Research in anti—anaerobe mechanism of nanometer materials

AIM:To investigate the antimicrobial spectrum of nanometer materials to 33 strains of ordinary anaerobic pathogenic bacteria isolated from 11 genera.METHODS:The anti-anaerobic effects of nanometer materials were examined and measured by test tube dilution method.RESULTS:In most tubes,there were no bacteria growth in nanometer suspension.CONCLUSION:there is a wide antimicrobial spectrum of nanometer materials and it can effectively inhibit the growth of the anaerobic bacteris.     

Pyopneumothorax caused by Parvimonas micra and Prevotella oralis: a case report

<正>Parvimonas is a group of Grampositive bacteria that are common anaerobic cocci in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract and one of the pathogens of periodontitis,,^[1] and Prevotella is a group of Gramnegative anaerobic bacteria that are found mainly in the oral cavity and intestinal tract and are mainly involved in periodontal infections.^[2]     

脑性瘫痪患儿不同生命阶段康复的优先发展点

INTRODUCTION Before the growth and development of brain,or before or after birth, if the brain was injured by damage or injury,permanet,partial or all of the extremeties may harbor motor or positional abnormorlites. This kind of the abnormality is changed with the development of the infant.At the same time,there were different problems and priority development points at different growth stage and can be classified as infant age, school age and puberty age.     

纳米材料对常见厌氧致病菌最低浓度的测定

INTRODUCTION Nanometer technology is a new cross-linked progressing science. It has quickly be applied into biology or pharmacy field generally for its definite antibacterial effect. We have proved in above paper that the maximum antiseptic concentration is 109 Cfu/ml in 33 ordinary strains isolated from 11 genera. In this experiment, we continue to explore the minimal bacteriostasis of nanometer materials. Through reports of maximal bactericidal concentration and minimal bacteriostasis, we can confirm bacteriostasis effect of nanometer materials and do some preparations on clinical application.     

局部氧疗促进烧伤患者残余难愈创面修复的有效性研究

Objective In order to know the effective of local oxygen therapy to promoting renovation of residual surface of bums wound.Methods Divided 60 patients with burns into the experimental group and the control group,there were 30 cases in the each group.Routine nursing cares were used in the control group,while the local oxygen therapy was used in the experimental group.Compare the condition of secretion of wound between the two groups.Results The wound healing time of experimental grou was(5.87±3.29)d,which significant shorten than that of in the control group,the kinds of bacteria in the control group was more than in the experimental group.Conclusions The local oxygen therapy can effective promote the healing of residual surface of bums wound,which can reduce the infection rate of bacteria.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

Antimicrobial activity of HR810 against 419 strict anaerobic bacteria.

HR810 and four other new beta-lactams were tested against 419 recent clinical anaerobic bacterial isolates. HR810 was found to have an antimicrobial spectrum most similar to that of cefotaxime, inhibiting 52.6% of Bacteroides fragilis group strains and 97.2% of all other anaerobic strains at an MIC of less than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml. Cefoxitin was found to have a narrower antimicrobial spectrum against the gram-positive anaerobic bacteria (8.4 to 10.1% less) than HR810 and cefotaxime, respectively.     

Antimicrobial activity of metronidazole in anaerobic bacteria.

The antimicrobial activity of metronidazole was investigated in anaerobic bacteria by use of time-viability studies. This antimicrobial agent has a rapid onset of bactericidal activity under proper reducing conditions. The bactericidal rates were not affected by inoculum size or nutritional requirements, nor by inhibition of growth and protein synthesis by chloramphenicol. Using supernatant fractions of actively growing cultures of susceptible organisms, we observed a disappearance of metronidazole and a loss of biological activity, but there was no significant change in preparations from resistant bacteria. The decrease in drug concentration with susceptible cells occurred during the time that its bactericidal action was being exerted. Extracts from susceptible organisms rapidly reduced the concentration of metronidazole, confirming previous observations which suggest that the drug acts as a terminal electron acceptor. Radioisotope experiments with [14C]metronidazole revealed that the compound was taken up by both resistant and susceptible bacteria, although there was a difference in rate and extent of accumulation. These studies demonstrate that metronidazole's antimicrobial activity against anaerobic bacteria is bactericidal and independent of growth rate, and that it involves the uptake and metabolism of the compound.     

纳米抗菌塑料的抗菌性能测定

将载有银和铜等金属离子的沸石、二氧化钛与聚乙烯塑料整合成抗菌塑料,为测定其体外抗菌性能,采用浓度梯度稀释法,观察了纳米抗菌塑料颗粒混悬液抗菌作用。结果,纳米抗菌塑料颗粒混悬液对医院感染常见的14株革兰阳性菌和37株革兰阴性菌的抑菌浓度均≤100 mg/L。含20 g/L纳米抗菌塑料颗粒的肉汤培养基可使其中含105~108cfu/m l浓度的细菌起到抑制作用。纳米抗菌塑料颗粒混悬液对33株含量为108cfu/m l厌氧菌的抑菌浓度为1~20 g/L;含20 g/L纳米抗菌塑料颗粒硫乙醇酸盐肉汤培养基对含菌量为105~108cfu/m l浓度的33株厌氧菌起到抑制作用。结论,该抗菌塑料对医院感染常见的革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌以及厌氧菌均有较强的抑制作用。     

Comparative in vitro antimicrobial activity of a novel quinolone, garenoxacin, against aerobic and anaerobic microbial isolates recovered from general, vascular, cardiothoracic and otolaryngologic surgical patients

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyse the susceptibility of unique and non-duplicate aerobic and anaerobic isolates from surgical patients to a novel des-F(6)-quinolone (garenoxacin) and other selected antimicrobial agents. METHODS: Eleven hundred and eighty-five aerobic and anaerobic isolates from general, vascular, cardiothoracic and otolaryngologic surgical patients were tested for susceptibility to garenoxacin and seven other antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole) using the referenced microbroth and agar-dilution method. RESULTS: Garenoxacin exhibited greater antimicrobial activity than comparator quinolones such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and other antimicrobials when tested against selected gram-positive organisms. The in vitro aerobic and anaerobic activity of garenoxacin was similar to that of moxifloxacin. All fluoroquinolones tested were effective against most gram-negative facultative anaerobes including Escherichia coli. Garenoxacin and moxifloxacin demonstrated similar in vitro antimicrobial activity against selected anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobic bacteria such as members of the Bacteroides fragilis group. Overall, the in vitro activity of the advanced spectrum quinolones against anaerobic surgical isolates compared favourably with selected comparator agents, metronidazole, imipenem and piperacillin/tazobactam. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that 82.4% of aerobic surgical isolates were susceptible to a concentration of garenoxacin < or = 1.0 mg/L, whereas 84.5% of the anaerobic isolates were susceptible to a garenoxacin concentration < or = 1.0 mg/L. Garenoxacin may be a valuable surgical anti-infective for treatment of serious head and neck, soft tissue, intra-abdominal and diabetic foot infections.     

In vitro activities of tigecycline (GAR-936) against recently isolated clinical bacteria in Spain

The antimicrobial activities of tigecycline (GAR-936) were compared with those of other agents against 1,087 strains recently isolated in 12 Spanish medical centers. Tigecycline showed activity against a wide spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.     

Antimicrobial activity of SMAP-29 against the Bacteroides fragilis group and clostridia

OBJECTIVES: The cathelicidin-derived peptide SMAP-29 exerts rapid and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against aerobic bacteria and fungi. In this study, the effects of the peptide against the Bacteroides fragilis group, including antibiotic-resistant isolates, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile reference and clinical isolates, were investigated. METHODS: The microbicidal activity of SMAP-29 against eight reference and 100 clinical anaerobic strains from a national collection was assessed using a microdilution susceptibility assay, and by determining the killing kinetics on selected strains. The killing mechanism was investigated further by means of a two-colour fluorescent permeabilization assay, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: The Bacteroides fragilis group, Clostridium reference strains and most clinical isolates were inhibited in vitro by 1-2 microM (3.2-6.4 mg/L) SMAP-29, and killed by 1.5- to 2-fold higher peptide concentrations. The anaerobic bacterial cells were 90%-100% permeabilized within 2 h of exposure to bactericidal concentrations of the peptide. The SEM images of bacteria exposed to SMAP-29 provide morphological evidence that the envelope is an important target of the bactericidal activity of this peptide. These results are consistent with earlier studies indicating that SMAP-29 kills aerobic bacteria with a membranolytic mechanism, and suggest that both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria share surface features that are targeted by this peptide. CONCLUSIONS: These studies demonstrate that the spectrum of antibacterial activity of SMAP-29 includes the B. fragilis group and Clostridium species, and encourage further investigations of the therapeutic potential of this peptide.     

Activities of synthetic hybrid peptides against anaerobic bacteria: aspects of methodology and stability

The increasing problem of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria requires development of new antimicrobial agents. One line of investigation is the synthesis of antimicrobial hybrid peptides. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the in vitro activities of 16 cecropin-melittin hybrid peptides (CAMEL analogues) against 60 anaerobic bacterial strains, to compare their activities with those of seven clinically used antimicrobial agents, and to compare different methods for anaerobic susceptibility testing of these peptides. The stability of one of the peptides, temporin B, with different stereoisomeric configurations was investigated in a fecal milieu. The CAMEL analogues showed antimicrobial activity against the anaerobic bacteria, with MICs ranging from 0.125 to 32 microg/ml. The overall activities (the MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited) of the CAMEL analogues against anaerobic bacteria were mainly inferior to those of imipenem, clindamycin, and piperacillin but were equal to or superior to those of metronidazole, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. The agarose dilution method was found to be an accurate method for the testing of large numbers of bacterial strains. The D isomer of temporin B was inactivated more slowly in feces than the L isomer. This study shows that the CAMEL analogues are potential agents for the treatment of anaerobic infections.     

In vitro activity of mecillinam against anaerobic bacteria.

A microtiter broth dilution method was employed to determine the in vitro activity of mecillinam against 201 recent clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria. Both the anaerobic gram-positive and anaerobic gram-negative bacilli displayed a wide range of minimal inhibitory concentrations of mecillinam; most strains were resistant to the antibiotic. The anaerobic cocci exhibited a narrower range of minimal inhibitory concentrations than were observed with other anaerobes, but also exhibited mecillinam resistance. As a single drug, mecillinam does not appear to be an effective antimicrobial agent against anaerobic bacteria.     

Intra-abdominal infections: review of the bacteriology, antimicrobial susceptibility and the role of ertapenem in their therapy

Complicated intra-abdominal infections require a combination of surgery/drainage and antimicrobial therapy that is active against both the aerobic and the anaerobic bacteria that comprise the intestinal flora. Ertapenem, a parenteral carbapenem, is highly resistant to a wide variety of beta-lactamase enzymes, and has a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria associated with community-acquired infections including those of complicated intra-abdominal conditions. This article reviews the bacteriology of complicated intra-abdominal infections, their antimicrobial susceptibility, especially to anaerobes, the utility of animal models in these mixed infections, and the supportive clinical trials and in vitro susceptibility data that show ertapenem to be generally well tolerated and as effective as either piperacillin-tazobactam or ceftriaxone plus metronidazole in the therapy of complicated intra-abdominal infections.