高煤级煤粗粒体反射率的演化轨迹及致因分析

通过系统测试，查明了镜质体油浸最大反射率在２．０％－１０．０％之间的样品中粗粒体反射率的演化轨迹，发现其最大反射率的演化具有“转折”特征。粗粒体化学结构的非石墨化碳”性质，物理结构的“富微孔性”及构造应力的作用是控制反射率演化的主要因素。     

吐哈盆地侏罗系煤中超微类脂体特征和演化

利用共聚焦激光显微镜和透射电镜对吐哈盆地侏罗系煤进行超微层次有机岩石学分析，发现微米级以下超微类脂体普遍存在于无结构镜质体和一些粗粒体之中。常规光学显微镜下难以分辨超微类脂体，在镜质体反射率Ｒｏ０．５０％￣０．７０％时，煤中超微类脂体数量一般为８％￣１２％。超微类脂体的光性演化明显领先于壳质组形态组分孢子体和角质体，它是吐哈侏罗系煤中重要的生油组分。     

西北地区侏罗纪煤系有机质成烃模式

西北地区侏罗纪煤系地层中主要的生轻显微组分是孢子体、角质体、藻类体、沥青质体、 碎屑类脂体、基质镜质体等,而树脂体、木栓质体等早期低熟竹油组分含量很低。从煤中分离出来的一些主要单显微组分的热解模拟显示它们成烃演化特征基本相似,主要生油窗在模拟温度３６０￣４５０℃,生油高峰在３９０￣４２０℃,分别相应于Ｒ＾０约０．７％￣１．２％和０．９５％￣１．０％左右。显微荧光分析表明,镜质组反射率Ｒ＾０在约０．     

华北晚古生代煤二次生烃的动力学模式

通过对不同成熟度煤样（０．５３－２．１１％）的动力学研究,展示了华北晚古生代煤动力学参数随成熟度由高而低,从低到高的动态演化规律,提出了煤的二次生烃动力学模式,依据该模式,华北晚古生代煤的二次生烃具有一定的阶段性,不同的演化阶段其二次生烃模式不同,初镒生烃以后,当煤的镜质组反射率为０．７－０．９％时,二次生烃高峰提前;若反射率为０．９－１．３％时,二次生烃高峰滞后,而反射率〉１．３％以后,二次生     

碳酸盐生烃运移的激光一荧光和有机包裹体研究

在我国分布校广的下古生界碳酸盐岩地层大多数热演化程度较高,损失了很多荧光信息,给烃源岩的荧光观测与评价带来了很式困难。采用新组装的激光－荧光显微系统进行研究,获得了很多有意义的结果。烃源岩中显微有机组分的荧光观测范围由烃源岩成熟度的镜质组反射率Ｒ０小于１．３％扩大到等效镜质组反射率Ｒ０达１．８％左右;岩石中矿物荧光沥青的观测范围可达Ｒ０在２．４％以上,３．３％采用功率较高的激光－荧光显微系统,其观     

几丁虫的反射率——早古生代有机岩石学的新前缘

根据对我国扬子地台中部奥陶纪几丁虫生物地层及其壳壁光性特征和反射率的研究，联系华南及塔里木盆地有关的资料，系统总结了我国奥陶纪、志留纪几丁虫生物组合序列的划分及其对比，探讨了几丁虫的光性特征。指出几丁虫在所切光面上具有各向同性的光性特征，只有反射率而无双反射率；在相同成熟度情况下，几丁虫的随机油浸反射率较笔石高，而较虫牙和疑源类低。通过对几丁虫反射率与同层或邻近层位中所测Ｉｃａ、笔石反射率，尤其是分散有机质红外光谱分析所获等效镜质组反射率的对比说明，几丁虫的随机反射率Ｒ０为１０４％～１７０％，＞１７％～３１％和＞３１％～４１％时，分别相当等效镜质组反射率（Ｒ０，ｅｑ）０９％～１３５％，＞１３５％～２２％和２２％～３０％，依次指示含几丁虫母岩有机质演化处于成熟、过成熟早期和过成熟晚期阶段。尽管这个对应关系还需要在今后研究中去进一步证实，但至少说明，几丁虫反射率随有机成熟度增加而增加，对于不含镜质组的晚志留世以前地层来讲，它们可以作为有机质成熟度的指示。     

广西钦州稔子坪矿褐煤地球化学特征：Ⅰ.饱和烃馏分的生物标志物组合

稔子坪褐煤属于富含壳质组的腐殖型褐煤，腐殖质反射率Ｒ０＝０．４４％，壳质组以壳屑体为主，总烃丰度高达２３７３６×１０￣－６，多项热解参数（Ｔｍａｘ，Ｄ，ＩＨ和Ｐｇ）呈“腐泥型”有机质面貌，富氢组分含量和氢指数Ｉ＿Ｈ都说明该煤属于好的烃源岩。饱和烃馏分生物标志物组合与生源构成相对定量表明，陆生高等植物是主要的烃类生源母质，微生物（细菌）对原始有机母质的改造提高了“腐泥化”程度及生烃潜力，有利于早期生烃。     

塔里木盆地三叠系烃源岩有机岩石学特征与生烃评价

应用现代有机岩石学方法，配合有机地球化学方法，通过对塔里木盆地三叠系烃源岩的研究，认识了一种较特殊的烃源岩类型，其生烃母质以菌解无定形体为主，不仅其实测镜质组反射率Ｒ°具有明显抑制作用，而且其生烃早，“液态窗”范围介于镜质组Ｒ°为０．４０％－０．９５％之间。这类烃源岩生烃潜力较强（相当于ⅡＢ型干酪根），实际上已进入成熟－成烃峰期阶段，并广泛分布于塔北轮南及其以南地区，预测展布面积达１．０－１．５万     

准噶尔盆地热历史

准噶尔盆地从石炭一二叠纪的“热盆”（古地温梯度0．05-0．07℃／m）演变成新生代典型的“冷盆”（地温梯度0.02－0.023℃／m），使盆地两套主要烃源岩：二叠系和侏罗系烃源岩热演化程度（成熟度）具有明显的差异。二叠系径源岩成熟度普遍很高，大部分达到过成熟阶段；而侏罗系烃源岩成熟度则很低，即使埋深超过5000m，实测镜质组反射率R°％仅为0．5－0．6，相当于生油初期（低成熟）阶段。通过应用Waples模型和Sweeney－Burnham模型两种方法对盆地13口深井进行古地温梯度拟合计算表明：对于热演化过程主要发生在白垩纪之前，高地温梯度背景下的8口深井，烃源岩热演化受压力的影响小，成熟度相对较高；而对于热演化过程主要发生在白垩纪之后、低地温梯度背景下的5口井，烃源岩热演化受压力的影响较大，成熟度异常偏低，实测镜质组反射率低于用Waples模型和Sweeney－Burnham模型计算的镜质组反射率。     

煤镜质组反射率的定向特征及其应力指示意义 ——以淮北矿区为例

基于淮北矿区4个矿井共15块煤定向样品的镜质组反射率测试数据,在相容性调整的基础上,开展煤样镜质组反射率三维椭球体进行拟合。结合区域及采样地成煤后构造演化分析及煤样变形类型特征,深入研究煤镜质组反射率三维椭球体的方位和形状对应力、温度和变形结构的响应,并探讨其内在机理。结果显示:煤镜质组反射率三维椭球体最大—中间反射率所在平面的倾向多与区域应力来源方向相近,其原因可能归结于煤中芳香片层向垂直于岩石圈当中近水平构造应力和上覆地层压力的合力方向优势发育。垂直于挤压应力方向延伸的断层的干扰、煤变形程度和多期应力场的叠加效应是导致少数样品指示异常的主因。在多期应力场叠加影响区域,镜质组反射率定向会向后期应力方向发生不同程度偏转。但对于强变形构造煤,煤体颗粒间的移位旋转会削弱镜质组反射率重新定向偏转的程度,使其镜质组最大—中间反射率平面倾向主要指示前期应力来源方向。岩浆热异常是导致最大—中间反射率所在平面陡倾的主要因素之一。根据弗林参数,多数样品表现为扁椭球型,仅是煤正常演化的反映,而长椭球型则主要反映了岩浆热异常的的影响。     

煤变质作用研究

本文从4个方面扼要地讨论了煤变质作用的近期进展。在煤级参数方面对镜质体反射率及其缺点和弥补的方法做了介绍,简述了近来提出的新的煤级参数。在煤化作用机理与特点方面概述了涉及煤化作用的煤结构研究新进展及其在煤化过程的演变中与镜质体反射率、挥发份的内在联系;煤化作用跃变与沥青化作用;“惰性组的煤化径迹”——煤化作用的一个新的方面。新的煤变质作用类型探讨。煤变质因素和煤化作用平衡,煤变质作用研究应用于其它地质学科。最后提出了应进一步研究的煤变质问题。     

Coalification history of the Stephanian Ciñera-Matallana pull-apart basin,NW Spain: Combining anisotropy of vitrinite reflectance and thermal modelling

The Stephanian Ciñera-Matallana Basin of NW Spain comprises 1,500 m of alluvial to lacustrine coal-bearing sediments, which were deposited in a late Variscan transtensional/transpressional pull-apart setting. The relationship between coalification pattern and rock deformation was evaluated by measurements of the anisotropy of vitrinite reflectance (AVR). The AVR ellipsoids reveal both pre-tectonic elements related to the bedding fabric and syn-tectonic elements related to folding, producing biaxial ellipsoid shapes with the maximum reflectance parallel to fold axes. The mean coalification gradient for the Stephanian succession is about 0.62 %Rr/km. Calculations of the mean palaeo-geothermal gradient are presented on the basis of three different empirical equations. A palaeo-geothermal gradient of 85 °C/km is considered the most realistic, with an overburden of about 1,000 m. 1-D numerical modelling of the burial history results in two possible scenarios, the most preferable involving a palaeo-heat flow of 150 mW/m² and an overburden of ca. 1,050 m. These results indicate that maximum coalification was related to a localised but high palaeo-heat flow/-geothermal gradient. The anisotropy of vitrinite reflectance highlights the interactive and transitional nature of sedimentary compaction and rock deformation on the maturation of organic material within strike-slip fault zones.     

Coalification patterns of the Pittsburgh coal: their origin and bearing on hydrocarbon maturation

The coalification pattern of the Pittsburgh coal as established by isoreflectance contours has an overall trend which intersect with the prevailing structural trend of the Dunkard basin. Reflectance values increase from 0.53% in southeastern Ohio to 1.57% in the Maryland panhandle. Divergences of the reflectance contour pattern from the overall trend coincide in part with the present areas of high geothermal gradient. Crustal radiogenic heat, or regional geothermal heating, was probably the dominant heat source responsible for the coalification of the Pittsburgh coal in the Dunkard basin.A time-temperature, Lopatin-type diagram, which was constructed for the Dunkard basin near Wheeling, West Virginia, delineates conditions on maturation of sediments and provides clues to the times of petroleum migration and to the possible source beds. Silurian strata matured during subsidence and burial prior to the orogeny. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian strata matured during or after the orogeny. The Pennsylvanian strata west of the Dunkard basin, as suggested by vitrinite reflectance values, are apparently still immature.     

Reconstruction of Late Paleozoic heat flows and burial histories at the Rhenohercynian-Subvariscan boundary, Germany

The thermal and burial history of the Herzkamp syncline, located in the transition zone between the Variscan Rhenish Massif and the Ruhr foreland basin (western Germany), was reconstructed using PDI/PC-1D-basin modelling software (IES). The models were calibrated with new vitrinite reflectance data measured on Palaeozoic outcrop samples. High sample density and quality of the calibration data allowed a 3D reconstruction of the heat flow as well as of burial and erosion history. Vitrinite reflectance values range from 0.8 to 4.9%R_r and generally increase with increasing stratigraphic age. The coalification pattern confirms pre-tectonic maturation, especially in the western part of the study area. A "low-coalification zone" showing stagnating/decreasing coalification with increasing stratigraphic age exists, however, northeast of the Ennepe thrust, indicating synorogenic coalification. This anomaly is explained by early thrusting in the northern Rhenish Massif resulting in restricted burial/early uplift and thus lower thermal maturity. One result of numerical modelling is that palaeo-heat flows during maximum burial (Westphalian or post-Westphalian) decreased southwards from approximately 65 to less than 50 mW/m². Maximum burial depths for the base and top of the Namurian also decrease southwards from 7000 to 3600 m and 4600 to 1800 m, respectively, resulting in southwards-decreasing coalification of the respective stratigraphic horizon. Eroded overburden increases southwards (3100-5700 m), with the exception of the low-coalification zone, which is characterised by lower amounts of eroded overburden (1300-2900 m) and an earlier onset of erosion, i.e. in the Westphalian B rather than Westphalian D or post-Westphalian.     

基质镜质体的煤化作用微环境及其差异演化

在同一样品中，处于硫化铁颗粒外围和硫化铁结核内部的基质镜质体（以下简称基镜体）具不同反射率及地化特征，表明煤层内部煤化作用微环境条件有别导致同类显微组分差异演化，这可能与微应力场和无机元素催化作用不同有关。     

Coal rank variation in the Intrasudetic Basin,SW Poland

The Upper Carboniferous, coal-bearing sequence of the Intrasudetic Basin (SW Poland) includes coals ranging from high-volatile bituminous to anthracitic rank. The lowest values of reflectance are recorded around the basin margins (0.6% R₀ max), the highest ones appear in the center of the basin (exceeding 4% R₀ max). Reflectance gradients are very high, reaching 0.6%/100 m in the centre of the basin.A comparison of the isoreflectance maps for three lithostratigraphical units—the Walbrzych, Bialy Kamien and Zacler Formations, with the present-day burial depth and the depth of burial during the Westphalian B/C—indicates that there is a strong relationship between reflectance and the sediment cover during the Westphalian B/C, particularly in the vicinity of Walbrzych and Lubawka. This suggests that the increase in coal rank is related to the increase in cover which permitted the temperature to build-up to high values.In the eastern and central parts of the basin and the Nowa Ruda area, higher reflectance than that derived from burial depth is observed which is believed to result from higher heat flow from the basement. The volcanic rocks of the Intrasudetic Basin appear to have little effect on coal rank and are not considered to be a significant contributor to the heat flow of the region.During coalification, the oldest Westphalian coal seams were buried to about 700 m and the youngest seams of the Walbrzych Formation to 900 m. Around the basin margins the coals had reached their present-day rank by the Westphalian B/C and in the central part probably by the end of the Stephanian. Most effective coalification took place during the Westphalian A,B occupying a period of less than 20 million years. The coalification temperature is calculated to be 160–170°C with a geothermal gradient of 8–10°C/100 m. These geothermal conditions support the suggestion of a volcanic origin for the Intrasudetic Basin.     

The petrology of greek brown coals

Results are given in the petrography of Greek coals collected from most of the major coal-bearing basins in Greece.Rank was determined by measuring reflectances on the maceral varieties eu-ulminite A and eu-ulminite B and on the maceral textinite. Reflectances obtained from these components indicate a coalification stage of brown coal for all samples. Within this group of samples there is, however, a fairly wide scatter of reflectance values indicating for some of them the transition zone from peat to brown coal and for others a coalification stage close to the transition into bituminous coals. Reflectances obtained from eu-ulminite A and eu-ulminite B were found to correlate well with chemical rank parameters such as volatile matter and calorific value.Composition was determined by maceral analysis. The coals are in general characterized by low amounts of macerals of the inertinite group, low to intermediate amounts of macerals of the liptinite group and high amounts of macerals of the huminite group. Within the latter group densinite, attrinite, eu-ulminite and textinite make up the bulk of the samples.Typical macerals observed in the coals are illustrated by two black and white and three colour plates.Cluster analysis based on maceral distribution, mineral matter and reflectance indicates that the samples studied can be divided into three major groups. The first one is dominated by eu-ulminite and densinite with relatively high reflectances. The second is dominated by attrinite, textinite and texto-ulminite with somewhat lower reflectances. The third is represented by a single sample in which textinite and resinite are the most abundant macerals. This sample also has the lowest reflectance.     

Reflectance anisotropy and syn-deformational coalification of the Jewel seam in the Cadomin area, Alberta, Canada

The Jewel seam of the Cadomin area is complexly folded and cut by several thrust faults. Vitrinite reflectance anisotropy was determined from twenty oriented coal blocks, collected from various structural positions. Five of the blocks have uniaxial anisotropies, five have biaxial positive anisotropies, the remaining ten are biaxial negative. The biaxial coals display maximum reflectance axes parallel to nearby fold axes, which suggests a relationship between vitrinite anisotropy and deformation. The biaxial vitrinite reflectance ellipsoids result from superposition of tectonic strains on a primary, sedimentary burial related, uniaxial anisotropy. A tectonic stress field was probably present during the later stages of sedimentary burial and subsequent deformation.Coalification resulted largely from pre-deformational, sedimentary burial, but the final coalification stage was syn-deformational, as illustrated by the intersection of isorank surfaces and the Jewel seam and the biaxial vitrinite reflectance anisotropy.     

Provincialism and correlations between some properties of vitrinites

Optical and chemical properties for hand-picked samples of vitrinite from a number of British coalfields are correlated and the correlations compared with previously published data. The form of the relationship found for the properties of British vitrinites is generally similar to that exhibited by a number of other sets of analyses, but some significant differences also exist in several of the correlations. For maximum reflectance as a function of carbon content, the present data indicate that at medium and low ranks, maximum reflectance is lower than the level suggested by most previous studies. The relationships of volatile-matter yield to reflectance and carbon content suggest that at low ranks, volatile-matter yield is strongly dependent upon the nature of the coalification history of the vitrinite. Furthermore, these correlations are likely to show provincialism, in that correlations which hold for one coalfield may not be representative of the relationship in other coalfields. Similarly, major differences in relationships involving bireflectance are associated with the tectonic setting at the time of effective coalification. The data presented here indicate that for low-rank coals at least, correlations between properties of vitrinites must take account of provincialism if they are to be sufficiently reliable to be useful. The measurement of a number of rank-sensitive variables can yield additional information about rank, as compared with the use of a single rank-sensitive variable.     

Initial volatilization temperatures and average volatilization rates of coal — Their relationship to coal rank and other characteristics

Two thermal parameters, initial volatilization temperature (IVT) and average volatilization rate (AVR), have been determined by thermogravimetric analysis in argon for 38 coal samples ranging in rank from lignite to low-volatile bituminous. Both IVT and AVR are correlated with percent volatile matter and vitrinite reflectance.The IVT values increase gradually from about 250 to 445°C with increasing rank; however, a change in slope is observed in the region of high-volatile bituminous coals (from about 340°C to about 380°C) when IVT's are plotted against percent volatile matter or percent fixed carbon. The changes in slope near 340°C and near 380°C occur at “coalification jumps” recognized on the basis of changes in the optical and chemical character of the macerals. In general, AVR values decrease gradually with increasing rank for the lignite and sub-bituminous coals and for the medium- and low-volatile bituminous coals; however, a sharp increase in AVR occurs in high-volatile bituminous coals. The change in slope of the IVT curves and sharp increase in the AVR values for high-volatile bituminous coals reflect the development of new, higher vapor pressure organic compounds produced during this stage of the coalification process.A plot of AVR vs IVT reveals three regions which correspond to: (1) lignite and sub-bituminous coals; (2) high-volatile bituminous coals; and (3) medium- to low-volatile bituminous coals.