肉鸡大肠杆菌多价灭活蜂胶苗的研制

从分离鉴定的49株大肠杆菌中筛选出5株致病力强、免疫原性好、具有优势血清型的大肠杆菌作为制苗菌株，经培养灭活后，以蜂胶为佐剂，研制出的肉鸡大肠杆菌多价灭活蜂胶疫苗，使用安全，免疫效果好。用该苗免疫后150d的保护率为100％，无不良反应。该苗4C下保存1年不失效。田间试验结果表明，该苗性能好，免疫后对肉仔鸡、肉种鸡的生产性能无不良影响，鸡群大肠杆菌病的死亡率明显下降。     

贵州猪大肠杆菌本地株多价灭活疫苗的研制

选择本地分离的3株致病性大肠杆菌O139、O138、O101,分别接种于LB固体培养基于37℃恒温培养箱培养20 h,用0.85%生理盐水洗下菌落,进行活菌计数,3株菌按等量混合,加入0.4%甲醛灭活48 h,再加入20%氢氧化铝胶混匀,制成灭活疫苗置2～4℃冰箱保存。将该疫苗接种无菌的LB固体和麦康凯培养基上37℃培养48 h进行无菌检验,并接种小白鼠进行安全性检验,结果均合格;接种该疫苗14 d后,对小白鼠进行攻毒试验,试验组小白鼠健康无任何异常反应,对照组全部死亡,疫苗的免疫保护率达100%,说明疫苗安全。     

鸡疏螺旋体病鸡胚组织灭活疫苗试验研究

实验室制备三批鸡疏螺旋体病鸡胚组织灭活苗，经效力检验，安全检验，免疫期及保存期测定结果表明，疫苗注射后体内抗体１５ｄ达最高水平，７ｄ和３０ｄ－７２０ｄ维持较高水平，免疫期达２年，疫苗保护率达１００５；疫苗在０－８℃条件下保存有效期为２年；疫苗安全性良好；三批疫苗试验结果不存在明显差异，显示制备工艺稳定。     

鸡轮状病毒灭活油乳疫苗的制备与应用研究

利用从发生流行性腹泻的发病鸡中分离的轮状病毒,研制了鸡轮状病毒灭活油乳疫苗,并对该疫苗的安全性及免疫效果进行了测定.结果表明该疫苗安全可靠,注射后对增重、产蛋均无影响.免疫后14 d攻毒保护率可达98%以上,免疫期可维持6个月,4℃保存12个月,10℃～25℃保存3个月,免疫效果不变.对鸡轮状病毒油乳灭活疫苗在山东不同地区进行田间试验和扩大区域试验,结果表明该疫苗性能良好、安全,对蛋鸡、肉鸡、雏鸡的生产性能无明显影响,疫苗接种后保护率可达92%以上,可有效地控制该病的发生.     

鸡大肠杆菌多价蜂胶灭活苗的研制

用本地分离的５个代表菌株和引进的３个标准菌株混合，以蜂胶为佐剂，经甲醛灭活，蜂胶用酒精纯化，按一定比例配制成含１００亿个／ｍｌ的大肠杆菌多价蜂胶佐剂灭活苗。经现地２８万只鸡试验证明，本疫苗安全、有效。免疫接种０．５ｍｌ／只，临床无不良反应。７天６０％出现免疫抗体，１４天全部产生免疫抗体，３个月攻毒保护率１００％，６个月７０％；疫苗于４￣８℃保存１年，２０￣２５℃保存半年有效。     

鸡大肠杆菌多价蜂胶灭活苗的研制

用本地分离的５个代表菌株和引进的３个标准菌株混合，以蜂胶为佐剂，经甲醛灭活，蜂胶用酒精纯化，按一定比例配制成含１００亿个／ｍｌ的大肠杆菌多价蜂胶佐剂灭活苗。经现地２８万只鸡试验证明，本疫苗安全、有效。免疫接种０．５ｍｌ／只，临床无不良反应。７天６０％出现免疫抗体，１４天全部产生免疫抗体，３个月攻毒保护率１００％，６个月７０％；疫苗于４～８℃保存１年，２０～２５℃保存半年有效。     

鸡大肠杆菌多价灭活铝佐剂菌苗的研制

选择从新疆石河子地区分离的5个优势血清型078、02、07、0111、015大肠杆菌,经培养、混合、灭活后,与氢氧化铝按一定比列混合,制成鸡大肠杆菌多价灭活疫苗。经安全性检验、稳定性检验、免疫力检验,结果表明：该苗安全有效,性能良好,接种后无不良反应,免疫雏鸡后第7天可检出抗体,第35天抗体达到较高水平,使鸡获得免疫保护,对大肠杆菌的感染率和发病率有明显下降。     

豫北地区肉鸡大肠杆菌分离鉴定及其蜂胶灭活苗的研究

从豫北地区部分肉鸡场送检的病料中分离出了24株大肠杆菌，确定2l株菌分属8个血清型，其中02，074，01，078为主要血清型，分别占分离株的28．57％，23．8l％，19．04％，9．52％。药敏试验结果表明，所分离的24株大肠杆菌对丁胺卡那霉素、头孢曲松、头孢噻呋、氟苯尼考最敏感，可作为防治肉鸡大肠杆菌病的首选药物。从中筛选出3株致病力强、免疫原性好、具有优势血清型的大肠杆菌和标准菌株作为制苗菌株。以蜂胶为佐剂，研制出的肉鸡大肠杆菌多价灭活蜂胶疫苗，使用安全，免疫效果好。用该苗免疫后150d的保护率为100％，无不良反应。该苗4℃下保存1年不失效。田间试验结果表明，该苗性能好。免疫后对肉仔鸡、肉种鸡的生产性能无不良影响，鸡群大肠杆菌病的死亡率明显下降。     

鸡大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及疫苗的制备

为了控制鸡群大肠杆菌的流行，有效防治大肠杆菌病，将从病鸡肠道中分离到的几株大肠杆菌进行分离纯化、药敏试验并进行生化实验鉴定，筛选出免疫原性良好的l株菌株，经纯化增菌后制备针对当地本养殖场的油乳灭活苗。安全性检验、效力性检验结果表明，该疫苗对鸡安全有效，鸡接种后无不良反应。     

鸡大肠杆菌多价灭活油乳疫苗的研制

选择从河北省不同地区分离的6个优势血清型O78、O2、O111、O36、O35大肠杆菌菌株，经培养、混合、灭活后，用白油、吐温、司本－80按一定比例混合，制成鸡大肠杆菌多价油乳灭活疫苗。经安全性检验、稳定性检验、免疫力检验，结果表明，该苗安全有效，性能良好，接种后无不良反应，免疫肉鸡雏鸡后第7d可检测出抗体，在第56d抗体达到最高水平(7.3log2)，使鸡获得免疫保护，对大肠杆菌的感染率、发病率有明显下降，     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.