Gurney襟翼对风力机翼型气动噪声影响的数值模拟

为分析Gurney襟翼对风力机翼型气动性能和气动噪声特性的影响,利用Fluent软件中的LES模型计算攻角为4°～20°时原始翼型和带有不同高度Gurney襟翼翼型的气动性能和流场分布,并基于FW-H声类比方法,利用Acoustics模块精确求解远场气动噪声。结果表明:升力系数大于0.8时,Gurney襟翼能明显增大翼型升力系数,但阻力系数也显著增大;襟翼高度小于3%弦长时,失速攻角明显增大;襟翼高度大于3%弦长时,升力系数增幅减小,阻力系数增幅增大,且气动噪声急剧增加,翼型声辐射特征呈现偶极子声场的特点。     

基于多岛遗传算法的襟翼优化

以NACA0012翼型为基础建立尾缘襟翼模型,采用多学科设计优化框架软件Isight、CFD(计算流体力学)软件Fluent(CFD软件包)以及遗传优化算法,对翼型的气动特性进行优化设计,研究了襟翼不同攻角和摆角对翼型气动性能的影响。基于遗传算法原理建立了优化模型,运用CFD数值模拟方法对流场特性进行分析,以升力系数和升阻比之和为目标函数进行寻优,得到使翼型气动性能最优的参数。结果表明:攻角α=12.183°、襟翼摆动角度为θ=1.100 0°时翼型的气动性能最佳,优化后翼型的升阻比增加了16%,升力系数增加了10.1%,同时也证明多岛遗传算法在翼型气动性能优化中的可行性。     

锯齿襟翼尾缘叶片对轴流风机气动噪声的影响

以某双级动叶可调轴流风机为对象,对其动叶片开展齿形襟翼尾缘结构改型。采用雷诺时均方程和k-ε湍流模型及大涡模拟对改型前后的风机性能进行了数值计算,分析了齿形襟翼不同齿长对风机性能、气动噪声及内流特征的影响及内在机理。结果表明：齿形襟翼可大幅提升风机性能,且全压增幅与齿长成反比;采用齿形襟翼后,风机效率峰值向大流量侧偏移,运行高效区增宽;〖JP2〗齿形襟翼可显著降低风机高频噪声,平均降噪量达13 dB;齿形襟翼改善了动叶尾涡结构,降低了叶中及叶根尾缘处能量耗散,影响了尾流逆压梯度区分布,减小了反向对涡核心区的二次回流强度,降低了风机气动噪声;齿长为0.8%弦长的齿形襟翼在改善效率、全压和降噪方面综合性能最优。     

格尼襟翼对翼型气动性能影响的数值研究

为了分析襟翼对风力机翼型气动性能的影响,采用FLUENT软件对带有襟翼和不带襟翼的NACA4412翼型进行了数值模拟。首先通过不同计算模型结果与实验数值的对比,确定了适用于翼型计算的数值边界条件和湍流模型;其次,通过比较无襟翼和1%、2%、4%弦长3种襟翼高度的翼型气动性能和流场的压力分布等,对襟翼对流场的影响和增升原理进行了分析。结果表明:在-5°～+17°攻角范围内,Gurney均可有效增加翼型升力,并且襟翼高度越大增升越明显,但同时阻力也会有所增加,受二者共同作用在小攻角时升阻比变化不大,大攻角时升阻比明显增加。襟翼后卡门涡街代表的低压区和襟翼前角涡代表的高压区的形成是增加翼型升力的根本原因。     

Gurney襟翼对风力提水机风轮性能影响的数值模拟

风力提水机在我国经过严格的生产考核运行和多年的实际应用,产品质量基本可靠,有些机组的水平达到或处于国际领先地位。针对风力提水机的应用,在来流风速3~14m/s、攻角4°~14°范围内,对装有不同高度襟翼的风轮采用Fluent软件进行模拟计算,比较分析其气动性能和叶片周围流场分布的差异,研究Gurney襟翼的增升原理。结果表明,Gurney襟翼有效增加了风轮的输出功率,特别是在大攻角、较高风速情况下,其中2%弦长高度的襟翼增升效果最好,并分析获得风轮输出功率增大的主要原因为襟翼后方出现的卡门涡街和襟翼前面的角涡。     

基于正交试验凹槽-襟翼垂直轴风力机数值研究

为改善垂直轴风力机气动特性,对凹槽-襟翼开展研究。以NACA0021翼型为研究对象,采用正交试验设计对格尼襟翼高度、格尼襟翼位置及凹槽直径等参数进行组合,通过数值计算对垂直轴风力机气动性能与流场结构进行研究,分析凹槽-襟翼流动控制机理及对垂直轴风力机的作用效果。结果表明：格尼襟翼高度是影响垂直轴气动性能的主要因素,且襟翼高度为1.75%c、位置为1.50c及凹槽直径为1.50%c时效果最佳;同时,凹槽-襟翼通过改变尾缘库塔条件以加速翼型吸力面流体流动,从而改善流动分离,增加翼型表面压差,提高垂直轴风力机气动性能;凹槽-襟翼在低尖速比时对垂直轴风力机作用效果较明显,当尖速比为2.33时,凹槽-襟翼垂直轴风力机平均风能利用系数较原始翼型最大可提高35.82%。     

尾缘主动式凹槽-襟翼垂直轴风力机气动性能研究

针对垂直轴风力机实际运行过程中叶片攻角随相位角周期性变化引发的气动性能降低问题,提出主动式凹槽-襟翼结构.以NACA0021翼型为研究对象,采用计算流体力学方法对不同控制策略下凹槽-襟翼结构进行了数值分析.结果 表明:与传统固定凹槽-襟翼相比,垂直轴风力机叶片尾缘布置主动式凹槽-襟翼时气动效率最高可提升36.78％;凹槽-襟翼结构可提高低尖速比下叶片平均转矩,并提高自启动性能;当超过最佳尖速比时,整机气动性能逐渐降低,且主动式凹槽-襟翼对风力机气动性能的提升效果随着尖速比继续增大而下降.     

Gurney襟翼对动叶可调轴流风机性能的影响

以OB-84型动叶可调轴流风机为对象,采用数值模拟方法研究动叶尾缘处安装Gurney襟翼(GF)后对风机性能及内流特征的影响,并对其气动噪声进行评估。结果表明:增设GF可提高风机全压,且其高度越大,风机全压增幅越明显,同时促使最高风机效率点向大流量系数侧移动;高度为0.5%弦长的GF在动叶偏转±3°工况下均可提高大流量系数侧的风机效率;增设GF后,在叶顶处产生的次泄漏涡加剧了叶顶泄漏;尾缘下游区域产生的脱落涡增大了叶片吸力面与压力面间的压差;增设GF后风机气动噪声增大,选用高度为0.5%弦长的GF后,在设计工况点下风机全压和风机效率分别提高12.01%和3.13%。     

尾缘襟翼结构参数对大型风机气动性能影响的仿真研究

利用FAST仿真平台,研究了大型风机智能叶片的尾缘襟翼结构参数对叶片载荷抑制和功率捕获等气动性能的影响。仿真结果表明:尾缘襟翼位于叶尖部位时,在不同风况下,襟翼对叶片具有较好的降载效果,低风况及过渡风况下,功率捕获损失较小;增加襟翼占弦比、长度和摆角范围,在低风况及过渡风况下,可进一步提高叶片的降载能力,但存在一定的功率损失;在高风况下,襟翼占弦比、长度和摆角范围均存在提高叶片降载能力的最佳值,且这3个参数的变化对功率捕获无影响。     

襟翼结构对风力机翼型性能的影响及优化设计

为了研究襟翼结构对风力机翼型气动性能的影响,选用NACA0012翼型,建立了翼型加装襟翼的二维计算模型,使用计算流体力学软件Fluent求解定常、不可压缩雷诺平均的N-S方程和Spalart-Allmaras单方程湍流模型,分析了典型的NACA0012翼型添加不同几何形状襟翼在0°~18°攻角α范围内的气动特性。通过计算表明:在风力机翼型上添加不同结构襟翼,能够提高翼型的有效升力系数,添加同样高度和厚度的三角形襟翼比添加矩形襟翼时的升力系数要大,而阻力变化甚小;因此,选择适当的几何形状襟翼不仅能起到增升效果且能相应的节省材料从而改善其经济性。     

Gurney襟翼对水平轴风力机性能影响的实验研究

在小型低速风洞中对装有NACA4424翼型叶片的水平轴风力机及在其尾缘加装Gurney襟翼的风力机进行了一系列性能对比实验。Gurney襟翼的高度分别为2%b和4%b(b为翼型弦长),叶片安装角在6°~14°范围内,实验风速为6~15m/s。实验结果表明,Gurney襟翼对水平轴风力机性能有显著影响,特别是在大安装角(即大攻角和大升力)下;在小安装角(即小攻角和小升力)时,Gurney襟翼使风力机性能降低。同时,装2%b襟翼的风力机性能要高于装4%b襟翼的风力机;在12°安装角时,前者提高风力机功率最少有39%,而后者也可提高风力机功率在34%以上。对于风力机最常用的叶型FFA-W3-211加装2%b的Gurney襟翼后的风洞对比实验同样证明了上述结论。     

Gurney襟翼对风力机流动控制的数值研究

在风力机大厚度、低雷诺数专用翼型上加装Gurney襟翼进行数值模拟研究。获得了Gurney襟翼在不同襟翼高度下,襟翼高度对翼型气动特性的影响规律,给出最佳襟翼高度,最后探讨Gurney对风力机性能的控制机理。所得结果可为实际工程风力机的控制提供理论指导和技术支撑。     

水平轴风力机桨叶二维增升实验研究

探讨了风力机通过在叶片上加襟翼来提高桨叶气动效率、增加功率可行性的实验研究。翼型选用在风力机中应用最多的NACA63     

Aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance of airfoils with morphing structures

Aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance of airfoils fitted with morphing trailing edges are investigated using a coupled structure/fluid/noise model. The control of the flow over the surface of an airfoil using shape optimization techniques can significantly improve the load distribution along the chord and span lengths whilst minimising noise generation. In this study, a NACA 63‐418 airfoil is fitted with a morphing flap and various morphing profiles are considered with two features that distinguish them from conventional flaps: they are conformal and do not rely on conventional internal mechanisms. A novel design of a morphing flap using a zero Poisson's ratio honeycomb core with tailored bending stiffness is developed and investigated using the finite element model. Whilst tailoring the bending stiffness along the chord of the flap yields large flap deflections, it also enables profile tailoring of the deformed structure which is shown to significantly affect airfoil noise generation. The aeroacoustic behaviour of the airfoil is studied using a semi‐empirical airfoil noise prediction model. Results show that the morphing flap can effectively reduce the airfoil trailing edge noise over a wide range of flow speeds and angles of attack. It is also shown that appropriate morphing profile tailoring improves the effect of morphing trailing edge on the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance of the airfoil. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用于发电系统的局部进气跨声速涡轮气动设计和优化

为了解决高速机载涡轮发电系统效率较低的问题,通过一维计算和三维数值模拟相结合的方法,对以拉法尔喷管作为静叶、三维叶片作为动叶的局部进气跨声速涡轮级进行了研究。在对原型涡轮级流场分析后,通过ISIGHT优化软件集成NX,NUMECA和ANSYS等模块,采用多岛遗传算法,以喷管扩张角、扩张部分长度、周向排布角度以及动叶叶片进口几何角、出口几何角和轴向弦长作为优化变量对涡轮级进行了优化设计。最终得到给定设计工况下的最优几何参数。优化结果表明：优化得到的涡轮级功率达到了74 530 W,效率达到了79.60%,较原型提升了5.1%。     

风力机二维翼型Gurney襟翼增升的数值模拟

采用了以湍流模型为基础的SST(Sherr Stress Transport)模型进行数值计算,分析了翼型添加Gurney襟翼时的气动特性.选用了在风力机中应用较多的NACA63-215翼型,通过数值计算表明:在风力机翼型上添加Gurney襟翼,能够提高翼型的有效升力系数,襟翼高度越大,升力系数越大,阻力系数也相应越大.     

Shape design and numerical analysis on a 1 MW tidal current turbine for the south-western coast of Korea

The study concentrates on the shape design and numerical analysis of a 1 MW horizontal axis tidal current turbine (HATCT), which can be applied near the southwest regions of Korea. On the basis of actual tidal current conditions of south-western region of Korea, configuration design of 1 MW class turbine rotor blade is carried out by blade element momentum theory (BEMT). The hydrodynamic performance including the lift and drag forces, is conducted with the variation of the angle of attack using an open source code of X-Foil. The optimized blade geometry is used for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis with hexahedral numerical grids. This study focuses on developing a new hydrofoil and designing a blade with relatively shorter chord length in contrast to a typical TCT blade. Therefore, after a thorough study of two common hydrofoils, (S814 and DU-91-W2-250, which show good performance for rough conditions), a new hydrofoil, MNU26, is developed. The new hydrofoil has a 26% thickness that can be applied throughout the blade length, giving good structural strength. Power coefficient, pressure and velocity distributions are investigated according to Tip Speed Ratio by CFD analysis. As cavitation analysis is also an important part of the study, it is investigated for all the three hydrofoils. Due to the shorter chord length of the new turbine blade in contrast to a typical TCT blade design, a Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) analysis is also done. Concrete conclusions have been made after comparing the three hydrofoils, considering their performance, efficiency, occurrence of cavitation and structural feasibility.     

Aero-servo-elastic co-optimization of large wind turbine blades with distributed aerodynamic control devices

This work introduces automated wind turbine optimization techniques based on full aero-servo-elastic models and investigates the potential of trailing edge flaps to reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of wind turbines. The Wind Energy with Integrated Servo-control (WEIS) framework is improved to conduct the presented research. Novel methods for the generic implementation and tuning of trailing edge flap devices and their controller are also introduced. Primary flap and controller parameters are optimized to demonstrate potential maximum blade tip deflection reductions of 21%. Concurrent design optimization (i.e., co-design) of a novel segmented wind turbine blade with trailing edge flaps and its controller is then conducted to demonstrate blade cost savings of 5%. Additionally, rotor diameter co-design optimization is demonstrated to reduce the LCOE by 1.3% without significant load increases to the tower. These results demonstrate the efficacy of control co-design optimization using trailing edge flaps, and the entirety of this work provides a foundation for numerous control co-design-oriented studies for distributed aerodynamic control devices.     

Multidisciplinary design optimization of offshore wind turbines for minimum levelized cost of energy

This paper presents a method for multidisciplinary design optimization of offshore wind turbines at system level. The formulation and implementation that enable the integrated aerodynamic and structural design of the rotor and tower simultaneously are detailed. The objective function to be minimized is the levelized cost of energy. The model includes various design constraints: stresses, deflections, modal frequencies and fatigue limits along different stations of the blade and tower. The rotor design variables are: chord and twist distribution, blade length, rated rotational speed and structural thicknesses along the span. The tower design variables are: tower thickness and diameter distribution, as well as the tower height. For the other wind turbine components, a representative mass model is used to include their dynamic interactions in the system. To calculate the system costs, representative cost models of a wind turbine located in an offshore wind farm are used. To show the potential of the method and to verify its usefulness, the 5 MW NREL wind turbine is used as a case study. The result of the design optimization process shows 2.3% decrease in the levelized cost of energy for a representative Dutch site, while satisfying all the design constraints.     

格尼襟翼垂直轴风力机风场研究

为研究垂直轴风力机风场中机组气动性能受格尼襟翼的影响,采用TSST湍流模型对直线翼垂直轴风力机进行数值模拟研究.结果表明:风场上游风力机组尖速比越大,机组间流体加速效果越显著,使风力机组气动性能高于单风力机;在中低尖速比时,格尼襟翼可有效提升单个风力机气动效率,在尖速比较高时,提升效果并不明显;在风力机组中安装格尼襟翼...