城市污水处理厂污泥醇化制取生物柴油的研究现状

污水污泥作为污水处理的副产物,一直以来被作为废物进行处理处置,其高处理成本成为城市污水处理厂运营的沉重负担。然而,污水厂污泥含有较高的脂质,这些脂质可以通过醇化转化为生物柴油的主要成分脂肪酸甲酯。生物柴油作为清洁燃料,对环境友好,是一种绿色能源。从生物柴油的原材料现状出发,分析了以城市污水处理厂污泥为生物柴油原材料的可行性、影响污泥制取生物柴油产率的因素以及目前污泥制取生物柴油的经济成本,最后阐述了污泥制取生物柴油目前存在的问题和前景。     

生物柴油替代工业溶剂的消防安全可行性研究

通过对生物柴油的生产、利用等各个环节以及原料、产品等火灾危险性研究,分析了生物柴油储存稳定性好、闪点高、溶解性和安全性强等特点,探讨了其作为工业溶剂替代品的可行性。利用生物柴油作为工业溶剂,可以有效拓宽生物柴油利用空间,促使生物柴油产业的持续发展,同时能大幅度提高工业生产中使用溶剂的安全保障,减少工业生产中火灾爆炸事故的发生,带动经济效益显著提升。     

生物柴油企业火灾案例分析与风险探讨

生物柴油的消防安全问题长期以来被低估。统计了国内外近5年内发生的生物柴油装置火灾事故案例,分析生物柴油装置火灾事故的原因及特点,总结生物柴油及其生产企业的火灾危险性。分析得知,在生物柴油企业中,甲醇是火灾危险性最大且用量相对较大的火灾危险性物质;生物柴油、植物油以及甘油等高闪点液体在操作不当时同样可能引起严重的火灾事故。此外,由于忽视了因物质不纯或化学反应而出现的新的危险因素,也常常导致严重事故的发生。     

生物柴油的研究进展

本文介绍了生物柴油的生产原料,主要有植物油脂、动物油脂、微生物油脂和废弃无用油脂四大类,综述了生物柴油的优点以及国内外研究现状。     

生物柴油对模拟原油污染砾石释放油的影响研究

对生物柴油促进原油污染的砾石释放原油进行了模拟研究,讨论了生物柴油促进砾石上原油释放的可行性以及生物柴油投加量、投加方式对砾石上原油释放的影响.研究结果表明:生物柴油对砾石上原油的释放具有明显的促进作用;生物柴油的投加量越大,对砾石上原油的释放的促进作用越大,原油与生物柴油为2∶1时释放率为74.6%,4∶3时释放率为84.5%;生物柴油采用分批多次投加比一次性投加的效果更好,分三次投加的比一次性投加的在9d后可高出24.6%释放量.     

生物柴油对原油污染砂砾原油释放的影响

生物柴油是一种优良的溶剂,具有廉价易得、可降解、可再生等优点.研究生物柴油在海滩原油污染治理中的应用具有重要的意义.研究了生物柴油对原油污染砂砾释放油的影响,讨论了在不同生物柴油种类、投加量情况下生物柴油的作用效果.研究结果表明：不同种类生物柴油对原油污染砂砾释放油的促进效果不同,实验条件下菜籽生物柴油释放率最好（70.75%）,地沟油生物柴油最差（58.39%）;砂砾上原油的释放量随着生物柴油投加量的增加而增加,当生物柴油投加量达到一定值时,其对释放量和释放速率的促进都不再明显增加,实验条件下最适投加量为油污砂砾含油量的2倍.     

生物柴油的开发利用现状分析

生物柴油的开发利用有利于改善环境、促进农村发展和保障能源安全,讨论了生物柴油的性质和制备工艺技术,就各国生物柴油开发利用现状进行了综述。     

康明斯荣获美国全国生物柴油委员会2008年度"创新奖"

在日前举行的美国全国生物柴油委员会年度大会上,康明斯公司荣膺2008年度"创新奖".美国全国生物柴油委员会是全美生物柴油领域规模最大的行业协会,会员企业涵盖美国生物柴油"上下游"全部产业链.     

生物柴油在稠油降黏技术中的应用研究

将生物柴油应用于稠油降黏技术中,可以减少稠油降黏对轻质油的依赖。考察了生物柴油的掺加对稠油降黏效果的影响,结果表明,加入适量的生物柴油(<10%(w))可起到良好的降黏作用,降黏效果优于柴油。通过对稠油添加生物柴油和柴油得到的两种混合油进行红外表征,证实了添加生物柴油对稠油原油氢键的取代可以解离胶质和沥青质之间的聚集体,减弱稠油中胶质与沥青质之间的相互作用,从而达到降黏的目的。随着添加量的增加,极性影响作用增大,粘度进一步降低;但当生物柴油添加量超过15%(w)时,极性作用所表现的降黏效果已不明显。     

高碳氮比下生物污泥增脂制取生物柴油的研究

通过对污水生物污泥在不同碳氮比(70、140和210)基质条件下的连续培养,研究生物污泥增脂的历程及其对后续制取生物柴油的影响,并考察在此过程中污泥脱水性能的变化。结果表明:在不同C/N值条件下培养的生物污泥制取生物柴油过程中,生物柴油产量均在培养5 d时达到最大,且碳氮比值越高则生物柴油产量越大,碳氮比值为70、140和210条件下培养的生物污泥原位酯化制取的生物柴油产率分别为4.65%、5.53%、6.59%,为原始污泥制取生物柴油产率的3.58、4.25和5.07倍;且此时污泥中各脂肪酸含量均发生了变化,其中油酸含量明显增加,大约占脂肪酸总量的40%。与此同时,与原始污泥相比,高碳氮比基质培养后的污泥中主导微生物倾向于酵母菌,且污泥的毛细吸水时间从第5天开始迅速升高。综上所述,C/N值为210条件下培养5 d时的生物污泥制取生物柴油的产率最大、脱水预处理最易实现。     

Experimental investigation of performance,combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with chicha oil biodiesel

As the decreasing availability of the fossil fuel is rising day by day, the search of alternate fuel that can be used as a substitute to the conventional fuels is rising rapidly. A new type of biofuel, chicha oil biodiesel, is introduced in this work for the purpose of fuelling diesel engine. Chicha oil was transesterified with methanol using potassium hydroxide as catalyst to obtain chicha oil methyl ester (COME). The calorific value of this biodiesel is lower, when compared to that of diesel. The COME and their blends of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% with diesel were tested in a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection diesel engine and the performance, combustion and emission results were compared with diesel. The test result indicates that there is a slight increase in brake thermal efficiency and decrease in brake-specific fuel consumption for all blended fuels when compared to that of diesel fuel. The use of biodiesel resulted in lower emissions of CO and HC and increased emissions of CO₂ and NO_x. The experimental results proved that the use of biodiesel (produced from chicha oil) in compression ignition engine is a viable alternative to diesel.     

Study on the outcome of a cetane improver on the emission characteristics of a diesel engine

ABSTRACT

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC), a cetane improver, is used as a fuel additive to investigate the exhaust emission in diesel engine. Neem oil biodiesel (B100), neem oil biodiesel + dimethyl carbonate (B100+DMC) and diesel were used as test fuels. DMC is added 0.5% by volume to biodiesel. This research work was executed in a four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine. Owing to the percentage of DMC in biodiesel, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were dropped corresponding to diesel. A considerable amount of nitrogen oxide (NO_x) is decreased when diesel is used, and by the addition of B100+DMC, NO_x were slightly reduced compared to B100.     

Experimental analysis of Deccan hemp oil as a new energy feedstock for compression ignition engine

This study investigates the biodiesel from Deccan hemp oil and its blends for the purpose of fuelling diesel engine. The performance and emission characteristics of Deccan hemp biodiesel are estimated and compared with diesel fuel. The experimental investigations are carried out with different blends of Deccan hemp biodiesel. Results show that brake thermal efficiency is improved significantly by 4.15% with 50 BDH when compared with diesel fuel. The Deccan hemp biodiesel reduces NO_x, HC and CO emission along with a marginal increase in CO₂ and smoke emissions with an increase in the biodiesel proportion in the diesel fuel. The improvement in heat release rates shows an increase in the combustion rate with different percentage blends of Deccan hemp biodiesel. From the engine test results, it has been established that 30–50 BDH of Deccan hemp biodiesel can be substituted for diesel.     

Performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel derived from coconut acid oil

ABSTRACT

In order to maintain economic development and reduce global warming and prices of the oil, there is an increase in the research and development of alternate energy resources. Normally, the vehicles running in pure diesel is found to produce more emission than biodiesel-blended engine vehicles. So, we used coconut acid oil, which can reduce the emission. In this paper, coconut acid oil blended with diesel in various proportions such as B5 (5% biodiesel, 95% diesel), B10 and B20 have been used at different load conditions in 4-strokes single-cylinder diesel engine mounted on an eddy current dynamometer bed. Physical properties of coconut acid oil such as density, viscosity and calorific value have been determined before engine testing. Hence, suitable blends are selected for blending with coconut acid oil in the diesel engine. The overall performance increase with the biodiesel blends is about 0.93% and emission has decreased by about 3.47%.     

Performance,emission and combustion characteristics of an Indica diesel engine operated with Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) oil biodiesel produced through hydrodynamic cavitation method

The present work deals about the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a four-cylinder, direct injection, water-cooled, Indica diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel produced through the hydrodynamic cavitation method from an underutilised and potential feedstock Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) oil. Engine tests were performed with neat diesel and biodiesel blends of 10%, 20% and 30% from Yellow Oleander oil at different engine speeds. Experimental results showed that biodiesel produced through the hydrodynamic cavitation technique with a 1%?w/w catalyst percentage, 6:1?molar ratio and 35?min reaction time was equal to 97.5%. During engine performance tests, biodiesel blends showed higher brake-specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency (for lower blends up to 20%) and exhaust gas temperature than diesel fuel. Engine emissions showed higher nitrogen oxide, but a decreased amount of smoke opacity, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and favourable p–θ diagram as compared to diesel.     

Studies on long-term storage stability of biodiesel (B100) and its blend (B20) using Box-Behnken response surface method

The gradual depletion of fossil fuels has greatly enhanced the necessity to look for alternative fuels for automobile engines. In response to this, biodiesel is being considered as a promising and potential alternative substitute to conventional petroleum diesel. However, long-term storage stability of biodiesel is poorer compared to conventional petroleum diesel. The aim of the project work is to study the long-term storage stability of biodiesel (B100) and its blend (B20) prepared from used frying oil in different conditions of storage. In this work, the effect of antioxidants and temperature on long storage stability of biodiesel obtained from with respect to storage period is analysed using response surface methodology (RSM). The long storage of biodiesel obtained from used frying oils were optimised by varying parameters such as antioxidant concentration, storage period by Box-Behnken RSM. The properties such as the acid value and the viscosity of biodiesel were initially measured. The results of the investigation showed that the addition of sufficient concentration of antioxidant (pyrogallol) significantly maintains the acid value and viscosity of biodiesel and helps to store for a longer storage period at the given storage temperature.     

Experimental analysis of DI diesel engine using dual biofuel blended with diesel

ABSTRACT

In recent years, biodiesel has become more attractive as an alternative fuel for diesel engines because of its environmental benefits and the fact is that it is made from renewable resources. The role of biodiesel is not to replace petroleum diesel, biofuels help to improve the economical growth and positive impacts on the environment. The main purpose of this research is to reduce the emission such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_X), hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). And to increase the performance characteristics such as break thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC) of diesel engines. Here we used dual biofuel (lemongrass oil plus mint oil) blended with diesel and cerium oxide is added as an additive and undergone the test of engine performance and emission parameters of diesel. The measuring parameters are BTHE, specific fuel conception, CO₂, CO, NO_x and HC.     

Comparative study of biodiesel production methods from Yellow Oleander oil and its performance analysis on an agricultural diesel engine

In this present work, biodiesel is produced from Yellow Oleander oil using different methods such as hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), ultrasonic cavitation (UC) and conventional mechanical stirring (MS) methods via trans-esterification under optimised conditions, the oil to methanol molar ratio is 4.5:1 in the presence of .75 wt. % potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the alkali catalyst and 60°C operating temperature. Results showed that yield obtained by HC technique is higher when compared to UC and MS methods. After that, experiments have been carried out to estimate the performance and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, diesel engine fuelled with Yellow Oleander oil methyl ester and its blends with 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% biodiesel with diesel at different loading conditions. The results of the experiments have been compared and analysed with standard diesel and they confirm considerable improvement in the performance parameters as well as exhaust emissions.     

Performance,combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder constant speed compression ignition engine using soybean methyl esters

ABSTRACT

The present study was aimed to produce biodiesel from soybean oil and to investigate its characteristics. Soybean oil-based bio diesel properties are observed and tested in the fuel testing laboratory with standard procedures. It is found that soybean oil-based biodiesel has similar properties as that of diesel fuel. An experimental set-up was used in the study to analyse the performance, combustion and emission of soybean oil biodiesel with respect to normal diesel by using different blends (B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100). It is observed that there is no difficulty found in running the engine, but the performance of the biodiesel blends quite deviated from normal diesel. The combustion characteristics of the tested blends were in agreement with normal diesel. The carbon emissions are much lower for soybean oil biodiesel blends than diesel.