海洋内波对水下声场的影响

海洋内波是海水内部的波动之一,它与海洋表面的海浪运动有着非常不同的物理特征。海洋内波会引起海水温度剖面发生剧烈的波动,这种波动具有很强的方向性和时变性,对水下声传播影响巨大,并展现出一些很奇特的声波导效应(包括二维波导效应和三维波导效应),给水下目标的探测与定位以及水声通信等带来严重影响。海洋内波对声场的影响研究涉及到海洋动力学和水声学两个学科领域,文章重点介绍海洋内波对声场影响研究领域的相关进展,并对内波环境下典型声波导现象进行了讨论,最后对该领域未来的发展进行了总结和展望。     

机载合成孔径雷达海面风场探测辐射定标精度要求研究

复杂的机载合成孔径雷达系统使得探测精度要求研究难以系统有效. 依据辐射定标精度在机载合成孔径雷达海面风场探测信息流程中的作用, 提出通过辐射定标精度要求整体考察系统探测精度要求的研究方法, 仿真研究了CMOD4地球物理模型函数的参数关系,系统地确定出不同入射角和风向条件下机载合成孔径雷达海面风场探测的辐射定标精度要求.研究结果表明, 辐射定标精度要求随着入射角的增加而降低,且随着风向变化呈周期性变化, 这一规律与CMOD4地球物理模型函数中由风速变化引起的后向散射截面变化值的变化规律一致. 依据这一规律,研究发现通过采用有源定标器定标、设计载机做侧风飞行以及选择大入射角的探测图像作为反演图像区这三种手段,能够提高风速反演精度.     

深远海线性内波条件下声场时间相关性的空间分布

深海声场特定的干涉结构导致其时间相关性的空间起伏,研究这种空间特性可以为水声信号的探测与处理提供重要参考。利用抛物方程声场仿真模型,联合Monte-Carlo数值方法计算分析了深远海线性内波条件下声场时间相关性的空间分布特性。与现有的研究相比,给出了时间相关性的距离和深度起伏特征。结果表明,当接收达到一定距离,声场时间相关性的空间分布具有与声场干涉条纹类似的结构,声场干涉越强,时间相关性越好。此外,声源频率和声速标准差的变化会引起时间相关性空间分布规律的改变,且会聚区传播模式下的改变强于深海声道传播模式。     

海洋表面波的3-4-5波共振守恒理论

面对海洋表面完整的两大波要素–-张力波和重力波, 构建出一个确定、丰富、基本的有限水深海洋表面波的“3-4-5波共振守恒理论”. 与以往经典、现代的多种结果相比, 充分保证了该理论的“精确性、对称性、完备性”, 为后继、普适的海洋波湍流统计理论提供了一个必备基础. 关键词： 海洋表面波 Hamilton描述 3-4-5波共振 波湍流     

基于海面散射模型的全极化合成孔径雷达海洋环境探测关键技术参数设计仿真研究

技术参数设计研究是提升全极化SAR海洋环境探测能力的有效途径. 本文通过分析噪声等效后向散射系数和辐射分辨率与海洋环境探测的地球物理联系,提出一种全极化SAR关键技术参数设计方法. 采用全极化海面散射模型计算不同海洋环境条件下的雷达后向散射系数,据此确定全极化SAR对海探测的噪声等效后向散射系数,再将其作为合成孔径雷达方程输入参数,以辐射分辨率和信噪比的函数关系为约束条件,开展信噪比、辐射分辨率和系统功率孔径积等技术参数设计研究. 论文通过全极化海面散射模型的仿真计算,发现对海探测的噪声等效后向散射系数设计为-35.0 dB,可满足全极化SAR不同海洋环境条件的探测需求. 通过研究辐射分辨率与信噪比的函数关系,发现对海探测的最优信噪比为8.0 dB. C波段机载全极化SAR设计结果表明,由于兼顾了海洋环境探测需求,本文设计方法使得全极化SAR技术参数同时满足了海洋环境应用需求和系统设计要求. 关键词： 海面散射模型 全极化合成孔径雷达 海洋环境探测 技术参数设计     

Bäcklund transformation,infinite number of conservation laws and fission properties of an integro-differential model for ocean internal solitary waves

This paper presents an analytical investigation of the propagation of internal solitary waves in the ocean of finite depth. Using the multi-scale analysis and reduced perturbation methods, the integrodifferential equation is derived, which is called the intermediate long wave(ILW) equation and can describe the amplitude of internal solitary waves. It can reduce to the Benjamin–Ono equation in the deep-water limit, and to the Kd V equation in the shallow-water limit. Little attention has been paid to the features of integro-differential equations, especially for their conservation laws. Here,based on Hirota bilinear method, B?cklund transformations in bilinear form of ILW equation are derived and infinite number of conservation laws are given. Finally, we analyze the fission phenomenon of internal solitary waves theoretically and verify it through numerical simulation. All of these have potential value for the further research on ocean internal solitary waves.     

A set of Boussinesq-type equations for interfacial internal waves in two-layer stratified fluid

Many new forms of Boussinesq-type equations have been developed to extend the range of applicability of the classical Boussinesq equations to deeper water in the study of the surface waves. One approach was used by Nwogu (1993. J. Wtrw. Port Coastal and Oc. Eng. 119, 618--638) to improve the linear dispersion characteristics of the classical Boussinesq equations by using the velocity at an arbitrary level as the velocity variable in derived equations and obtain a new form of Boussinesq-type equations, in which the dispersion property can be optimized by choosing the velocity variable at an adequate level. In this paper, a set of Boussinesq-type equations describing the motions of the interfacial waves propagating alone the interface between two homogeneous incompressible and inviscid fluids of different densities with a free surface and a variable water depth were derived using a method similar to that used by Nwogu (1993. J. Wtrw. Port Coastal and Oc. Eng. 119, 618--638) for surface waves. The equations were expressed in terms of the displacements of free surface and density-interface, and the velocity vectors at arbitrary vertical locations in the upper layer and the lower layer (or depth-averaged velocity vector across each layer) of a two-layer fluid. As expected, the equations derived in the present work include as special cases those obtained by Nwogu (1993, J. Wtrw. Port Coastal and Oc. Eng. 119, 618-638) and Peregrine (1967, J. Fluid Mech. 27, 815-827) for surface waves when the density of the upper fluid is taken as zero.     

Second-order random wave solutions for interfacial internal waves in N-layer density-stratified fluid

This paper studies the random internal wave equations describing the density interface displacements and the velocity potentials of N-layer stratified fluid contained between two rigid walls at the top and bottom. The density interface displacements and the velocity potentials were solved to the second-order by an expansion approach used by Longuet-Higgins （1963） and Dean （1979） in the study of random surface waves and by Song （2004） in the study of second- order random wave solutions for internal waves in a two-layer fluid. The obtained results indicate that the first-order solutions are a linear superposition of many wave components with different amplitudes, wave numbers and frequencies, and that the amplitudes of first-order wave components with the same wave numbers and frequencies between the adjacent density interfaces are modulated by each other. They also show that the second-order solutions consist of two parts： the first one is the first-order solutions, and the second one is the solutions of the second-order asymptotic equations, which describe the second-order nonlinear modification and the second-order wave-wave interactions not only among the wave components on same density interfaces but also among the wave components between the adjacent density interfaces. Both the first-order and second-order solutions depend on the density and depth of each layer. It is also deduced that the results of the present work include those derived by Song （2004） for second-order random wave solutions for internal waves in a two-layer fluid as a particular case.     

Travelling Wave Solution of Korteweg-de Vries-Burger's Equation

An attempt has been made to obtain exact analytical travelling wave solution of Korteweg-de Vries-Burger's (KdVB) equation by the so-called tanh-method. This equation can be derived for dust ion acoustic shocks by using reduction perturbation method. It is found that an exact solution of the KdVB equation is obtained by tanh-method, provided the parameters involved satisfy a constraint relation. However a special exact analytical solution can be obtained where no such restriction is necessary. This solution has the structure of a shock wave. Numerical solution is also obtained for travelling wave with or without the assumption of the constraint relation. We have also found a singular solution in terms of cosech and coth functions.     

Robust feed-back control of travelling waves in a class of reaction-diffusion distributed biological systems

Reaction-Diffusion (RD) mechanisms can describe many biological phenomena such as neuron firing in the brain, the heartbeat, cellular organization activities or even biological disorders such as fibrillation. The FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) model is a particular case of RD systems. It is able to capture the key features of many biological processes and since it is relatively simple it has been widely employed during recent years. Some examples of its predictive capabilities include the representation of the normal behavior of some physiological phenomena, related to a travelling plane wave, as well as biological disorders associated with spiral or irregular fronts. The objective of this work is to design a control law that is able to stabilize complex behaviors (travelling plane wave) in biological systems using the FHN model as a case study. Since, in biological systems there usually exists a lack of detailed information on the system structure, our control law will be designed to be robust, i.e., it must be able to reach the predefined reference regardless the presence of structural uncertainties. To this purpose, we will extend some classical results on the finite-dimensional robust control theory to RD systems by means of order reduction techniques, in particular the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition method.     

Analysis of the axial electric field in a plasma-loaded-helix travelling wave tube

A helix type slow wave structure filled with plasma is immersed in a strong longitudinal magnetic field. Taking into account the effect of the plasma and the dielectric, the system is separated radially into three regions. By means of the sheath model and Maxwell equation, the distribution of the electromagnetic field is established. Using the boundary conditions of each region, the dispersion relation of the slow wave structure is derived. The trend of change for the radial profile of the axial electric field is analysed respectively in different plasma densities, plasma column radius and dielectric constant by numerical computation. Some useful results are obtained on the basis of the discussion.     

浅海内孤立波动态传播过程中声波模态强度起伏规律

内孤立波是一种常见于浅海海域的非线性内波,具有振幅大、周期短和流速强等特点,它通过扰动水体中的温盐分布使声速剖面产生明显的距离依赖性,进而影响水下声传播特性.内波自生成后通常以1 m/s量级的速度传播,运动的内波使声传播路径上的声波模态能量在空间和时间上剧烈起伏.本文定义模态强度为模态系数模值(模态幅度)的平方,并用其衡量各阶模态所含声能量的大小.文中基于耦合简正波理论,推导了内波运动时声波模态强度起伏的表达式,将模态强度表征为振荡项和趋势项的线性叠加.以往的工作大多局限于单独从时域或频域研究内波运动时声波模态强度的时变规律,本文则结合短时傅里叶变换在时频平面上揭示了模态强度的起伏机理.理论推导和数值仿真均表明内孤立波使各阶声波模态之间发生能量交换,即模态耦合.内波的动态传播进一步引起模态干涉,这种干涉效应表现为模态强度中的振荡项并使模态强度随时间快速起伏.受模态剥离效应(不同阶模态之间衰减系数的差异)的影响,趋势项的幅度随时间不断变化,进而对模态干涉引起的振荡叠加了时变的偏置.模态强度的整体走势和振荡项中各频率分量振幅的时变特征均与模态衰减密切相关.同时,本文使用深度积分声强作为总接...     

风浪因素对海洋波导雷达回波作用机理的研究

采用文氏谱模型描述近海海洋动力环境海面的粗糙特征, 并运用海浪谱理论得到风速和均方根高度偏差的关系. 进而应用修正的离散混合傅里叶变换方法和改进的雷达散射系数模型分别计算了电磁波传输损耗和雷达散射系数. 在此基础上, 通过数值计算分析了风浪因素对海洋波导环境雷达回波功率值的影响. 结果表明, 风浪因素对不同观测高度处的传输损耗的影响均不大; 风浪因素对雷达回波功率有显著影响, 并且相对于传输损耗, 雷达散射系数项受风浪因素影响较大因而导致较大的雷达回波功率的变化.     

线性密度分层流体中半球体运动生成内波的实验研究

在密度线性分布的分层流试验水槽中,对贴近侧壁面的半球体模型运动生成的内波进行了实验研究. 采用多通道电导率阵列,测量分析了拖曳模型产生内波的波形结构、垂向位移场及其相关速度等. 实验结果表明:半球体模型产生的内波可以分为两类,一类是由定常源激发的体积效应内波,另一类是由非定常源激发的尾迹内波,由前者转换为后者的临界内Froude(Fr)数是Fr_s =1.6;与球体模型实验比较,Fr_s约为球体的2/3,转换更迅速,界线更清 关键词： 分层流 半球模型 内波 尾迹     

拖曳体激发内波时空特性实验及其理论模型

在具有密度跃层的分层流体中,采用沿水槽中纵剖面对称布置电导率探头阵列的方法,对1个球体和2个不同长径比细长体在拖曳运动下激发内波的时空特性进行了系列实验.结果表明:存在一个与长径比近似为线性关系的临界Froude数Frc,当FrFr_c时,内波相关速度均与物体运动速度一致,体积效应内波为主控内波,内波波高均随拖曳速度增大而先增大后减小,Lee波峰值对应速度随长径比增大而增大;当FrFr_c时,内波相关速度均小于物体运动速度,其相关速度Froude数Fr_(iw)均在0.43—1.18之间的一个条带内变化,尾迹效应内波为主控内波,内波波高均随拖曳速度增大而近似线性增大.此外,从波形结构上看,体积效应内波关于水槽中纵剖面是对称的,而尾迹效应内波关于水槽中纵剖面是不对称的.结合上述实验结果,在已有针对拖曳球产生内波的等效源理论模型基础上,针对体积效应内波,提出了不同长径比模型的等效源移动速度和体积的设置方法;针对尾迹效应内波正对称和反对称这一特性,提出了正对称组合源和反对称组合源理论模型及其参数设置方法.所得计算结果在波高、波形结构和波系分布上与实验结果符合良好,表明了所提出的理论模型及其参数设置方法的合理性和有效性.     

颗粒物质内部滑动摩擦力的非线性振动现象

实验研究了探测棒竖直穿过圆筒中颗粒物质运动时所受的滑动摩擦阻力.研究发现，厚度为容器直径的0.5到2倍之间，粒径为2 mm的颗粒堆，对探测棒的滑动摩擦力在一个平均水平上随时间作非线性振动.当探测棒以小于2×10^-3 m/s的匀速率上升时，滑动摩擦力平均水平超过初始最大静摩擦力F₀的0.2到0.5倍，变化范围可从F₀到2F₀.频率低于1.35 Hz时，各种频率成分的强度随频率增加按幂函数方式衰减，其主要部分的平均周期T与探测棒运动速率v成反比关系. 关键词： 颗粒物质 滑动摩擦力 非线性振动     

Emergence of spatiotemporal chaos arising from far-field breakup of spiral waves in the plankton ecological systems

It has been reported that the minimal spatially extended phytoplankton--zooplankton system exhibits both temporal regular/chaotic behaviour, and spatiotemporal chaos in a patchy environment. As a further investigation by means of computer simulations and theoretical analysis, in this paper we observe that the spiral waves may exist and the spatiotemporal chaos emerge when the parameters are within the mixed Turing--Hopf bifurcation region, which arises from the far-field breakup of the spiral waves over a large range of diffusion coefficients of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Moreover, the spatiotemporal chaos arising from the far-field breakup of spiral waves does not gradually invade the whole space of that region. Our results are confirmed by nonlinear bifurcation of wave trains. We also discuss ecological implications of these spatially structured patterns.     

高效率行波管电子枪设计及其优化

利用综合迭代法初步确定了用于高效率行波管的电子枪几何尺寸参数,考虑电子枪设计对导流系数、注腰半径、层流性等参数提出的要求,通过建立评价电子注性能优劣的目标函数以量化设计结果;应用EGUN软件和步长加速直接求优的方法对目标函数进行了优化,优化结果满足了设计要求。该电子枪已经用于制管实验,电子注静态通过率99.7%,动态通过率98.0%,电子效率达到34%,实验结果进一步验证了该电子枪设计的合理性。     

Large-eddy simulation of the generation and propagation of internal solitary waves

A modified large-eddy simulation model,the dynamic coherent eddy model(DCEM)is employed to simulate the generation and propagation of internal solitary waves(ISWs)of both depression and elevation type,with wave amplitudes ranging from small,medium to large scales.The simulation results agree well with the existing experimental data.The generation process of ISWs is successfully captured by the DCEM method.Shear instabilities and diapycnal mixing in the initial wave generation phase are observed.The dissipation rate is not equal at different locations of an ISW.ISW-induced velocity field is analyzed in the present study.The structure of the bottom boundary layer(BBL)of internal wave packets is found to be different from that of a single ISW.A reverse boundary jet instead of a separation bubble exists behind the leading internal wave while separation bubbles appear in other parts of the wave-induced velocity field.The boundary jet flow resulting from the adverse pressure gradients has distinctive dynamics compared with free shear jets.     

南海东沙海域线性内波引起的声场统计特性

海洋内波对声传播及水声探测具有重要影响。利用南海东沙附近海域一次低频声传播起伏实验同步获取的声学与水文观测数据,从水文连续观测数据中提取了内波特征参数,验证了修正线性内波频谱公式,用蒙特卡洛方法统计分析了存在线性内波条件下的声场起伏特性,并用射线理论解释了声源与跃层相对位置对声场起伏的影响机理。结果表明:随着频率、平均能流密度和收发距离的增加,最大概率传播损失(TL)增大;受线性内波活动的影响,与“上发下收”相比,“下发下收”情况下传播损失的概率分布更发散;随着收发距离的增加,内波的累积效果更加显著,在“下发下收”情况下,40 km处传播损失概率分布最大可增加至8 dB;在负跃层环境下,内波的扰动更有利于声线穿越温跃层。