炉前快速评价球墨铸铁球化质量的新方法

介绍一种球铁球化质量炉前快速检测新技术,在理论分析与实验研究的基础上,提出了一种快速测定液态合金表面张力的新方法－气泡幅频当量法,通过毛细管向被测液体吹气,利用高精度数据采集与处理系统快速测得规定时间内所形成气泡的个数（频）以及气泡内微压差变化（幅）,以此两参数作变量,经适当运算后形成的当量来表征液体表面张力的变化。铁水表面张力与其石墨形态之间有密切关系,因此,应用气泡幅频当时法,可以实现球铁球化质量的炉前快速检测。     

铸造铝合金炉前变质处理的研究及生产实践

对铝合金炉前变质处理进行了研究，在变质处理提高铝合金机械性能的理论基础上，探讨了生产中铸造铝合金断口组织状态和变质效果的关系，变质过度与变质不足都会影响到铝合金铸件成形后的机械性能。     

铝液质量的炉前检测技术

铝合金熔液含气量(主要是含氢量)偏高是铸件产生针孔的主要原因之一。在铝合金除气精炼之后、浇注之前,应检测铝合金熔液的含气量。铝合金铸件生产中,要在浇注前向铝液中加入变质剂(如Na、Sr)或晶粒细化剂(如Ti-B),以细化共晶硅或晶粒,达到提高强度及韧性的目的。但是,在变质处理时,常常出现变质衰退、变质不足及过变质等问题,必须在浇注前能够知道变质处理的效果及变化。此外,铝液中的夹杂物含量对铸件的强度及耐压性都有很大的影响。因此,对上述的含气量、变质或细化效果、夹杂物含量,必须分别采取炉前快速检测措施,这     

新的工程结构材料——点状石墨铸铁

国际上自“球状石墨铸铁”问世以后,铸铁合金掀起了“以铸代锻,以铁代钢”的局面,为工业建设作出了很大贡献。现在“点状石墨铸铁”的研制成功是冶金学上的异军突起,从实验到投产以来,无论在机械性能、工艺、技术等方面都显示了很高的社会效益与经济效益。在不用镁合金和无需优质生铁的条件下,炉前变质处理十分稳定地从铸铁中析出点状石墨或相当于最佳“球铁”中的小球状石墨,石墨量达600～700个/mm~2,从铸态中直接获得珠光体或铁素体基体,其机械性能赶上“球     

石墨铝合金及其减磨铸件

本文介绍了在液态铝合金中加入“阻尼”元素后,用旋涡法引入裸体石墨,生产石墨铝合金减磨铸件的阻尼工艺要点。并介绍了石墨铝合金的组织与性能。     

用稀土镁钛变质剂处理冲天炉铁水生产蠕铁

本文研究了原铁水含硫量和变质处理温度对铸铁中石墨形态的影响,扼要介绍了在冲天炉熔炼条件下用稀土镁钛复合变质剂进行蠕化处理生产蠕铁的工艺方法。研究表明,生产蠕虫状石墨铸铁的必要条件是:蠕化处理温度1400～1420℃;蠕化剂组成为除0.5～0.6%钛铁,0.2%硅钙外,当原铁水含硫量≤0.3%时稀土镁合金加入量为0.5%;在此基础上含硫量每增加0.01%,稀土镁合金加入量增加0.15%。经酸性和碱性冲天炉生产实践表明,该变质处理工艺简单、合金反应平稳、吸收率高,可以稳定地生产蠕铁。     

铸造炉前热分析测试技术与新型热分析仪的研制

热分析法就是通过测定物质温度的变化所引起的物性变化来确定状态变化的方法。在铸造领域,热分析法可用于研究金属或合金的凝固过程,也可作为一种炉前快速检测手段,实现对铸造合金质量、铸件机械性能和生产过程的控制,近年来,在许多国家广泛应用。一、热分析法原理及意义铁水从液态冷却、凝固至固态,要释放自然冷却     

用稀土镁钛变质剂处理冲天炉铁水生产蠕铁

本文研究了原铁水含硫量和变质处理温度对铸铁中石墨形态的影响,扼要介绍了在冲天炉熔炼条件下用稀土镁钛复合变质剂进行蠕化处理生产蠕铁的工艺方法。研究表明,生产蠕虫状石墨铸铁的必要条件是:蠕化处理温度1400～1420℃;蠕化剂组成为除0.5～0.6%钛铁,0.2%硅钙外,当原铁水含硫量≤0.3%时稀土镁合金加入量为0.5%;在此基础上含硫量每增加0.01%,稀土镁合金加入量增加0.15%。经酸性和碱性冲天炉生产实践表明,该变质处理工艺简单、合金反应平稳、吸收率高,可以稳定地生产蠕铁。     

铸铁基础知识及熔炼技术问答(一)

1.什么叫铸铁?它分为哪几种? 含碳量小于2％的铁碳合金称为钢。含碳量大于2％的铁碳合金称为铁。用铁矿石经高炉熔炼出来的铁称为生铁。生铁再经过化铁炉重熔后,铸成铸件的材料为铸铁。 铸铁根据其石墨特征及使用性能,可分为普通灰铸铁,孕育铸铁、白口铸铁、可锻铸铁、球墨铸铁、     

名词解释

<正>铸造铸造生产是指熔炼金属,制造铸型,并将熔融(或液态)金属浇入铸型,凝固后获得一定形状和性能的铸件的成形方法。铸件通常作为毛坯,经机械加工制成零件。铸造方法一般分为砂型铸造和特种铸造。其中砂型铸造应用最为普遍。铸造生产在机械制造中占有很重要的地位,具有一系列的优点:1)铸造可以生产形状复杂,特别是内腔复杂的铸件。2)铸造可用各种合金来生产铸件。如:铸铁、铸钢、合金钢、铜合金、铝合金等各种金属材料都能用于铸造,成其对于脆性金属材料如灰铸铁和难以锻造和切削     

铸铁一次结晶时球状石墨生成的机理

通过采用液淬——热分析方法得出：1.球墨不仅可以从液相中直接析出,而且还可以保持完好的现状（当球化处理充分时）独立长大;在过共晶铸铁中,奥氏体是在共晶转变时才从液相中析出,并优先在石墨球表面生长。2.当球化处理不充分时,石墨球还处在液相中自由生长阶段,在无其它固相的参予情况下就会自行产生畸变。3.在未经球化处理的低S铁水中,石墨首先以小球状（3～5）微米析出,而后在其表面开始生“角”,随硫量的增高这一现象加剧,在液相中长成“爪”状石墨。本工作用过饱和析出法,揭示出石墨表面的螺旋晶及其台阶;经球化处理的石墨呈球状,其表面为取向不同的螺旋晶。本工作还用液淬——热分析法揭示出,在亚共晶铸铁中石墨球是在由于球化、孕育处理所导致的不平衡状态下,以过共晶形式从液相中析出。用插硅及微区光谱分析方法确定了这一成分起伏的存在。在实验结果分析的基础上,笔者试提出铸铁一次结晶时石墨成核、生长（球、畸变、片）的模型、对球化元素作用及反球化元素作用机理提出论点并对孕育机理提出新的看法。     

蠕墨铸铁闸瓦材料组织性能研究

利用冲天炉铁水,通过包底孕育蠕化处理,成功地浇铸出蠕墨铸铁材料。金相观察表明：用2．0％稀土钙铝硅铁合金及2．0％稀土镁铝锌硅铁含金蠕化处理的铸铁,其石墨呈细小、均匀分布的蠕虫状。蠕墨铸铁冲击断口显示,基体发生了较大的塑性变形,且具有较高的冲击功。用蠕墨铸铁制成的机车闸瓦具有比普通灰铸铁闸瓦高得多的压断强度,是制造机车闸瓦的理想材料,值得推广应用。     

改性纳米SiC粉体强化球墨铸铁的耐磨损性能

采用改性纳米SiC粉体对球墨铸铁进行了强韧化处理,研究了不同的纳米SiC粉体加入量对球墨铸铁的微观组织、力学性能以及耐磨损性能的影响。结果表明,经改性纳米SiC粉体强韧化处理后,球墨铸铁中的石墨球尺寸减小,圆整度提高,铁素体含量增多,球墨铸铁的韧性和耐磨损性能提高。当粉体加入量为0.1%（质量分数）时,其延伸率和冲击功分别增加了19%和194%。耐磨损性能提高的原因是石墨球形态的改善和基体组织韧性的提高。     

微量合金元素对D型石墨铸铁的影响

通过对D型石墨铸铁认识过程和形成条件的分析,阐述了微量合金元素对D型石墨铸铁的组织和性能的影响,对于提高铸铁的性能具有一定的指导价值.     

The effect of cast iron graphites on friction and wear performance I: Graphite film formation on grey cast iron surfaces

Cast iron is assessed as a self-lubricating metal-base composite material. The formation of cast iron graphite films and the effective surface treatment of grey cast iron are discussed. It was found that the friction and wear behaviour of cast iron are influenced by the formation of a graphite surface layer. When cast iron surfaces are etched with Nital, they are found to be covered with a graphite film during the sliding friction process. This contributes to the protection of metallic contact points. The formation of graphite films during testing is assumed to be due to the non-elastic deformation of surface graphite. The effects of applied load, sliding velocity and lubricant are also discussed. The coefficient of friction increases with applied load and sliding velocity, and therefore lubrication becomes more important. These phenomena are discussed in terms of the formation of graphite films during the friction process.     

Effectiveness of an externally added solid lubricant on the sliding wear response of a zinc–aluminium alloy,its composite and cast iron

The role played by an externally added solid lubricant like graphite towards controlling the sliding wear behaviour of a zinc-based alloy has been examined in this study. The influence of dispersing hard silicon carbide particles in the alloy was also investigated by testing the composite in identical test conditions. The wear performance of the zinc-based alloy and its composite was compared with that of a gray cast iron. Wear tests were performed in oil lubricated environment. Composition of the lubricant was changed by adding various quantities of graphite (particles) to the oil. The study suggests that the wear response (in terms of wear rate, frictional heating and friction coefficient) of the samples improved in the presence of suspended graphite particles in the oil lubricant. However, this improvement was noticed up to a critical content of graphite particles only and the trend reversed at still higher graphite contents. The zinc-based (matrix) alloy revealed highest wear rate. Dispersoid silicon carbide particles showed a significant improvement in the wear performance of the matrix alloy. The cast iron performed in between the matrix alloy and composite. The frictional heating and friction coefficient were the highest for the composite while the cast iron and the matrix alloy showed a mixed response. Examinations of wear surfaces, subsurface regions and debris particles helped to substantiate the observed wear response of the samples.     

Adhesive wear of stir cast hypereutectic Al–Si–Mg alloy under reciprocating sliding conditions

This paper describes an attempt to enhance the wear properties of hypereutectic cast aluminium–silicon alloys produced by semi-solid metal (SSM) processing technique. The rheological experiments on SSM slurries were performed under continuous cooling condition from liquidus temperature. Wear characteristics of alloy under investigation were studied using pin on flat wear system over a range of normal load (10–40 N) at constant average sliding speed (0.2 m/s) against cast iron and stainless steel counter surface. Stir cast alloy showed lesser weight loss compared to conventional cast alloy. Stir cast and conventional cast alloys showed higher weight loss against the stainless steel as compared to that against cast iron counter surface. Optical microscopy of the conventional cast and stir cast hypereutectic alloy has shown that stir casting causes refinement of primary silicon particles and modification of eutectic silicon compared to conventional cast alloy. The scanning electron microscopy of wear surfaces was carried out to investigate the mode of wear.     

The influence of surface oxidation on the wear resistance of cast iron

This paper reports a study of the influence of surface oxidation on the wear resistance of ductile iron, grey iron and vermicular iron during dry sliding friction. The mechanisms of wear are also reported. This study shows that the effect of surface oxidation (formed under normal atmospheric conditions) on the wear rate depends on the complex functions of graphite morphology and matrix structure. Generally the presence of surface oxidation decreases the wear rate of grey iron but increases the wear rate of ductile iron and vermicular iron when the cast iron has high hardness. This trend is reversed for low hardness cast iron.     

Sliding wear of graphite crystallized chromium white cast iron

The effects of sliding velocity, heat-treatment and graphite shape on sliding wear of graphite crystallized chromium white cast iron were studied. Two types of graphite crystallized chromium white cast irons having flaky or spheroidal and another type of 2.6C–15Cr white cast iron were prepared for this study. The effect of sliding velocity on wear resistance was studied by the Okoshi type and pin-on-disk type wear tests on materials which have experienced “as cast” and “heat-treated” conditions. The Okoshi type wear test results are divided into two relationships depending on sliding velocity or distance. Two regimes, initial wear and steady-state wear, existed for wear loss and sliding distance. A characteristic form of wear curve with a peak and a minimum was obtained when correlating wear loss and sliding velocity. The wear resistance of graphite crystallized chromium white cast irons were superior to that of 2.6C–15Cr white cast iron. In the results of pin-on-disk tests, there was no clear difference in the reported wear loss and friction coefficient among the alloys. However, an opposite tendency has appeared in the wear loss and friction coefficient: the wear loss value reached a peak in the wear curve at 0.52 m/s, while the friction coefficient reached a minimum at 0.52 m/s.