???????????????????????????????

从结构损伤识别的需要出发研究能够准确反映钢构件承载过程中发生的塑性变形 和损伤过程的量化测试方法. 用漫反射法测量了钢构件在变形和损伤过程中表面粗糙度变化 的图像,依据记录下来的表面图像进一步处理得到构件表面粗糙度的平均灰度值的变化,据 此寻找对构件塑性变形和损伤状态相关并且敏感的参数指标. 研究结果表明,基于漫反射法 和图像处理得到的钢构件承载过程中表面粗糙度的平均灰度值的变化可以判断金属试样是否 发生了塑性变形,并可定量描述试样在塑性变形后期的损伤程度.     

基于漫反射法的钢构件塑性变形与损伤检测

从结构损伤识别的需要出发研究能够准确反映钢构件承载过程中发生的塑性变形和损伤过程的量化测试方法.用漫反射法测量了钢构件在变形和损伤过程中表面粗糙度变化的图像,依据记录下来的表面图像进一步处理得到构件表面粗糙度的平均灰度值的变化,据此寻找对构件塑性变形和损伤状态相关并且敏感的参数指标.研究结果表明,基于漫反射法和图像处理得到的钢构件承载过程中表面粗糙度的平均灰度值的变化可以判断金属试样是否发生了塑性变形,并可定量描述试样在塑性变形后期的损伤程度.     

低碳钢试件弹塑性边界的白光相关检测

金属试件的弹塑性边界检测对判断该试件是否失效有着重要意义,因此一直是研究人员较感兴趣的研究课题。利用激光和白光作为照明光源的方法都曾被提出以检测金属试件的弹塑性边界以及塑性变形。为避免激光测量的诸多缺点,本文提出一种用白光作为照明光源并结合数字图像处理来检测低碳钢试件弹塑性边界的方法。该方法将数字图像相关和低碳钢试件表面弹塑性变形前后对照明光强的反射特性结合起来以判断试件是否进入塑性屈服。文中通过对加载过程中低碳钢试件表面序列图像的处理,准确地判断了该试件是否进入塑性屈服,验证了该方法的可行性。     

利用激光衍射谱的变化测量金属表面的塑性变形并确定其弹塑性区交界

本文首先分析了相干光被粗糙表面散射时,其平均散射光强的空间分布与反射表面微观轮廓的统计参数的关系;进而讨论了弹性和塑性变形对金属表面轮廓统计参数影响的不同特征及与之相应的激光衍射谱的不同变化。据此,提出了一种根据衍射谱强度分布变化来测量塑性变形的方法。用实验对理论分析的结论进行了验证,并给出了一个用上述方法勾画变形物体塑性区形状及测量塑性变形程度的例子。实验表明,这种方法可以分辨不小于2×10~2με的塑性应变。     

基于数字近景测量技术反演材料弹性模量新方法

将数字近景测量技术引入材料力学实验用于测量材料的弹性参数。在采用万能实验机进行实验时,由于实验机承压板与试件表面存在接触摩擦,影响试件均匀变形,导致测得参数精度不高。本文以高清数码相机Canon700D为工具,以边长为200mm的正方体均质橡胶试件为实验对象,通过AutoCAD提取摄像图像中试件表面各点变形前后的二维坐标,获得试件表面各点的变形数据;结合ANSYS对实验过程进行数值反演分析,修正实验获得的材料参数。研究结果表明:结合数字近景测量技术与ANSYS数值模拟,可以获得更精确的变形数据,相对误差仅为0.134%,对后续实际工程测量起到了理论指导作用。     

粗糙面在梯度表面层上滑动接触的应力分布

对粗糙面在梯度表面层上的滑动过程进行应力分布研究,以模拟实际摩擦过程中,考虑塑性变形情况下,梯度覆层体中的应力分布规律,同时与均质体及单覆层体进行比较研究,分析了在表面载荷相同时滑动接触的应力分布。结果表明覆层体出现塑性变形后,在接触表面上的压力分布与弹性变形时有很大变化,在界面处梯度层的应力分布比单层膜更为理想,其应变梯度也较小;受相同表面载荷作用下产生塑性变形时,梯度层膜在基体产生塑性变形较小     

小Tabor数分形粗糙表面之间的黏着弹性接触分析

基于粗糙表面的分形描述和适用于小Tabor数微突体的黏着弹性接触理论,采用积分方法建立了小Tabor数分形粗糙表面之间的黏着弹性接触模型,获得弹性接触条件下的真实接触面积和载荷表达式,在此基础上采用单因素分析法分析表面粗糙度和材料性质对分离力的影响.结果表明,当分形维数增加时,粗糙表面单位面积上的微突体数目增加且高度减小,从而导致两表面间的分离力增大;当分形粗糙度参数增大时微突体高度增加,从而导致分离力减小;当材料弹性模量增加时黏着作用减弱,从而减小了分离力,而表面黏着能的增加会使分离力急剧增大.     

轿车钢板表面形貌特征参数的提取

通过对典型轿车钢板表面形貌的分析,以形貌与其摩擦学性能的关系为出发点,对粗糙表面、粗糙峰和粗糙谷的分布特性进行了统计分析。结果表明：粗糙表面、粗糙峰和粗糙谷数的统计分布特性与润滑及接触等性能密切相关;针对轿车钢板表面、粗糙峰和粗糙谷数在高度方向概率分布曲线的非Gauss特性,提出采用Weibull概率密度函数的非线性曲线拟合对分布特征进行分析处理。所得拟合参数具有非常明确的物理意义,所此可以采用少量参数来较全面地描述其对应的轿车钢板表面形貌特征分布。     

考虑粗糙结合面弹塑性接触的黏滑摩擦建模

提出一种同时考虑粗糙面上微凸体弹性变形和塑性接触的切向黏滑摩擦建模方法。采用Hertz弹性理论和Mindlin解描述弹性接触微凸体的切向载荷和相对变形的关系;采用AF(Abbott-Firstone)塑性理论和Fujimoto模型描述塑性接触微凸体切向载荷和相对变形的关系。再利用GW(Greenwood-Williamson)模型统计分析方法建立粗糙表面切向载荷和相对变形之间的关系。将模型与仅考虑微凸体弹性接触情况的模型进行对比,并研究了不同塑性指数对切向载荷和相对变形关系的影响。结果表明：与完全弹性接触模型相比,本文模型引入了塑性接触理论,能够更好地描述粗糙表面切向载荷和相对变形关系,并且考虑不同接触条件下弹性变形微凸体和塑性变形微凸体对切向接触载荷的贡献,在微滑移阶段,主要由弹性接触变形影响,而在进入宏观滑移阶段之后,切向行为主要由塑性变形影响。界面切向载荷由黏着和滑移接触作用共同决定,随着切向变形的增加,滑移接触力逐渐增加,而黏着接触力先增加后减少,反映了界面由微滑移逐渐向宏滑移演化的过程。随着塑性指数的增加,粗糙面上发生塑性接触的微凸体数目逐渐增加,切向黏滑行为主要受到塑性接触特征的控制。     

粗糙峰微接触及其对润滑的影响

根据椭圆弹塑性接触模型,提出了流量因子影响模型,给出了几个该模型的应用计算实例．计算结果表明,该模型与粗糙表面的实际润滑状况有较好的一致性．通过算例分析,发现粗糙峰弹塑性变形对流量因子的影响主要决定于表面综合属性、弹性和塑性变形量．     

Determination of the plastic zone by laser-speckle correlation

Laser-speckle-pattern correlation is used for the determination of elastic-plastic boundary on the surface of well polished metal specimens. The method employs a converging laser beam to illuminate the test object. Diffracted verging laser beam to illuminate the test object. Diffracted images are recorded and processed on a computer-based vision system. Subsequent image-correlation analysis yields information on the surface deformation of the test objects. The technique is applied to a flat tensile specimen with two circular notches at the central portion. Measured plastic zone is compared with results obtained by the finite-element method.     

Determination of the effective elastic–plastic response of metal–ceramic composites

The mechanical response of metal–ceramic composites is analysed through a homogenization model accounting for the mechanical behaviour of the constituent materials. In order to achieve this purpose a nonlinear homogenization method based on the phase field approach has been suitably implemented into a numerical code. A prescribed homogenized strain state is applied to a unit volume element of a metal–ceramic composite with proportional loading in which all components of the strain tensor are proportional to one scalar parameter. The mechanical response of the material has been modeled by considering a von Mises plasticity model for the metal phase and a Drucker–Prager associative elastic–plastic material model for the ceramic phase. A two stages plasticity has been obtained in which inelastic strain develops in the metal phase followed by a fully plastic response. A comparison with a finite element model of the stress–strain response of an axisymmetric unit cell has been carried out with the purpose to validate the homogenization based modeling presented in the paper. Plastic parameters of a Drucker–Prager yield surface for the homogenized composite have been calculated at different materials compositions. Associative Drucker–Prager plasticity has been found to be accurate for high ceramic content.     

铜单晶拉伸试样表面滑移带痕迹的晶体塑性分析

采用建立在晶体塑性理论基础上的晶体塑性有限变形计算方法,针对铜单晶试样单轴拉伸过程中晶体滑移在试样表面留下的滑移带痕迹进行了数值研究.作者利用三维有限元模拟不同取向铜单晶试样的拉伸变形,通过晶体塑性滑移面与试样表面交线的几何分析,得到了试样在不同晶向拉伸下不同滑移系启动造成的试样表面滑移痕迹,并对数值计算的试样表面滑移...     

软化Mohr-Coulomb材料强度参数的测定方法

为了得到试件的粘聚力和内摩擦角随轴向塑性压应变变化的曲线提出本方法。试件的弹塑性本构关系遵循相关联的Mohr-Coulomb强度准则;对常规三轴试验,试件受力进入塑性状态后,处在棱椎状屈服面的棱上,加载过程遵循Koiter流动法则。按经典塑性力学理论,推导得到轴向塑性压应变与轴向应力与轴向应变的关系;在常规三轴试验机上获得不同围压下试件的全程应力-应变曲线,进而可得到各自围压下轴向塑性压应变随加载过程的变化曲线;把来自不同围压下对应同一轴向塑性压应变的应力分别代入屈服面方程,即可求得对应的粘聚力和内摩擦角。结果表明,Mohr-Coulomb材料的两个强度参数的变化由轴向塑性压应变确定。轴向塑性压应变可以作为塑性变形的状态参数,它和试件的受力过程可以唯一确定试件的变形过程。     

A less hypothetical perspective on rate-independent continuum theory of metal plasticity

In the framework of rate-independent theory of metal plasticity the hypothesis of maximum plastic dissipation is commonly applied to derive the associated flow-rule and to prove convexity of the yield surface in stress space. Alternatively, Drucker’s postulate of material stability may be used to prove convexity. Both hypotheses appear reasonable, but it is appealing to derive the basic framework for rate-independent metal plasticity without involving additional hypotheses.In the present article it will be shown that indeed both hypotheses can be dropped and an alternative way is established to derive the associated flow-rule and to prove convexity of the yield surface. It turns out that the associated flow-rule as well as the convexity of the yield surface are intrinsic features of the proposed theoretical framework.     

A cyclic anisotropic-plasticity model for metal matrix composites

Based on a six parameter general anisotropic yield surface proposed earlier by Voyiadjis and Thiagarajan (An Anisotropic Yield Surface Model for Directionally Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites, Int. J. Plasticity [1995]), a cyclic plasticity model to model the behavior of directionally reinforced metal matrix composite, has been proposed here. Apart from being able to model different initial yielding behavior along different stress directions, a number of features have been incorporated into the plasticity model. They include the usage of a proposed non-associative flow rule, kinematic hardening rule of Phillips type, a modified form of the bounding surface model for modelling the cyclic behavior, and the usage of a proposed form for evaluating the plastic modulus for anisotropic materials. Previous experimental data have been used for the evaluation of the yield surface parameters as well as those for the determination of the plastic modulus. The stress-strain results generated from the model have then been compared with those from the experiments. The behavior of the model under certain simulated cyclic loading situations has also been presented.     

Analysis of surface asperity flattening based on two different methods

The stress state is an important parameter in metal forming processes, which significantly influences the strain state and microstructure of products, affecting their surface qualities. In order to make the metal products have a good surface quality, the surface stress state must be optimised. In this study, two classical methods, the upper bound method and the crystal plasticity finite element method, were investigated. The differences between the two methods were discussed in regard to the model, the velocity field, and the strain field. Then the related surface roughness is deduced.