制备条件对Ni_2P/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂的HDN性能影响

采用原位还原技术制备出Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂,以喹啉为模型化合物对催化剂的加氢脱氮性能进行评价。主要考察复合载体中不同钛铝配比、不同Ni/P摩尔比对催化剂活性的影响及确定活性组分Ni2P负载量,确定该加氢脱氮催化剂最佳制备方法为:当n(Ti)/n(Al)=1/4,Ni2P负载量25%(wt)。在压力为3 MPa,体积空速为3 h-1,氢油体积比为500,反应温度为360℃的条件下,催化剂的加氢脱氮活性最高,可达98%。     

Ni2P/TiO2的制备、表征及其加氢脱硫反应性能

利用程序升温还原方法合成了Ni2P／TiO2催化剂，采用H2-TPR、XRD、XPS等技术对样品的结构和性质进行了表征，研究了催化剂对噻吩的常压加氢脱硫反应性能。结果表明，在TiO2为载体的负载型催化剂上，Ni2P为主要活性相，无明显的单质Ni相；与Ni2P／SiO2相比，Ni2P／TiO2催化剂对噻吩常压加氢脱硫反应有较高的转化率以及良好的稳定性，噻吩稳定转化率达到了36％左右。     

Ni2P/TiO2对甲苯的催化加氢反应性能

以TiO2为载体,磷酸盐为前驱物,用程序升温还原方法制备了系列Ni2P/TiO2催化剂。用X射线衍射（XRD）对催化剂样品的物相进行了分析表征。以甲苯气相加氢反应考察了Ni2P/TiO2催化剂的加氢反应性能。结果表明,TiO2载体上制备的催化剂主要物相为Ni2P。Ni2P/TiO2催化剂对甲苯加氢反应具有较高的转化率、100％产物选择性以及良好的稳定性能。反应温度和反应H2流速对甲苯转化率有影响,随反应温度的增加,甲苯转化率先增加后降低,250℃时,相对较高。随反应H2流速的增加,甲苯转化率降低。Ni负载量及前驱体中P含量对催化剂的性能也有影响,随Ni负载量及P含量的增加,催化剂的活性均先升高后降低,P含量较低的催化剂有部分失活。     

氢等离子体法制备Ni_2P和Ni_2P/SiO_2加氢脱硫催化剂

采用免焙烧的方法,直接将Ni(NO3)2和(NH4)2HPO4盐的前驱体,或是担载Ni(NO3)2和(NH4)2HPO4盐的前驱体通过氢等离子体法(PR)制备了Ni2P-NC-PR,Ni2P(25)/Si O2-NC-PR加氢脱硫催化剂。以质量分数为0.8%的二苯并噻吩/十氢萘溶液为模型化合物,考察了催化剂的HDS反应性能,并用XRD对催化剂晶相进行了表征。新鲜制备的催化剂在移入固定床反应器之前用体积分数10%H2S/Ar钝化,以保护其结构不被破坏。实验证明,PR还原法制备的Ni2P-NC-PR催化剂的加氢脱硫活性高于Ni2P-C-PR催化剂,PR还原法制备的Ni2P(25)/Si O2-NCPR催化剂的加氢脱硫活性高于Ni2P(25)/Si O2-C-PR催化剂。XRD表征结果表明:Ni2P-NC-PR或Ni2P(25)/Si O2-NC-PR催化剂的颗粒尺寸都小于Ni2P-C-PR或Ni2P(25)/Si O2-C-PR催化剂的颗粒尺寸,催化剂的活性中心较多,其高活性可归于其活性中心数量的增加。     

新型磷化镍催化剂的HDN性能研究

采用原位还原技术制备TiO2-Al2O3复合载体负载活性组分Ni2P催化剂,以喹啉为模型化合物对催化剂的加氢脱氮性能进行评价。主要考察复合载体中不同钛铝配比、不同Ni/P摩尔比及活性组分Ni2P负载量、不同模板剂用量对催化剂活性的影响,确定制备复合载体最佳钛铝比n(Ti)/n(Al)=1/4;模板剂和钛酸四正丁酯最优摩尔比为0.2;在压力为3 MPa,体积空速为3 h-1,氢油体积比为500,反应温度为360℃的条件下,催化剂的加氢脱氮活性最高,可达98%。     

新型磷化镍催化剂的HDN性能研究

采用原位还原技术制备TiO2-Al2O3复合载体负载活性组分Ni2P催化剂,以喹啉为模型化合物对催化剂的加氢脱氮性能进行评价。主要考察复合载体中不同钛铝配比、不同Ni/P摩尔比及活性组分Ni2P负载量、不同模板剂用量对催化剂活性的影响,确定制备复合载体最佳钛铝比n(Ti)/n(Al)=1/4;模板剂和钛酸四正丁酯最优摩尔比为0.2;在压力为3 MPa,体积空速为3 h-1,氢油体积比为500,反应温度为360℃的条件下,催化剂的加氢脱氮活性最高,可达98%。     

不同磷源等离子体制备高活性Ni_2P加氢脱硫催化剂

以氯化镍(硝酸镍)和次磷酸铵(磷酸氢二铵)(Ni:P摩尔比为1)为原料,氢等离子体还原法(PR)制备高活性加氢脱硫Ni_2P催化剂,新制备的催化剂在移入固定床反应器之前用质量分数10%H_2S/Ar钝化,以保护其结构不被破坏。以质量分数为0.8%的二苯并噻吩(DBT)/十氢萘溶液为模型化合物,考察了不同磷原催化剂的加氢脱硫(HDS)性能。X射线衍射(XRD)对制备的催化剂晶相进行了表征。实验证明,低价态P源制备的Ni_2P催化剂(N_2P-1-PR)的加氢脱硫(HDS)活性高于高价态P源制备的Ni_2P催化剂(N_2P-2-PR)。XRD表征结果表明,N_2P-1-PR粒度较小,导致其高活性增加。在Ni_2P催化剂上,DBT主要通过直接脱硫路径(DDS)。     

Au-Pd/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂的加氢脱硫性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶(sol-ge1)、共沉淀(CP)和沉积沉淀(DP)法制备了介孔TiO2-Al2O3复合载体(简称复合载体);以噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)为探针反应,考察了复合载体制备条件对负载型Au-Pd催化剂噻吩HDS反应性能的影响;并采用X射线衍射进行表征.结果表明,不同温度焙烧的TiO2一Al2O3复合载体都具有介孔结构,其中773 K焙烧制得的TiO2一Al2O3复合载体的比表面积和孔容较大,B酸中心较多;以乙醇还原的Au-Pd/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂的加氢脱硫活性较好.乙醇还原的Au-Pd/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂中Au-Pd之间及活性组分与载体之间的相互作用较强,形成AuxPdy合金的晶粒较小,活性组分的分散度和活性表面积较大,反应活化能较低,这些均有利于催化剂活性的提高.     

制备条件对Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体, 以柠檬酸为络合剂, 浸渍法制备了负载型Ni₂P/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂前体, 程序升温H₂还原法制备了Ni₂P/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂, 并用 X 射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附比表面积(BET)测定技术对催化剂的结构和性质进行了表征, 考察了浸渍方法、Ni/P摩尔比、Ni₂P负载量对其进行的二苯并噻吩(DBT)加氢脱硫(HDS)性能的影响。结果表明, 当Ni/P比低于1:1时, 能得到单一的Ni₂P物相;当Ni/P比为2:1时, 开始出现Ni₃P物相。采用Ni/P比为1:1、Ni₂P负载量为30%、采用共浸渍方法制备的Ni₂P/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂具有最好的活性, 在360℃、3.0MPa、氢油比500 (体积比)、液时体积空速2.0h^-1的条件下反应4h时, 二苯并噻吩转化率为99.5%。     

TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物载体及其加氢脱硫催化剂

分别采用溶胶-凝胶法和共沉淀法制备了TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物,并以此复合氧化物为载体制备了加氢脱硫催化剂.采用氮气恒温吸附脱附、X射线衍射、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和NH3程序升温脱附实验(NH3-TPD)对TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物及其催化剂进行表征,并考察催化剂的加氢脱硫性能.结果表明,TiO2经SiO2复合改性后,其热稳定性和晶相稳定性得到了提高.溶胶-凝胶法与共沉淀法相比,能使Ti物种和Si物种混合得更均匀,从而有利于制得具有较大比表面积和孔容的TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物.Ti含量增加,复合氧化物中Ti的分散度会降低.TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物中以Lewis酸中心为主,共沉淀法制备的复合氧化物比溶胶-凝胶法制备的复合氧化物具有更多的酸性中心.具有较大比表面积和较高酸性的催化剂对模型化合物噻吩和锦西重油催化裂化柴油的加氢脱硫性能较高.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.