表达CD10的非特殊类型乳腺肉瘤3例报道并文献复习

目的 探讨表达CD10的非特殊类型乳腺肉瘤的病理形态学、免疫表型特点以及诊断与鉴别诊断.方法 应用光镜观察、免疫组织化学染色等方法对3例表达CD10的非特殊类型乳腺肉瘤进行分析,并复习文献.结果 肿瘤境界清楚,主要由梭形-胖梭形细胞组成,与数量不等的胶原束交错呈流水样或席纹状排列,胞质红染或空淡,核梭形,染色体粗颗粒状,部分有细小核仁.1例伴大片坏死,1例伴出血及破骨细胞样巨细胞反应.免疫组化染色3例均CD10(+),2例EGFR(+),上皮标记物cK(AEl/AE3)、CK5/6、CK7、CKl4、CK8/18、3413E12及其他肌上皮标记物SMA、p63、ealponin等则(一).结论 表达CD10的非特殊类型乳腺肉瘤是一种罕见而具有独特免疫表型的肉瘤,诊断时须借助免疫组化与化生性癌、叶状肿瘤等鉴别.     

乳腺导管内癌分子分型应用研究

目的 采用免疫组织化学检测方法 对乳腺导管内癌进行分子分型.方法 收集50例乳腺导管内癌存档蜡块,用单克隆抗体CK5/6、CK8、CK18、34βE12、p63、S-100、SMA、CD10、CD117、EGFR、ER、PR和HER2进行免疫组织化学EnVision法染色,按照免疫表型分为5种类型:腺腔A型(ER+/PR+/HER2-)、腺腔B型(ER+/PR+/HER2+)、正常乳腺样型(ER-/PR-/HER2-且不表达基底/肌上皮标记及EGFR)、HER2过表达型(ER-/PR-/HER2+)和基底细胞样型(ER-/PR-/HER2-,且至少表达一种基底型角蛋白和(或)肌上皮标记物或EGFR).结果 腺腔A型16例(32%),腺腔B型19例(38%),HER2过表达型13例(26%),基底细胞样型2例(4%),无正常乳腺型.2例基底细胞样型,均表达CK5/6、CD117,例1同时表达SMA,例2表达CK8、CK18、34βE12、S-100,均为高级别导管内癌.结论 乳腺导管内癌可按免疫表型进行分子分型,部分导管内癌具有与基底细胞样癌相同的免疫表型,可能是基底细胞样癌的前驱病变,其诊断依赖于免疫组化检测.     

涎腺肌上皮癌12例临床病理分析

目的探讨涎腺肌上皮癌(myoepithelial carcinoma,MEC)的临床病理学及免疫表型特征,以期提高该病的诊断和治疗水平。方法采用HE及免疫组化法对12例涎腺MEC进行检测,对其组织形态学及免疫表型进行分析,并复习相关文献。结果MEC组织以透明、淡染细胞多见,部分病例可见浆细胞样细胞、上皮细胞及梭形细胞,癌细胞呈巢团状、实性片状或梁索状排列;核分裂象易见;细胞异型性明显;4例中可见坏死。免疫表型:12例表达CK,8例表达EMA,11例表达p63和CK5/6,10例表达S-100,4例表达vimentin,2例表达Calponin,1例表达SMA,Ki-67增殖指数5%~40%。结论 MEC细胞形态多样,病理检查结合免疫表型可提高该病的确诊率,治疗以手术切除为主。     

乳腺恶性腺肌上皮瘤临床病理学观察

目的 探讨乳腺恶性腺肌上皮瘤(adenomyoepithelioma,AME)的临床及病理学特点、诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 运用HE染色、镜检及免疫组化染色对3例AME进行临床病理学分析,并复习相关文献.结果 肿瘤主要形态特征是由肌上皮围绕腺上皮构成的管腔所形成的双层套管结构.2种上皮有不同程度的增生,呈巢团状.肿块呈浸润性生长,细胞异型性明显,核分裂多见.免疫组化表达结果具有双相性,腺上皮表达CK8、CK18、EMA等,肌上皮表达SMA、S-100、p63等.肿瘤细胞ER、PR、Her-2阴性,CK5/6和(或)EGFR有不同程度的阳性表达,具有基底样型乳腺癌的免疫表型.结论 恶性AME十分罕见,应与乳腺肌上皮癌、化生癌、肉瘤等多种肿瘤相鉴别,其组织学特点及免疫组化表型是诊断的关键.     

筛状结构为主的涎腺基底细胞腺瘤临床病理特征及免疫表型

目的探讨以筛状结构为主的涎腺基底细胞腺瘤(basal cell adenoma,BCA)的临床病理学及免疫表型特征。方法回顾性分析4例以筛状结构为主的涎腺BCA临床病史和病理学特征,采用免疫组化法检测CK、CK14、CK8/18、CK19、EMA、CD10、CD117、BCL-2、CDX-2、SMA、S-100、p63、p53、EGFR、Ki-67的表达。结果 4例以筛状结构为主的BCA均生长缓慢,分界清楚,无周围组织浸润,有被膜内浸润但未突破被膜,镜下见瘤组织中筛状结构占50%以上。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞中CK、EMA、CD10、CD117、BCL-2、CDX-2、p53、EGFR均呈(+),CK14、CK8/18、SMA、S-100均呈(),CK19和p63呈();Ki-67增殖指数<1%。结论以筛状结构为主的BCA较罕见,与腺样囊性癌(adenoid cystic carcinoma,ACC)不易区分,结合临床病理及免疫表型特征等可进行鉴别。     

伴皮脂腺分化的腺样囊性癌和鳞癌构成的食管碰撞瘤1例并文献复习

目的探讨伴皮脂腺分化的腺样囊性癌和鳞癌构成的食管碰撞瘤的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析1例伴皮脂腺分化的腺样囊性癌和鳞癌构成的发生在食管的碰撞瘤,分析其临床表现、组织病理学特征和免疫表型,并复习相关文献。结果胃镜下见距门齿34～37cm处食管见一隆起型灰黄色肿物,组织学表现为双原发肿瘤,糜烂区为中分化鳞癌,浸润黏膜下层,周围可见鳞状上皮不典型增生;隆起型灰黄色肿物主要由3种不同组织构型区域融合构成。免疫表型:未分化基底样细胞CK8/18、CAM5. 2、p63、p40、GATA-3、S-100均(+),CK5/6、CK7均灶(+),AR、GCDFP-15、SMA均(-);腺样囊性癌样区域:腺上皮CK8/18、CAM5. 2、CK7均(+),基底细胞p63、p40、CK5/6、S-100、CD117均(+),SMA、AR、GCDFP-15、GATA-3均(-);皮脂腺分化区域:CK5/6、p40、GATA-3、EMA均(+),SMA灶(+); AR、GCDFP-15、vimentin、CD117、CD15均(-);鳞癌区域:p40、p63、CK5/6均(+)。随访56个月,患者无复发及转移。结论伴皮脂腺分化的腺样囊性癌和鳞癌构成的食管碰撞瘤临床罕见,需与基底细胞样鳞癌、黏液表皮样癌、腺鳞癌及MuiR-Torre综合征鉴别。     

乳腺梭形细胞癌2例临床病理特征及误诊分析

目的观察乳腺梭形细胞癌的临床病理及免疫表型特征,分析该类乳腺癌易误诊的原因并探讨其诊断思路及要点。方法回顾性分析2例乳腺梭形细胞癌的临床资料、病理学形态及免疫表型,并复习相关文献,分析该类乳腺癌误诊的原因。结果 2例患者均为女性,其中1例乳腺皮肤活检组织,镜下真皮及皮下组织内见形态温和的梭形细胞增生明显,穿插于纤维脂肪组织中,并伴有较多急慢性炎细胞浸润;另1例在硬化性腺病背景下有大量的梭形细胞增生,并伴有低级别导管原位癌成分。免疫表型:例1梭形细胞CK、CK8、p120及β-catenin胞质阳性;后者CK、CK5/6、p63及CD10阳性。例1因乳腺肿块误诊致多次复发最终累及皮肤;后者术中冷冻病理诊断为良性,术后行免疫组化标记后才得以明确诊断。结论乳腺梭形细胞癌是一类较为少见的乳腺癌,易漏、误诊,其诊断的准确性有赖于正确的诊断思路基础上广泛取材及全面的免疫组化检测。     

乳腺结节性筋膜炎4例临床病理观察并文献复习

目的探讨乳腺结节性筋膜炎的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法采用HE染色和免疫组化En Vision法检测4例乳腺结节性筋膜炎,并进行临床病理回顾性分析。结果患者均为女性,中位年龄50.5岁,病程短,无局部外伤史,肿块平均直径1.2 cm,3例位于乳腺实质,1例紧邻皮肤。4例病变均见不同程度梭形细胞增生和红细胞外渗及不等量淋巴细胞浸润,其中3例边界不清,浸润周围乳腺及脂肪组织。3例行术中冷冻,2例与常规诊断完全符合。免疫表型:梭形细胞表达vimentin、CD10和SMA,不表达CK(AE1/AE3)、CK5/6、CK14、CAM5.2、ER和PR。随访6~93个月,4例经手术局部切除后,均未复发。结论乳腺结节性筋膜炎临床较少见,术中冷冻诊断有一定的难度,易与乳腺纤维瘤病、叶状肿瘤及低级别纤维瘤病样梭形细胞癌等良、恶性肿瘤混淆,免疫组化标记vimentin和SMA对诊断及鉴别诊断乳腺结节性筋膜炎有帮助。     

乳腺实性乳头状癌11例临床病理分析

目的探讨乳腺实性乳头状癌的临床病理学特点、免疫表型。方法对11例乳腺实性乳头状癌的临床病理学特点、免疫表型及淋巴结转移情况进行分析。结果 11例实性乳头状癌均为女性,8例为原位癌,3例伴浸润癌成分,平均年龄63.2岁。11例实性乳头状癌均表现为乳腺肿块,其中3例为乳头溢血。所有病例大体界限清楚,肿瘤细胞围绕纤细的纤维血管轴心呈实性结节状增生,肿瘤细胞形态单一,核染色质细腻,核分裂象5个/10 HPF,8例可见细胞内外黏液。免疫表型:ER、PR均弥漫强阳性,CK5/6和HER-2均阴性,5例在瘤巢周围可见稀少的p63阳性细胞,4例瘤巢周围可见CK5/6和CD10阳性细胞,3例伴浸润癌成分者,瘤巢周围无p63、CK5/6、CD10阳性细胞;5例表达神经内分泌免疫标记Syn,6例表达Cg A。9例行腋窝淋巴结清扫术,其中1例发生淋巴结转移。结论乳腺实性乳头状癌是一种少见的好发于老年女性的乳腺癌,以肿瘤细胞排列呈实性乳头状结节为特征,常有细胞内外黏液分泌,为腺腔A型乳腺癌的免疫表型,并表达神经内分泌免疫标记,预后良好,较少发生腋窝淋巴结转移。     

乳腺腺样囊性癌18例临床病理分析

目的探讨乳腺腺样囊性癌(adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast,ACC)的临床病理特征、免疫表型及其鉴别诊断。方法复习18例ACC的临床病理资料,观察肿瘤的组织形态学及免疫表型特点。同时对患者进行随访获取预后信息。结果 18例ACC患者均为女性,年龄29～80岁。肿瘤大体上多界限清楚,镜下呈浸润性生长,主要由筛状、管状-梁索状、实体和微囊结构组成。肿瘤成分包括腺上皮、肌上皮、基底样细胞和细胞外基质。肿瘤的腺上皮成分表达CK7、CK5/6和CD117,肌上皮成分表达SMA和p63,基底样细胞不同程度表达CK5/6、p63和CD117。随访期内有2例患者肿瘤局部复发,无患者死亡。结论 ACC是一组具有形态学异质性的肿瘤,其腺上皮、肌上皮和基底样细胞成分的免疫表型各有特点,联合运用CK7、CK5/6、p63、SMA和CD117有助于诊断与鉴别诊断。ACC预后良好,具有基底样特征的实体型ACC可能是侵袭性更强的组织学亚型。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.