黑蒜加工过程中主要营养物质及抗氧化活性变化的研究

目的探究大蒜在发酵成为黑蒜过程中主要营养物质及抗氧化活性的变化。方法将新鲜大蒜置于高温密闭环境中发酵,定期测定蒜样的水分、还原糖、总酸、蛋白质及总酚的含量和抗氧化活性。结果在高温高湿条件下,随着发酵时间的延长,蒜瓣水分逐渐丧失,还原糖、总酸、蛋白质、总酚含量相对提高, 25 d时黑蒜的还原糖含量较鲜蒜增加12.19%,总酚含量提高6.7倍,蛋白质含量增加3.14 mg/g DW;抗氧化性能总体增加, DPPH清除能力提升了2.6倍。结论适宜的条件下发酵形成的黑蒜具有更高的营养价值和抗氧化活性。     

超微粉碎对黑蒜粉末物理性质及抗氧化能力的影响

为评价超微粉碎对黑蒜粉末物理性质及抗氧化能力的影响,分别对超微粉碎与机械粉碎黑蒜粉末的休止角、松密度、持水性等理化性质进行比较分析,测定其多酚类物质提取率,同时采用DPPH自由基清除、Fe³⁺还原能力、ABTS⁺自由基清除能力、氧自由基吸收能力系统评价其体外抗氧化能力。并以人肝肿瘤细胞HepG2细胞为模型,测定其不同粉碎方式黑蒜的细胞抗氧化能力。结果显示,与机械粉碎相比,超微粉碎后的黑蒜粉末平均粒径较小,水溶性、溶胀度及多酚类物质的溶出率分别增加了26.84%、39.53%和31.76%,持水力及持油力等理化性质得到改善。抗氧化能力评价中,超微粉碎能力显著提高了黑蒜粉末的还原能力、DPPH和ABTS⁺自由基清除能力、总氧自由基吸收能力以及细胞内抗氧化活性。     

均匀试验优化黑蒜提取液的抗氧化活性

以DPPH自由基清除率为指标,利用均匀试验考察了提取温度、时间、pH和底物质量比对黑蒜提取液抗氧化活性的影响.结果表明,pH对黑蒜提取液抗氧化活性具有显著影响(p0.05).黑蒜提取液制取的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度40℃,提取时间30 min,pH=3.0,黑蒜与去离子水的质量比(g∶mL)为1∶25,此时对DPPH自由基的清除率为92.65%,与理论值的相对误差3.59%.     

醋蒜提取物抗氧化活性初步研究

采用DPPH法和抑制脂质过氧化法考察了醋蒜提取物的抗氧化活性。醋蒜醇提取物、醋蒜液和水提取物均具有不同程度的抗氧化活性,三者抗氧化能力依次减弱,前两者活性较高;醋蒜醇提物和水提物的抗氧化性略低于鲜蒜提取物。本研究显示,醋蒜及醋蒜浸泡液是一种具有抗氧化功能的保健食品。     

黑蒜提取物的抗氧化性与抗炎活性比较研究

目的对分离纯化黑蒜多糖的过程中得到6种黑蒜提取物,进行成分分析,并比较研究它们的抗氧化活性和抗炎活性。方法黑蒜经热水提取获得黑蒜水提物(hot water extract,HWE),经乙醇分离得到乙醇上清(ethanol supernatant extract,ESE)和沉淀(ethanol precipitate extract,EPE)提取物,并再经脱蛋白和乙醇分离得到脱蛋白的乙醇上清(deproteinized ethanol supernatant extract,d ESE)和沉淀(deproteinized ethanol precipitate extract,d EPE)提取物,再经DEAE 52纤维素层析纯化得到多糖提取物(purified polysaccharide extract,PPE)。首先采用薄层层析法分析了6种黑蒜提取物的单糖组成,还测定了总糖含量、还原糖含量、硫含量。再比较分析了6种多糖提取物的抗氧化与抗炎活性。结果 6种黑蒜提取物对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基均具有良好的清除作用。6种黑蒜提取物对脂多糖(lipopoly saccharides,LPS)(20?g/mL)所致的RAW264.7细胞生长抑制均有显著性保护作用(P0.05)。6种黑蒜提取物对LPS(1?g/mL)诱导RAW264.7细胞NO,IL-1?,IL-6和TNF-?等细胞炎性因子的释放均有显著的抑制作用(P0.05)。结论黑蒜多糖提取物具有良好的抗氧化作用和抗炎活性,研究结果为黑蒜的进一步研发提供了理论依据和实际参考价值。     

Evaluation of pre‐heating and extraction solvents in antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of garlic,and their application in fresh pork patties

The objectives of this study were to screen the optimum conditions for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of garlic as affected by pre‐heating and different extraction solvents, and to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of these extracts in ground meat during refrigerated storage. Methanol extracted garlic had a greater total phenolic content, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)‐radical scavenging activity and reducing power than water extracted one (P < 0.05), whereas the latter had a greater yield and iron chelating ability than the former (P < 0.05). Moreover, water extract from fresh garlic (WEFG) and methanol extract from heated garlic (MEHG) produced an inhibition zone against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. The addition of garlic extracts (WEFG, MEHG and their combinations WEFMEHG)) to pork patties decreased the pH, hunter a values (redness), thiobarbituric acid substances values and the number of total plate count and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05), while the hunter b values (yellowness) increased (P < 0.05). Results of this study indicated that the use of the garlic extracts was able to control lipid oxidation and microbial growth in pork patties.     

黑大蒜发酵过程中功能性成分以及抗氧化活性的动态变化研究

采用五阶段发酵法制备黑大蒜,并研究了发酵各阶段黑大蒜的功能性成分的动态变化。结果表明,第一阶段是还原糖含量、抗氧化物质和活性的增强阶段,还原糖含量、总多酚含量、总黄酮类含量、DPPH自由基清除能力以及FRAP铁还原抗氧化力相比新鲜大蒜分别增加了12、4、7、7、7倍;第二阶段是大蒜中的蒜氨酸转换为S-烯丙基-L半胱氨酸亚砜的过程,S-烯丙基-L半胱氨酸亚砜的含量比新鲜大蒜增加了12倍;第三阶段是促进大蒜转变为\     

不同预处理对黑蒜品质的影响

本文研究了低温冷冻预处理和高温水煮预处理对黑蒜品质的影响,分析不同预处理过程中黑蒜成熟时间、还原糖含量、氨基态氮含量、总酚含量、5-羟甲基糠醛（5-HMF）含量的变化。结果表明,低温冷冻预处理使黑蒜成熟时间较高温水煮预处理及对照组均缩短4 d;低品冷冻及高温水煮预处理加工的黑蒜还原糖含量较对照提高43.3%和23.3%,总酚含量较对照提高14.7%、9.3%,氨基态氮含量较对照均提高5.8%左右,5-HMF含量比对照组分别降低45.6%和18.4%。因此,经低温冷冻预处理后发酵得到的黑蒜品质更好。      

Characterisation of protein‐rich isolates and antioxidative phenolic extracts from pale and black brewers' spent grain

Protein‐enriched isolates and co‐product fractions were obtained from sheared, pale and black brewers' spent grain (BSG) using sequential aqueous and alkaline (110 mm NaOH) extraction, followed by isoelectric precipitation at pH 3.8. A recovery of 59% of the original pale BSG protein and 15% of the black BSG protein was obtained for the final isolates. Gel permeation HPLC (GP‐HPLC) revealed that 59% of the extracted pale BSG protein and only 6% of black BSG protein had a molecular mass >10 kDa. Glutamine/glutamate and proline were the most abundant amino acids present in both isolates. Analysis of four co‐product fractions obtained during fractionation from both pale and black BSG revealed the presence of phenolics, with higher concentrations in the black BSG extracts. These fractions possessed antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity when tested using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (0.16 ± 0.01 to 4.33 ± 0.11 mg Trolox equivalents g^?1 BSG dry weight) and diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (12.85 ± 1.16% to 59.50 ± 3.47% DPPH?_sc) assays, respectively. The protein‐enriched isolates and the phenolic‐rich extracts may find use as value‐added ingredients for incorporation into conventional and functional foods.     

预处理工艺对黑蒜功能性成分、抗氧化活性影响及相关性研究

分别利用微生物、冷冻和高温高压3种工艺对白蒜进行预处理,发酵制备黑蒜,对黑蒜发酵过程中的色差、褐变程度、总酚、蛋白质、总酸、pH、S-烯丙基-L-半胱氨酸(S-allyl-L-cysteine,SAC)、5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxym-ethylfurfural,5-HMF)等理化指标进行监测,并对羟自由基清除能...     

Phase II enzyme induction and anti‐inflammatory effects of crude extracts and secondary fractions obtained from bran from five black glutinous rice cultivars

Methanolic extracts of bran from black glutinous rice cultivars were screened for potential health benefits using cellular bioassays for quinone reductase (QR) induction in murine hepatoma cells and inhibition of NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Fractionation of the crude extract by semi‐preparative HPLC afforded respective fractions enriched in phenolic acids, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. The relative potency of QR induction was phenolic acids > proanthocyanidins > anthocyanins, and the activity of the crude extract was conserved among the aggregate of these fractions. In contrast, all three fractions were more potent than the crude extract in terms of anti‐inflammatory effect. This suggests synergism effects among anti‐inflammatory agents through partial purification. Inhibition of macrophage NO production by binary mixtures of gallic acid or caffeic acid with the anthocyanin‐rich fraction indicated potential synergism. These results warrant further efforts to identify the active agents and substantiate synergistic interactions through isobologram analysis.     

澄清型黑蒜饮料的流变特性研究

本文通过采用DV-Ⅲ+型数字流变仪测定了不同温度条件下澄清型黑蒜饮料的流变特性。通过对拟合方程和所得参数的研究发现,在25、35、45℃的温度条件下,黑蒜饮料的流变曲线为一条过原点的直线,对曲线的拟合参数n值接近1,近似为牛顿流体类型;而在55℃和65℃的温度条件下,黑蒜饮料的流变曲线为一条过原点向下凹的曲线,对曲线的拟合参数n值大于1,符合胀塑性流体类型的特征。同时,在不同温度下测定了黑蒜饮料黏度的变化,通过Arrehenius方程η=K0exp（Ea/RT）相关变化进行拟合,可用来预测实际加工过程中澄清型黑蒜饮料温度对黏度的影响,为其加工生产提供理论指导。      

黑蒜的营养功能及其加工工艺研究进展

黑蒜是大蒜在高温高湿条件下自然形成的一种功能性深加工产品。文章综述了黑蒜形成过程中的营养物质变化、黑蒜的生物功能、加工工艺及黑蒜内生菌等研究内容,并对黑蒜产业目前存在的问题及未来的研究方向进行展望,旨在为黑蒜产品的深度开发和黑蒜产业的健康发展提供理论参考。     

A comparative study on phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of legumes as affected by extraction solvents

ABSTRACT:  The objective of this study was to investigate how 6 commonly used solvent systems affected the yields of phenolic substances and the antioxidant capacity of extracts from 8 major classes of food legumes. Several antioxidant-related phytochemical compositions, namely, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and condensed tannins content (CTC), were investigated. In addition, antioxidant activities were tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The results showed that the 50% acetone extracts exhibited the highest TPC for yellow pea, green pea, chickpea, and yellow soybean. Acidic 70% acetone (+0.5% acetic acid) extracts exhibited the highest TPC, TFC, and FRAP values for black bean, lentil, black soybean, and red kidney bean. The 80% acetone extracts exhibited the highest TFC, CTC, and DPPH-free radical scavenging activity for yellow pea, green pea, chickpea, and yellow soybean. The 70% ethanol extracts exhibited the greatest ORAC value for all selected legumes. These results indicated that solvents with different polarity had significant effects on total phenolic contents, extracted components, and antioxidant activities. High correlations between phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of legume extracts were observed. The information is of interest to the nutraceutical food/ingredient industries since legumes are a rich source of antioxidants.