定壁温下甲烷自热重整产氢暂态特性数值模拟

采用甲烷自热重整的详细反应机理,通过数值模拟的方法研究了恒壁温、微型直通道内的CH4、O2、H2O镍基催化剂上的自热重整反应。重点分析了混合物组分及质量流量对自热重整产氢暂态特性的影响。结果表明,在较高温度下,微型反应器出口H2产量达到最大值所需的时间受混合气质量流量影响较大,而受混合物组分影响很小;氢气产量达到稳定所需的时间随H2O、CH4摩尔比的增大而缩短,随O2/CH4摩尔比的增大而增长。CH4/O2/H2 O摩尔比为1∶0.5∶3.5时,氢气体积分数可在90 ms时稳定于54%。     

木炭催化甘油重整制氢研究

以木炭为催化剂,在固定床反应器中对甘油水蒸气重整制氢进行研究。结果表明:随着空速的增大,氢产率、潜在氢产率和碳转化率逐渐减小;随着温度的升高,氢产率、潜在氢产率和碳转化率增大;S/C的增大在一定程度上有助于促进氢产率、潜在氢产率和碳转化率的增大。在温度为800℃,S/C为4∶1,空速为1.5 h~(-1)时,氢气产率、潜在氢产率分别为114.31 g/kg和128.30 g/kg,碳转化率为89.08%。     

多组分生物油吸附强化重整制氢的热力学分析

文章采用HSC Chemistry软件进行多组分生物油重整制氢(包括普通重整和吸附强化重整)过程的热力学分析,研究反应温度、S/C和Ca/C对氢气浓度和氢气产率等指标的影响。研究结果表明:两种重整制氢过程的氢气产率和氢气浓度均随着S/C的增大而增大,但在S/C3后增幅不再明显;当S/C=3时,普通重整制氢过程的氢气产率和氢气浓度均仅为70%左右,最佳重整反应温度高达830℃;加入吸附剂CaO后,吸附强化重整过程的氢气产率和氢气浓度较普通重整制氢过程有大幅提升,且最佳重整反应温度显著下降,当S/C=3时,最佳重整反应温度为480℃,氢气产率和氢气浓度分别为97.2%和99.7%。     

应用甲烷重整技术的燃气轮机新循环热力学分析

提出了应用甲烷重整技术的新型燃气轮机循环,建立新型燃气轮机循环系统的工作流程,并通过平衡常数的计算来分析燃烧室的反应平衡,研究了燃气轮机循环热效率的变化.结果表明：甲烷发生吸热的重整反应对甲烷燃烧的消耗量有影响;在相同燃料量的条件下,新循环与简单循环相比,热效率得到大幅提高;由于重整反应生成的混合气体组分中多了CO和H2气体,使得混合气体平均比定压热容增大;随着燃烧室出口温度T3的升高,新循环甲烷平衡的转化率逐渐增大,随着压比的增大,转化率逐渐降低.     

结构型载氧体固定床化学链重整制氢的实验研究

采用浸渍法制备球形与拉西环形两种不同结构型Ni基载氧体,用于甲烷化学链重整制氢反应。在固定床中考察反应温度、进气水碳物质的量的比和空速对载氧体活性及稳定性的影响,并对比研究两种不同结构型载氧体的性能。结果表明：两种载氧体均可以保持较好的活性,相对而言球形载氧体更易积碳。在800 ℃以上时两种载氧体均具有较高的甲烷转化率及产物选择性,拉西环形载氧体在高温下性能下降得较慢。过高的水碳物质的量的比会抑制重整反应的进行,但拉西环形载氧体在高水碳物质的量的比下仍能保持较高的产物选择性。随着空速的增大,拉西环形载氧体的甲烷转化率降低,而对球形载氧体来说,当空速在3 500 h^?1左右时甲烷转化率和氢气产率均最高。经过20次循环稳定性测试,两种载氧体颗粒均出现了不同程度的积碳烧结,其中拉西环形载氧体结构保持得较好,积碳在氧化阶段能被部分清除。     

反应吸附强化模拟沼气蒸汽重整制氢的计算和实验研究

文章对反应吸附强化模拟沼气-水蒸气重整制氢技术(Re SER-Biogas)进行了热力学计算和实验研究。首先,建立甲烷蒸汽重整反应耦合氧化钙与二氧化碳反应的制氢反应模型,对CO2和CH4体积比(α)分别为0.25,0.43和0.67的模拟沼气进行改变CO2移除率(ζ)、反应温度(T)、水碳摩尔比(β)对甲烷转化率和氢气浓度影响规律的模拟计算。计算结果表明,提高ζ,T和β值能有效强化重整反应,当P=0.1 MPa,ζ=0.95,T=600℃,β=4时,甲烷转化率可达94%,产物中氢气的浓度可达96%。其次,采用镍系催化剂与纳米Ca O基CO2吸附剂,在固定床反应器中进行模拟沼气Re SER-Biogas制氢实验,改变T,β以及α值得到不同反应条件下的甲烷转化率与产品氢气浓度,从实验层面上验证模拟计算结果和反应条件影响规律的可靠性。实验结果表明,在P=0.1 MPa,ζ=0.95,T=600℃,β=4和α=0.43的实验条件下,产物中氢气的浓度高达93%,CO的浓度低至0.32%。和传统无吸附强化的沼气蒸汽重整制氢工艺相比,Re SER-Biogas技术能够在更低的温度条件下直接制取低CO浓度的高纯氢气产品,对开发高效,节能的沼气制氢新技术具有重要的实际意义。     

生物油-甲醇催化重整制氢的氢产率及碳转化率的研究

采用生物油-甲醇催化重整制氢。在微型固定反应装置上通过正交法试验设计,对生物油甲醇混合比例、反应温度、水碳比、进样流速等因素进行了系统的试验。在选择的最佳反应条件下,氢气产率和碳转化率分别为34.89%及63.34%。     

甲烷快速部分氧化重整试验研究

采用常规浸渍法制备了Rh/α-Al2O3催化剂,建立了甲烷快速部分氧化重整试验体系。通过控制变量法,考察了甲烷快速部分氧化重整反应中反应条件参数(CH4/O2、反应气体预混合温度、空速)变化对反应物的转化率、反应产物及分布的影响。试验结果表明,在试验条件下,CH4的转化率始终大于85%,O2转化率接近100%,CO的选择性为85%左右,H2的选择性为40%～60%。反应过程大致为催化剂入口处的部分氧化反应和下游的水蒸气重整,大部分的CO由部分氧化产生,而H2的产生受水蒸气重整反应的影响较大;随着反应温度的上升,CH4的转化率上升,CO,H2的选择性也上升;随着空速的增大,H2的选择性减小,表明甲烷催化部分氧化反应是一个受传质控制的反应。     

重整条件对SOFC电池堆性能影响的实验研究

以天然气为燃料,建立了外部重整固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)系统的实验平台,在不同重整工艺参数条件下,对电池堆的性能进行了测试,得到了电池堆性能参数的变化趋势,分析了水碳物质的量比(即水碳比)、重整温度、重整方式以及天然气体积流量对SOFC电池堆性能的影响.结果表明:在不同的电流密度下,采用水蒸气重整方式电池堆的输出功率高于自热重整方式电池堆的输出功率;当电池堆工作温度设定恒值为1 023K时,随着水碳比的增大,电池堆的输出功率逐渐提高,随着天然气体积流量的增加,电池堆的输出功率显著提高.     

滑动弧等离子体协助甲烷蒸汽重整制氢

采用甲烷为主要原料,在常温和常压条件下,利用滑动弧等离子体放电技术,进行了甲烷与空气、水蒸气重整反应的试验。试验研究了过量空气系数、反应气流量和水蒸气含量等参数对甲烷与空气、水蒸气重整反应的影响,并对重整副产物进行了分析。试验表明,当过量空气系数为0.8时,氢气选择性最高可达到45.9%;反应气流量达到14L/min时,单位氢气生产成本最低;在反应气中加入一定量的水蒸气,有利于重整反应的进行。     

Simultaneous production of two types of synthesis gas by steam and tri‐reforming of methane using an integrated thermally coupled reactor: mathematical modeling

In this work, tri‐reforming and steam reforming processes have been coupled thermally together in a reactor for production of two types of synthesis gases. A multitubular reactor with 184 two‐concentric‐tubes has been proposed for coupling reactions of tri‐reforming and steam reforming of methane. Tri‐reforming reactions occur in outer tube side of the two‐concentric‐tube reactor and generate the needed energy for inner tube side, where steam reforming process is taking place. The cocurrent mode is investigated, and the simulation results of steam reforming side of the reactor are compared with corresponding predictions for thermally coupled steam reformer and also conventional fixed‐bed steam reformer reactor operated at the same feed conditions. This reactor produces two types of syngas with different H₂/CO ratios. Results revealed that H₂/CO ratio at the output of steam and tri‐reforming sides reached to 1.1 and 9.2, respectively. In this configuration, steam reforming reaction is proceeded by excess generated heat from tri‐reforming reaction instead of huge fired‐furnace in conventional steam reformer. Elimination of a low performance fired‐furnace and replacing it with a high performance reactor causes a reduction in full consumption with production of a new type of synthesis gas. The reactor performance is analyzed on the basis of methane conversion and hydrogen yield in both sides and is investigated numerically for various inlet temperature and molar flow rate of tri‐reforming side. A mathematical heterogeneous model is used to simulate both sides of the reactor. The optimum operating parameters for tri‐reforming side in thermally coupled tri‐reformer and steam reformer reactor are methane feed rate and temperature equal to 9264.4 kmol h^?1 and 1100 K, respectively. By increasing the feed flow rate of tri‐reforming side from 28,120 to 140,600 kmol h^?1, methane conversion and H₂ yield at the output of steam reforming side enhanced about 63.4% and 55.2%, respectively. Also by increasing the inlet temperature of tri‐reforming side from 900 to 1300 K, CH₄ conversion and H₂ yield at the output of steam reforming side enhanced about 82.5% and 71.5%, respectively. The results showed that methane conversion at the output of steam and tri‐reforming sides reached to 26.5% and 94%, respectively with the feed temperature of 1100 K of tri‐reforming side. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel integrated thermally coupled configuration for methane-steam reforming and hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline

In this work, a novel thermally coupled reactor containing the steam reforming process in the endothermic side and the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline in the exothermic side has been investigated. In this novel configuration, the conventional steam reforming process has been substituted by the recuperative coupled reactors which contain the steam reforming reactions in the tube side, and the hydrogenation reaction in the shell side. The co-current mode is investigated and the simulation results are compared with corresponding predictions for an industrial fixed-bed steam reformer reactor operated at the same feed conditions. The results show that although synthesis gas productivity is the same as conventional steam reformer reactor, but aniline is also produced as an additional valuable product. Also it does not need to burn at the furnace of steam reformer. The performance of the reactor is numerically investigated for different inlet temperature and molar flow rate of exothermic side. The reactor performance is analyzed based on methane conversion, hydrogen yield and nitrobenzene conversion. The results show that exothermic feed temperature of 1270 K can produce synthesis gas with 26% methane conversion (the same as conventional) and nitrobenzene conversion in the outlet of the reactor is improved to 100%. This new configuration eliminates huge fired furnace with high energy consumption in steam reforming process.     

Heat and mass transfer in a reforming catalyst bed: Analytical prediction of distributions in the catalyst bed

Heat and mass transfer characteristics within a reforming catalyst bed have been analytically investigated. A numerical analysis was carried out in a two‐dimensional steady‐state model of a reforming catalyst bed. The reforming tube was filled with catalyst and the tube wall was uniformly heated; a mixture of steam and methane was reformed through the catalyst bed. The predicted distributions of temperature, formed gas composition, methane conversion rate, and heat transfer coefficient in the catalyst bed are in good agreement with the experimental data. The effects of space velocity, steam carbon molar ratio, and wall temperature on the heat transfer coefficient were analytically presented. From temperature and composition distributions simulated by the two‐dimensional analysis, the effects of the above‐mentioned factors and diffusion on both heat and mass transport phenomena were qualitatively predicted. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(4): 367–380, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.10101     

Simulation of steam reforming of biogas in an industrial reformer for hydrogen production

The paper aims to investigate the steam reforming of biogas in an industrial-scale reformer for hydrogen production. A non-isothermal one dimensional reactor model has been constituted by using mass, momentum and energy balances. The model equations have been solved using MATLAB software. The developed model has been validated with the available modeling studies on industrial steam reforming of methane as well as with the those on lab-scale steam reforming of biogas. It demonstrates excellent agreement with them. Effect of change in biogas compositions on the performance of industrial steam reformer has been investigated in terms of methane conversion, yields of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, product gas compositions, reactor temperature and total pressure. For this, compositions of biogas (CH₄/CO₂ = 40/60 to 80/20), S/C ratio, reformer feed temperature and heat flux have been varied. Preferable feed conditions to the reformer are total molar feed rate of 21 kmol/h, steam to methane ratio of 4.0, temperature of 973 K and pressure of 25 bar. Under these conditions, industrial reformer fed with biogas, provides methane conversion (93.08–85.65%) and hydrogen yield (1.02–2.28), that are close to thermodynamic equilibrium condition.     

铂基催化剂快速部分催化氧化甲烷的研究

以Al2O3为载体,采用浸渍法制备Pt/Al2O3催化剂,通过测量重整反应过程中催化剂的温度分布情况,研究了改变甲烷快速部分氧化重整反应中反应条件(反应气体预混合温度、N2体积比例、CH4/O2比)对反应物的转化率及产物选择性的影响.研究发现,催化剂床层温度的上升可以促进CH4的转化,使H2和CO的选择性升高且H2与C...     

Demonstration of a scaled-down autothermal membrane methane reformer for hydrogen generation

A novel concept for hydrogen generation by methane steam reforming in a thermally coupled catalytic fixed bed membrane reformer is experimentally demonstrated. The reactor, built from three concentric compartments, indirectly couples the endothermic methane steam reforming with the exothermic methane oxidation, while hydrogen is separated by a permselective Pd membrane. The study focuses on the determination of the key operation parameters and understanding their influence on the reactor performance. It has been shown that the reactor performance is mainly defined by the dimensionless ratio of the methane steam reforming feed flow rate to the hydrogen maximal membrane flow rate and by the ratio of the oxidation and steam reforming methane feed flow rates.     

Production of hydrogen by partial oxidation with thermal plasma

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics and optimum operating conditions of the plasmatron-assisted CH₄ reforming reaction for the hydrogen-rich gas production. In order to increase the hydrogen production and the methane conversion rate, parametric screening study was conducted at various CH₄ flow ratio and steam flow ratio and with and without adding catalyst in the reactor. High-temperature plasma flame was made with air and arc discharge, and the air flow rate and the input power were set to 5.1  L/min and 6.4 kW, respectively.When the steam flow ratio was 30.2%, the hydrogen production was maximized and the optimal methane conversion rate was 99.7%. Under these optimal conditions, the following syngas concentrations were determined: H₂, 50.4%; CO, 5.7%; CO₂, 13.8%; and C₂H₂, 1.1%. H₂/CO ratio was 9.7 and the hydrogen yield was 93.7%.     

Transient numerical modeling and model predictive control of an industrial-scale steam methane reforming reactor

A steam methane reforming reactor is a key equipment in hydrogen production, and numerical analysis and process control can provide a critical insight into its reforming mechanisms and flexible operation in real engineering applications. The present paper firstly studies the transport phenomena in an industrial-scale steam methane reforming reactor by transient numerical simulations. Wall effect and local non thermal equilibrium is considered in the simulations. A temperature profile of the tube outer wall is given by user defined functions integrated into the ANSYS FLUENT software. Dynamic simulations show that the species distribution is closely related to the temperature distribution which makes the temperature of the reactor tube wall an important factor for the hydrogen production of the reformer and the thermal conductivity of the catalyst network is crucial in the heat transfer in the reactor. Besides, there exists a delay of the reformer's hydrogen production when the temperature profile of the tube wall changes. Among inlet temperature, inlet mass flow rate and inlet steam-to-carbon (S/C) ratio, the mass flow rate is the most influencing factor for the hydrogen production. The dynamic matrix control (DMC) scheme is subsequently designed to manipulate the mole fraction of hydrogen of the outlet to the target value by setting the temperature profile trajectory of the reforming tube with time. The proportional-integral control strategy is also studied for comparison. The closed-loop simulation results show that the proposed DMC control strategy can reduce the overshoot and have a small change of the input variable. In addition, the disturbances of feed disturbance can also be well rejected to assure the tracking performance, indicating the superiority of the DMC controller. All the results give insight to the theoretical analysis and controller design of a steam methane reformer and demonstrate the potential of the CFD modeling in study the transport mechanism and the idea of combining CFD modeling with controller design for the real application.