Optimal joint utility based load balancing algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks

The rapid development of mobile broadband services with continuously increasing traffic volumes has resulted in a number of challenges, including ubiquitous network coverage, high bandwidth, and reliable services for reasonable price, etc. To address these challenges, evolved packet system (EPS) is proposed as the evolution of the packet core network. While resource management and load balancing issues in EPS are discussed in 3GPP standardization, relatively few research works consider mechanism design for load information monitoring and evaluation. Furthermore, even though some load balancing algorithms have been proposed for integrated networks, the load balancing scheme design which achieves the optimization of joint system performance has not been extensively studied. In this paper, an inter-access system anchor based load balancing mechanism is introduced which performs load monitoring and evaluation for access gateways and networks, and an optimal load balancing algorithm is proposed for heterogeneous integrated networks. To characterize the performance of integrated networks, the concept of utility function is introduced and the comprehensive performance of integrated networks which support both single type service and multimedia service is modeled mathematically. Applying vertical handoff as an efficient mechanism for achieving load balancing, the optimal number of handoff users is obtained through solving the optimization problem. Numerical results demonstrate that load balancing between access networks can be achieved, and the optimal number of handoff users corresponding to the maximal joint network utility can be obtained.     

LTE与非3GPP接入网的系统架构研究

首先分析了LTE与非3GPP互通系统架构配置,描述了3GPP互通系统架构中的逻辑单元（包括用户设备、非3GPP可信网络、非3GPP不可信接入网和EPC）,给出了非3GPP互通系统架构中的接口与协议,讨论了非3GPP互通系统架构中的漫游问题。     

Non-3GPP对EPS的安全接入研究

Non-3GPPN络安全接入EPS是未来异构网络融合的重要基础。本文介绍了Non-3GPPN络接入时EPS系统的安全架构、可信的Non-3GPP网络接入EPS系统的认证机制、密钥协商流程等。     

Dynamic network composition for beyond 3G networks: a 3GPP viewpoint

The 3GPP network specification is currently undergoing major updates toward beyond 3G. The evolved 3GPP network will support interworking with multiple including non-3GPP - radio access networks, and support mobility between them. It will furthermore support personal area networks and moving networks. Generally, 3GPP is moving in the direction of an all-IP network. This article gives an overview of current beyond 3G trends in 3GPP, and particularly introduces a new 3GPP study item on network composition. The concept of network composition was developed by the EU project Ambient Networks. Whereas 3GPP until now assumes static networking relations, network composition addresses a dynamic, generic establishment of control-plane interworking between the heterogeneous network types of today, such as 3GPP core networks, non-3GPP operator networks, heterogeneous access networks, and personal area networks     

Distinguishing social contacts and pass-by contacts in DTN routing

Smallcells deployment in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) introduce uplink (UL) downlink (DL) asymmetry, backhaul bottleneck, cell load imbalances, increased core network signaling, interference and mobility management problems. In order to address these issues, concept of dual connectivity has been introduced in 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) release 12. In dual connectivity, a given user equipment can consume radio resources of at least two different network points connected through non-ideal backhaul for spectrum aggregation and cooperative access mechanisms in dense 5G HetNets. Alternatively, another concept of downlink and uplink decoupling (DUDe) has also been recently introduced in 3GPP to improve uplink performance, load balancing and cell capacity. In order to take advantage of the strengths of these latest developments, this paper significantly advances prior work by analyzing K-tier 5G HetNets having dual connectivity and decoupled access (joint DUDe dual-connectivity) for spectrum aggregation in UL and DL. In the preceding works, K-tiers as per present-day heterogeneity, uplink power control and receiver noise have not been considered for joint DUDe dual-connectivity. With the use of stochastic geometry, we have developed closed form solutions for association, coverage and outage probabilities along with average throughput for joint DUDe dual-connectivity by considering uplink power control, receiver noise and K-tiers of HetNets. The resultant performance metrics are evaluated in terms of achieved gains over conventional downlink received power access policies. Results show that cell association technique based on joint DUDe dual-connectivity can significantly improve load balancing, mobility management and UL performance for forthcoming 5G HetNets.     

基于业务类型的异构无线网络选择算法

下一代异构无线网络环境下,用户的业务需求将更加多样化。根据3GPP对无线网络业务类型的划分,提出了一种基于业务类型的异构无线网络选择算法。该算法在无线多模终端中引入业务分析模块,考虑网络数据速率、时延、可靠性、安全性、价格等多种因素对不同业务的影响,采用模糊层次分析法,综合评价选出最佳网络接入。仿真结果证明,该算法能够根据业务类型有效地选择最佳网络,充分发挥异构网络的优势,有利于网络资源的优化调控。     

WiMax与3G LTE网络互联与融合技术研究

本文先分析WiMax与3GPP长期演进项目(LTE)两种无线接入技术融合的可能性.基于通用链路层(GLL)和协同无线资源管理(CRRM)机制的引入.提出了两种不同的协作程度的百联融合技术的网络架构.引入GLL的目的是为不同的无线接入机制提供统-的链路层数据处理.同时带来两个新的研究子课题:异构发送分集与异构多跳技术.CRRM完成网络间无线资源的协调管理,以达到最优化无线资源利用率和最大化系统容量的目的.几种关键的协同无线资源管理机制包括:接人选择、负载均衡、动态频谱控制技术在文中进行了详细分析及讨论.     

基于Stackelberg博弈的WCDMA网络收益最大化计费的研究

该文研究了在WCDMA网络中如何选择价格来最大化网络收益.没有采用拥塞相关的计费,而是对每个用户有效传输的单位吞吐量收取固定的费用,但每个用户的传输速率是网络拥塞和单位带宽价格的函数,并在此基础上提出了用户净效用函数.利用Stackelberg博弈,建模网络与用户之间的交互,即一方面网络管理者设定价格,以便实现收益最大化,而用户通过自优化效用函数来寻找新的均衡点对此做出响应.本文提供了网络收益与接纳用户数目的定量关系,并研究了网络降低用户传输速率以增大网络容量和拥塞控制的经济动机.     

基于半马尔可夫链的WLAN/CDMA联合呼叫接入控制

下一代网络（NGN）将融合多种异构无线接入网络。为了在满足QoS限制下,最大化网络收益,在对WLAN／CDMA等效带宽的研究基础上,提出一种基于SMDP（半马尔可夫决策规划）的最优的联合呼叫接入控制（JCAC）方案,方案考虑了WLAN和CDMA网络间的相互影响,并将网络连接的联合呼叫控制问题等效成一个半马尔可夫决策过程,仿真表明方案相对于离散时间的MDP和在MDP基础上的JCAC算法具有明显的优势。     

一种WLAN与LTE网络融合方案

3GPP23.234规范中提出研究WLAN等非3GPP接入EPC的互通架构。用户终端(UE)可以通过WLAN,以S2a、S2b或S2c等接口接入EPC。文章针对安全性低和改造复杂的问题,提出WGW-S2a融合网络架构——部署WGW网元支持EAP-AKA认证报文转发并具有MAG功能,采用EAP-SIM/AKAover802.1x实现安全的统一认证,WLAN用户接入EPC时IP地址分配由PDNGW分配。在WGW-S2a融合网络架构中,WLAN网络与EPC之间的接口仍然符合3GPP标准的S2a接口。     

Performance of Adaptive Routing in Wavelength-Routed Networks with Wavelength Conversion Capability

This paper concerns itself with the performance of adaptive routing in wavelength-routed networks with wavelength conversion capability. Exploiting the concept of load balancing, we propose an adaptive weighted-shortest-cost-path (WSCP) routing strategy. The salient feature of WSCP is that it seeks the path that minimizes the resource cost while simultaneously maintaining the traffic load among the links as balanced as possible. In our simulation, we compare the blocking probability, average hops and link utilization of WSCP with traditional shortest-cost-path (SCP) strategy, fixed routing and alternate routing. The numerical results show that WSCP can enhance blocking performance and just lengthen hop distances a little longer. The improvement is more significant in denser networks or with more wavelengths. We also develop an analytical model to estimate blocking performance of WSCP and compare analyses with simulations. Because of the benefit from load balancing, the proposed WSCP strategy can be used as a path selection algorithm in traffic engineering.     

3GPP系统中的负载均衡研究

本文主要从应用场景、负载信息的执行流程、负载信息的收集、小区间的负载信息交互等方面对3GPP系统中的负载均衡进行了研究。     

Quality-aware Wi-Fi offload: analysis,design and integration perspectives

The rapid spread of smart wireless devices and expansion of mobile data traffic have increased the interest for efficient traffic offloading techniques in next-generation communication technologies. Wi-Fi offloading uses ubiquitous Wi-Fi technology in order to satisfy the ever increasing demand for mobile bandwidth and therefore is an appropriate methodology for mobile operators. As a matter of fact, design and integration of an offloading technology inside mobile network operators’ infrastructures is a challenging task due to convergence issues between the The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and non-3GPP networks. Therefore, a connectivity management platform is a key element for integrated heterogeneous mobile network operators in order to enable smart and effective offloading. In this paper, analysis, design and integration of a connectivity management platform that uses a Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) algorithm for efficient Wi-Fi Offloading in heterogeneous wireless networks is presented. In order to enhance the end-user’s quality-of-experience (QoE), we have especially concentrated on the benefits that can be achieved by exploiting the presence of integrated service provider platform. Hence, the proposed platform can collect several User Equipment (UE) and network-based attributes via infrastructure and client Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and decides on the best network access technology (i.e. 3GPP and non-3GPP) to connect to for requested users. We have also proposed multi-user extensions of the MADM algorithms for offloading. Through simulations and experiments, we provide details of the comparisons of the proposed algorithms as well as the sensitivity analysis of the MADM algorithm through an experimental set-up.     

基于等概率路由模型的传感器网络负载均衡研究

无线传感器网络的能耗效率与流量负载分布密切相关。论文从微观角度研究了无线传感器网络的负载均衡问题。基于等概率路由模型,分析了拓扑传输结构对于感知数据流量的分流作用。根据分析结果,提出了多对一传输模式下任意节点负载密度的定义和算法。分析了节点的负载密度与传感器网络生命期的关系,进一步论证了在多对一的多跳传感器网络中不能实现完全的负载均衡,但是通过设计合理的拓扑结构可以实现准负载均衡。仿真结果说明,从微观角度得到的节点负载密度可以准确描述无线传感器网络的流量负载分布,由此得到的准负载均衡条件也能实现绝大多数节点的负载均衡。     

Dynamics of usage-priced communication networks: the case of a single bottleneck resource

In this paper, we study end-user dynamics of communication networks employing usage-based pricing. We propose a generic network access mechanism in which users modify their access control parameter based on the quality of service they receive in order to maximize their net benefit. For the examples of users sharing access to a bandwidth resource via a single trunk with Erlang loss dynamics and for a differentiated services (diffserv) network, we study the equilibrium/fixed points and give analytical results on convergence assuming the network prices are fixed.     

Optimal Traffic Sharing in GERAN

In a mobile communications network, the uneven spatial distribution of traffic demand can be dealt with by redefining cell service areas. When resizing cells, network operators often aim at equalizing call blocking rates throughout the network in the hope that this will maximize the total carried traffic in the network. In this paper, an analytical teletraffic model for the traffic sharing problem in GSM-EDGE radio access network (GERAN) is presented. From this model, a closed-form expression is derived for the optimal traffic sharing criterion between cells. Using this expression, it can be shown that balancing call blocking rate between adjacent cells is not the optimal strategy. Results show that using the optimal traffic sharing criterion instead of balancing blocking rates across the network can increase network capacity, even under restrictions in the cell resizing process.     

WLAN_MESH中一种基于负载均衡的接入点选择方法

针对WLAN Mesh网络进行接入点选择方法设计时,传统的接入方法以RSSI强度作为接入判断准则存在的缺陷问题,本文提出一种基于负载均衡的接入点选择方法,通过在负载均衡器中添加负载控制模块对网络和节点的负载进行实时监控,并建立网络效用模型,确定联合网络收益最大所对应的每个网络的接入用户数量,使得网络之间负载均衡且联合收益最大化。     

WLAN与3GPP无线互操作研究进展与展望

终端如何在3GPP与WLAN中选择最优网络接入并进行业务分流是WLAN与3GPP互操作中需要解决的重要问题。传统3GPP与WLAN互操作主要集中在核心网层面,无法考虑无线网络负载,容易造成网络负荷不均,用户体验降低。3GPP R12阶段在RAN2开展了WLAN与3GPP无线互操作研究,定义了一系列无线接入网辅助参数和无线接入网规则以增强WLAN与3GPP在无线的接入网选择和业务分流方案,有效提高了用户体验以及运营商对于WLAN的控制能力,为WLAN与3GPP网络深入融合提供解决方案。