers and phenolics to produce functional metabolites that contribute to gut health. Here, we discuss recent studies on the impacts of phenolics and phenolic fiber‐rich foods on the human gut microbiota and provide an insight into potential synergistic roles between their bacterial metabolic products in the regulation of the intestinal microbiota.     

Is a vegan or a vegetarian diet associated with the microbiota composition in the gut? Results of a new cross-sectional study and systematic review

Abstract

It is assumed that diet influences the composition of gut microbiota, which in turn may affect human health status. This systematic review aimed to summarize associations of a vegan or vegetarian diet with the composition of microbiota. A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase for eligible human studies with vegan or vegetarian diets as an exposure and microbiota composition as an outcome in healthy adults. Furthermore, data from our cross-sectional study with vegan participants were included. Out of sixteen included studies, six investigated the association between gut microbiota composition in both vegans and in vegetarians, six in vegans and four studies in vegetarians compared to omnivores, respectively. Among 5 different phyla, 28 families, 96 genera and 177 species, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Prevotella were the most reported genera, followed by the species Prevotella copri, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Escherichia coli in all diets. No consistent association between a vegan diet or vegetarian diet and microbiota composition compared to omnivores could be identified. Moreover, some studies revealed contradictory results. This result could be due to high microbial individuality, and/or differences in the applied approaches. Standardized methods with high taxonomical and functional resolutions are needed to clarify this issue.     

Diet Effects in Gut Microbiome and Obesity

The 100 trillion microbes in human gut coevolve with the host and exert significant influences on human health. The gut microbial composition presents dynamic changes correlated with various factors including host genotypes, age, and external environment. Effective manipulation of the gut microbiota through diets (both long‐term and short‐term diet patterns), probiotics and/or prebiotics, and antibiotics has been proved being potential to prevent from metabolic disorders such as obesity in many studies. The dietary regulation exerts influences on microbial metabolism and host immune functions through several pathways, of which may include selectively bacterial fermentation of nutrients, lower intestinal barrier function, overexpression of genes associated with disorders, and disruptions to both innate and adaptive immunity. Discoveries in the interrelationship between diet, intestinal microbiome, and body immune system provide us novel perceptions to the specific action mechanisms and will promote the development of therapeutic approaches for obesity.     

Molecular approaches to study probiotic bacteria

Functional foods comprising probiotic bacteria are receiving increasing attention from the scientific community and science funding agencies [1]. An essential aspect relating to the functionality of probiotic-based foods is to develop molecular methods to determine the presence, activity and viability of probiotic bacteria in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract [2]. The GI tract is composed of a complex ecosystem of various microbial habitats colonized by numerous different commensal micro-organisms. This indigenous gut microbiota is essential to the overall health of the host by performing important physiological functions. In particular, they protect against pathogenic bacteria and drive the development of the immune system during neonatal life. Further metabolic activities of the GI microbiota that beneficially affect the host include continued degradation of food components, vitamin production, and production of short chain fatty acids that feed the colonic mucosa. It is clear that factors such as diet, sickness, stress, or medication can result in loss of well-being of the host, and it is assumed that some of these symptoms are due to perturbation of what is termed the normal balance of the gut microbiota. Knowledge of the structure and function of the standard microbiota, and its response to diet, genetic background and lifetime of the host must be taken into account when designing probiotic-based functional foods. The application of molecular techniques for detection and identification of microbes has provided a major breakthrough in the analysis of microbial ecosystems and their function [3]. The successful application and further potential of these molecular methods to study probiotic bacteria and their impact on the standard GI microbiota is discussed below.