对称翼型低雷诺数小攻角升力系数非线性现象研究

采用Rogers发展的三阶Roe格式,求解非定常不可压N-S方程,时间方向为二阶精度双时间步方法, 数值模拟了对称翼型SD8020低雷诺数(Re=40000,100000)条件下,流场层流分离涡结构和升力系数随攻角的变化．同试验比较证明了数值模拟的正确性．通过对数值模拟时均化流场结果的详细分析,发现对称翼型在小雷诺数0°攻角附近出现的层流分离泡,其内部结构和演化规律都不同于经典层流分离泡模型,从而提出了一种后缘层流分离泡模型．并应用该模型对对称翼型小攻角低雷诺数流场特性以及升力系数非线性效应的形成机理进行了研究和解释．     

高亚临界雷诺数圆柱绕流的尺度自适应模拟

借助γ-Re_θ转捩模型,实现了高亚临界雷诺数（Re=1.4×105）下圆柱层流分离流动的尺度自适应模拟.统计平均结果表明数值计算和实验测量较为接近,尤其在圆柱后半段的分离区中,压力系数和实验符合得很好,误差主要源于分离点预测的不准确. 瞬态流动则显示,层流分离的剪切层中出现了展向不稳定,且在向下游的输运过程中不断增强,最后转捩为完全湍流. 在湍流分离模拟中,由于缺乏剪切层失稳的非定常性,SST-SAS 模型的尺度分辨能力变弱,因此在分离区以及下游尾迹中求解出的湍流尺度要明显较层流分离时大.      

低雷诺数俯仰振荡翼型等离子体流动控制

针对低雷诺数翼型气动性能差的特点,通过介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrier discharge,DBD)等离子体激励控制的方法,提高翼型低雷诺数下的气动特性,改善其流场结构.采用二维准直接数值模拟方法求解非定常不可压Navier-Stokes方程,对具有俯仰运动的NACA0012翼型的低雷诺数流动展开数值...     

风力机翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制数值研究

针对动态失速引起的风力机翼型气动性能恶化的问题,本文基于动网格和滑移网格技术, 开展了大涡模拟数值计算研究,探索了非定常脉冲等离子体的动态流动控制机理. 结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制翼型动态失速, 改善平均和瞬态气动力,减小力矩负峰值和迟滞环面积. 压力分布在等离子体施加范围内出现了负压"凸起",上翼面吸力峰值明显增大.脉冲频率和占空比这两个非定常控制参数对流动控制影响显著,无因次脉冲频率为1.5时等离子体控制效果较好,占空比为0.8时即可接近连续工作模式下的气动收益. 翼型深失速状态,等离子体促使流动分离位置明显向后缘移动, 抵抗了大尺度动态失速涡的发生,分离涡结构破碎耗散、重新附着, 涡流影响范围减小; 浅失速状态,等离子体激励具有较强的剪切层操纵能力, 诱导了翼型边界层提前转捩,促进了与主流的动量掺混. 等离子体气动激励诱导出前缘附近贴体翼面"涡簇",起到了虚拟气动外形的作用.不同尺度、频域的动态涡结构与等离子体气动激励的非线性、强耦合作用导致了气动力/力矩的谐波振荡.      

NUMERICAL STUDY ON DYNAMIC STALL FLOW CONTROL FOR WIND TURBINE AIRFOIL USING PLASMA ACTUATOR 1)

针对动态失速引起的风力机翼型气动性能恶化的问题,本文基于动网格和滑移网格技术, 开展了大涡模拟数值计算研究,探索了非定常脉冲等离子体的动态流动控制机理. 结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制翼型动态失速, 改善平均和瞬态气动力,减小力矩负峰值和迟滞环面积. 压力分布在等离子体施加范围内出现了负压"凸起",上翼面吸力峰值明显增大.脉冲频率和占空比这两个非定常控制参数对流动控制影响显著,无因次脉冲频率为1.5时等离子体控制效果较好,占空比为0.8时即可接近连续工作模式下的气动收益. 翼型深失速状态,等离子体促使流动分离位置明显向后缘移动, 抵抗了大尺度动态失速涡的发生,分离涡结构破碎耗散、重新附着, 涡流影响范围减小; 浅失速状态,等离子体激励具有较强的剪切层操纵能力, 诱导了翼型边界层提前转捩,促进了与主流的动量掺混. 等离子体气动激励诱导出前缘附近贴体翼面"涡簇",起到了虚拟气动外形的作用.不同尺度、频域的动态涡结构与等离子体气动激励的非线性、强耦合作用导致了气动力/力矩的谐波振荡.     

激波与转捩边界层干扰非定常特性数值分析

激波与边界层干扰的非定常问题是高速飞行器气动设计中基础研究内容之一.以往研究主要针对层流和湍流干扰,在分离激波低频振荡及其内在机理方面存在着上游机制和下游机制两类截然不同的理论解释.分析激波与转捩边界层干扰下非定常运动现象有助于进一步加深理解边界层状态以及分离泡结构对低频振荡特性的影响规律,为揭示其产生机理指出新的方向.采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9,24?压缩拐角内激波与转捩边界层干扰下激波的非定常运动特性进行了数值分析.通过在拐角上游平板特定的流向位置添加吹吸扰动激发流动转捩,使得进入拐角的边界层处于转捩初期阶段.在验证了计算程序可靠性的基础上,详细分析了转捩干扰下激波运动的间歇性和振荡特征,着重研究了分离泡展向三维结构对激波振荡特性的影响规律,最后还初步探索了转捩干扰下激波低频振荡产生的物理机制.研究结果表明:分离激波的非定常运动仍存在强间歇性和低频振荡特征,其时间尺度约为上游无干扰区内脉动信号特征尺度的10倍量级;分离泡展向三维结构不会对分离激波的低频振荡特征产生实质影响.依据瞬态脉动流场的低通滤波结果,转捩干扰下激波低频振荡的诱因来源于拐角干扰区下游,与流场中分离泡的收缩/膨胀运动存在一定的关联.     

绕振荡水翼流动及其转捩特性的数值计算研究

通过对比标准k-ω SST 湍流模型和基于标准k-ω SST 湍流模型修正的γ-Re_θ 转捩湍流模型对绕振荡NACA66 水翼流动的数值计算结果与实验结果,对水翼振荡过程的水动力特性和流场结构变化进行了分析研究. 结果表明:与标准k-ω SST 湍流模型的数值计算结果相比,基于标准k-ω SST 湍流模型修正的γ-Re_θ 转捩湍流模型能有效预测绕振荡翼型流场结构和水动力特性,捕捉流场边界层发生的流动分离和转捩现象;绕振荡水翼的流动过程可分为5 个特征阶段,当来流攻角较小时,在水翼前缘发生层流向湍流的转捩现象,水翼动力特征曲线出现变化拐点;随着来流攻角的增大,顺时针尾缘涡逐渐形成并向水翼前缘发展;当攻角较大时,前缘涡分离导致动力失速,水翼的动力特征曲线出现大幅波动;水翼处于顺时针向下旋转阶段,绕水翼的流动状态逐渐由湍流过渡为层流.      

局部弹性翼型非定常分离的动力学特性

对在低雷诺数下局部弹性翼型绕流中, 局部弹性导致的自激振动所产生的复杂非定常流动分离现象和描述方法进行了分析. 采用ALE-CBS方法数值模拟了具有可动边界的绕流流场问题, 同时采用Galerkin方法求解局部弹性结构的控制方程. 着重研究了翼型的局部弹性对流动分离和翼型性能的影响, 并分别从Eulerian和Lagrangian的角度分析了局部弹性结构导致的不同非定常分离现象, 其中Lagrangian角度可以方便地揭示出局部弹性翼型大幅度提高升力的机理和流动中的能量迁移. 结果表明翼型的局部弹性对非定常分离和分离泡的演化过程有着明显的影响, 可以使得流体质点由主流获取动量实现再附, 并且在一定的攻角下可以将固定分离转变为移动分离, 从而明显地提高了翼型的升力.      

非定常俯抑振荡下的横向喷流数值模拟

采用高精度格式数值求解RANS方程,研究了定常状态下横向喷流流场,压力分布计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,并捕捉到喷流干扰流场中多种流动结构.在非定常计算过程中,飞行器的振动引起了法向力和俯仰力矩系数的相位滞后,推力放大因子随俯仰角周期变化.飞行器振动过程中,喷流流场的动态气动特性与稳态喷流有明显的区别,因此在利用横向喷流对飞行器进行姿态控制时,应该考虑由于飞行器姿态的变化对横向喷流所产生的非定常影响问题.     

低雷诺数俯仰振荡翼型等离子体流动控制

针对低雷诺数翼型气动性能差的特点, 通过介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrier discharge, DBD)等离子体激励控制的方法, 提高翼型低雷诺数下的气动特性,改善其流场结构. 采用二维准直接数值模拟方法求解非定常不可压Navier-Stokes方程,对具有俯仰运动的NACA0012翼型的低雷诺数流动展开数值模拟.同时将介质阻挡放电激励对流动的作用以彻体力源项的形式加入Navier-Stokes方程,通过数值模拟探究稳态DBD等离子体激励对俯仰振荡NACA0012翼型气动特性和流场特性的影响.为了进行流动控制, 分别在上下表面的前缘和后缘处安装DBD等离子体激励器,并提出四种激励器的开环控制策略,通过对比研究了这些控制策略在不同雷诺数、不同减缩频率以及激励位置下的控制效果.通过流场结构和动态压强分析了等离子体进行流场控制的机理. 结果表明,前缘DBD控制中控制策略B(负攻角时开启上表面激励器,正攻角时开启下表面激励器)效果最好,后缘DBD控制中控制策略C(逆时针旋转时开启上表面激励器,顺时针旋转时开启下表面激励器)效果最好,前缘DBD控制效果会随着减缩频率的增大而下降, 同时会导致阻力增大.而后缘DBD控制可以减小压差阻力, 优于前缘DBD控制,对于计算的所有减缩频率(5.01~11.82)都有较好的增升减阻效果.在不同雷诺数下, DBD控制的增升效果较为稳定, 而减阻效果随着雷诺数的降低而变差,这是由流体黏性效应增强导致的.      

Experimental study of the boundary layer over an airfoil in plunging motion

This is an experimental study on the boundary layer over an airfoil under steady and unsteady conditions.It specifically deals with the effect of plunging oscillation on the laminar/turbulent characteristics of the boundary layer.The wind tunnel measurements involved surfacemounted hot-film sensors and boundary-layer rake.The experiments were conducted at Reynolds numbers of 0.42×10 6 to 0.84 × 10 6 and the reduced frequency was varied from 0.01 to 0.11.The results of the quasi-wall-shear stress as well as the boundary layer velocity profiles provided important information about the state of the boundary layer over the suction surface of the airfoil in both static and dynamic cases.For the static tests,boundary layer transition occurred through a laminar separation bubble.By increasing the angle of attack,disturbances and the transition location moved toward the leading edge.For the dynamic tests,earlier transition occurred with increasing rather than decreasing effective angle of attack.The mean angle of attack and the oscillating parameters significantly affected the state of the boundary layer.By increasing the reduced frequency,the boundary layer transition was promoted to the upstroke portion of the equivalent angle of attack,but the quasi skin friction coefficient was decreased.     

Time-resolved volumetric particle tracking velocimetry of large-scale vortex structures from the reattachment region of a laminar separation bubble to the wake

The present paper presents time-resolved volumetric Particle Tracking Velocimetry measurements in a water towing tank on a SD7003 airfoil, performed at a Reynolds number of 60,000 and a 4° angle of attack. The SD7003 airfoil was chosen because of its long mid-chord and stable laminar separation bubble (LSB), occurring on the suction side of the airfoil at low Reynolds numbers. The present study focuses on the temporal resolution of unsteady large-scale vortex structures emitted from the LSB. In contrast to other studies, where only the observation of the flow in the transition region was examined, the entire flow from the leading edge to the far wake of the airfoil was investigated here.     

Application of a Synthetic Jet to Control Boundary Layer Separation under Ultra-High-Lift Turbine Pressure Distribution

The transition and separation processes of the boundary layer developing on a flat plate under a prescribed adverse pressure gradient typical of Ultra-High-Lift low-pressure turbine profiles have been investigated, with and without the application of a synthetic jet (zero net mass flow rate jet). A mechanical piston has been adopted to produce an intermittent flow with zero net mass flow rate. The capability of the device to suppress or reduce the large laminar separation bubble occurring under steady inflow condition at low Reynolds numbers has been experimentally investigated by means of hot-wire measurements. Wall static pressure measurements complement the hot-wire time-resolved velocity results. The paper reports the investigations performed for both steady and controlled conditions. The active device is able to control the laminar separation bubble induced at low Reynolds number conditions by the strong adverse pressure gradient. An overall view of the time-dependent evolution of the controlled boundary layer is provided by the phase-locked ensemble averaging technique, triggered at the synthetic jet frequency. The separated flow transition process, which is detected for the uncontrolled condition, is modified by the synthetic jet in different ways during the blowing and suction phases. Overall, the phase-locked velocity distributions show a reduced separated flow region for the whole jet cycle as compared to the uncontrolled condition. The phase-locked distributions of the random unsteadiness allow the identification of vortical structures growing along the shear layer mainly during the blowing phase.     

High-fidelity simulations of moving and flexible airfoils at low Reynolds numbers

The present paper highlights results derived from the application of a high-fidelity simulation technique to the analysis of low-Reynolds-number transitional flows over moving and flexible canonical configurations motivated by small natural and man-made flyers. This effort addresses three separate fluid dynamic phenomena relevant to small fliers, including: laminar separation and transition over a stationary airfoil, transition effects on the dynamic stall vortex generated by a plunging airfoil, and the effect of flexibility on the flow structure above a membrane airfoil. The specific cases were also selected to permit comparison with available experimental measurements. First, the process of transition on a stationary SD7003 airfoil section over a range of Reynolds numbers and angles of attack is considered. Prior to stall, the flow exhibits a separated shear layer which rolls up into spanwise vortices. These vortices subsequently undergo spanwise instabilities, and ultimately breakdown into fine-scale turbulent structures as the boundary layer reattaches to the airfoil surface. In a time-averaged sense, the flow displays a closed laminar separation bubble which moves upstream and contracts in size with increasing angle of attack for a fixed Reynolds number. For a fixed angle of attack, as the Reynolds number decreases, the laminar separation bubble grows in vertical extent producing a significant increase in drag. For the lowest Reynolds number considered (Re _c  = 10⁴), transition does not occur over the airfoil at moderate angles of attack prior to stall. Next, the impact of a prescribed high-frequency small-amplitude plunging motion on the transitional flow over the SD7003 airfoil is investigated. The motion-induced high angle of attack results in unsteady separation in the leading edge and in the formation of dynamic-stall-like vortices which convect downstream close to the airfoil. At the lowest value of Reynolds number (Re _c  = 10⁴), transition effects are observed to be minor and the dynamic stall vortex system remains fairly coherent. For Re _c  = 4 × 10⁴, the dynamic-stall vortex system is laminar at is inception, however shortly afterwards, it experiences an abrupt breakdown associated with the onset of spanwise instability effects. The computed phased-averaged structures for both values of Reynolds number are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Finally, the effect of structural compliance on the unsteady flow past a membrane airfoil is investigated. The membrane deformation results in mean camber and large fluctuations which improve aerodynamic performance. Larger values of lift and a delay in stall are achieved relative to a rigid airfoil configuration. For Re _c = 4.85 × 10⁴, it is shown that correct prediction of the transitional process is critical to capturing the proper membrane structural response.     

High-fidelity numerical simulation of the flow field around a NACA-0012 aerofoil from the laminar separation bubble to a full stall

In the present work, large eddy simulations of the flow field around a NACA-0012 aerofoil near stall conditions are performed at a Reynolds number of 5 × 10⁴, Mach number of 0.4, and at various angles of attack. The results show the following: at relatively low angles of attack, the bubble is present and intact; at moderate angles of attack, the laminar separation bubble bursts and generates a global low-frequency flow oscillation; and at relatively high angles of attack, the laminar separation bubble becomes an open bubble that leads the aerofoil into a full stall. Time histories of the aerodynamic coefficients showed that the low-frequency oscillation phenomenon and its associated physics are indeed captured in the simulations. The aerodynamic coefficients compared to previous and recent experimental data with acceptable accuracy. Spectral analysis identified a dominant low-frequency mode featuring the periodic separation and reattachment of the flow field. At angles of attack α ≤ 9.3°, the low-frequency mode featured bubble shedding rather than bubble bursting and reformation. The underlying mechanism behind the quasi-periodic self-sustained low-frequency flow oscillation is discussed in detail.     

Investigation of steady plasma actuation effect on aerodynamic coefficients of oscillating airfoil at low Reynolds number

In this work, numerical study of two dimensional laminar incompressible flow around an oscillating NACA0012 airfoil is proceeded using the open source code Open FOAM. Oscillatory motion types including pitching and flapping are considered. Reynolds number for these motions is assumed to be 12000 and effects of these motions and also different unsteady parameters such as amplitude and reduced frequency on aerodynamic coefficients are studied. For flow control on airfoil, dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator is used in two different positions on airfoil and its effect is compared for the two types of considered oscillating motions. It is observed that in pitching motion, imposing plasma leads to an improvement in aerodynamic coefficients, but it does not have any positive effect on flapping motion.Also, for the amplitudes and frequencies investigated in this paper, the trailing edge plasma had a more desirable effect than other positions.     

Experimental Study on the Behaviour of Local Laminar Separation Bubble at a Rectangular Wing Section

This paper identifies laminar separation bubbles at the root or span-wise midsection of a rectangular wing using direct surface pressure measurements in the wind tunnel and analyses their behavior at different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The separation, transition, and reattachment locations are determined as functions of the angles of attack and the Reynolds number. The transition structure and turbulence characteristics in the separated shear layer are studied using laser Doppler velocimetry. Surface pressure data and simultaneously acquired velocity signals are correlated to show the pattern of growing disturbances in the shear layer. Surface oil flow visualizations clarified the wingtip and separation bubble’s interactions near the leading edge of the wing at the higher angles of attack. Turbulence statistics are also calculated from the streamwise velocity distributions, and an apparent deviation is observed for the skewness and flatness values from the normal distributions in the near-wall region. The separation bubble effect on aerodynamic coefficients of a 3D rectangular wing root section is studied and reported.

     

Effect of Local DBD Plasma Actuation on Transition in a Laminar Separation Bubble

This work examines the effect of local active flow control on stability and transition in a laminar separation bubble. Experiments are performed in a wind tunnel facility on a NACA 0012 airfoil at a chord Reynolds number of 130 000 and an angle of attack of 2 degrees. Controlled disturbances are introduced upstream of a laminar separation bubble forming on the suction side of the airfoil using a surface-mounted Dielectric Barrier Discharge plasma actuator. Time-resolved two-component Particle Image Velocimetry is used to characterise the flow field. The effect of frequency and amplitude of plasma excitation on flow development is examined. The introduction of artificial harmonic disturbances leads to significant changes in separation bubble topology and the characteristics of coherent structures formed in the aft portion of the bubble. The development of the bubble demonstrates strong dependence on the actuation frequency and amplitude, revealing the dominant role of incoming disturbances in the transition scenario. Statistical, topological and linear stability theory analysis demonstrate that significant mean flow deformation produced by controlled disturbances leads to notable changes in stability characteristics compared to those in the unforced baseline case. The findings provide a new outlook on the role of controlled disturbances in separated shear layer transition and instruct the development of effective flow control strategies.