SDE和HS-SPME法与GC-MS/O联用分析阳江豆豉的香气活性化合物

采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)和顶空-固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱/嗅闻检测技术(GC-MS/O)深入研究阳江豆豉的香气成分,共鉴定出挥发性化合物174种。SDE法对高分子量、低挥发性物质,如呋喃酮、吡喃酮等,有良好的萃取效果;而HS-SPME法能萃取更多的高挥发性化合物,如小分子的酸和酯类。通过GC-O技术在两种方法的萃取物中共嗅闻到46个香气活性区域。其中9种共有化合物(2/3-甲基丁醛、2/3-甲基丁酸、3-甲硫基丙醛、苯乙醛、愈创木酚、3-羟基-2-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮和苯乙醇),以及香气强度较高(评分大于2.5分)的单方法检出化合物:SDE法4种(3-羟基-4,5-二甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮、2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉、2-丙烯基-3-甲基吡嗪和4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮)、SPME法1种(1-辛烯-3-醇),是阳江豆豉中的关键香气活性物质,对麦芽香、酸奶酪香、烤土豆香、花香、烟熏香、焦糖香和烤香等有贡献。     

老抽酱油储存期间关键气味物质分析及其风味特征的变化

为阐明老抽酱油在不同储存期的关键气味化合物及其风味特征的变化,采用液液萃取与气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱(GC-O-MS)相结合提取并鉴定不同储存期老抽酱油中的挥发性气味化合物,并利用香味提取物稀释分析(AEDA)鉴定关键气味化合物。结果表明:在老抽酱油样品中共检测到56种气味活性物质,其中FD因子>1024的化合物分别为2-甲基吡嗪、2,6-二甲基吡嗪、5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮、2-乙酰基呋喃、2-乙酰基-5-甲基呋喃、1,4-丁内酯、5-甲基-2-呋喃甲醇、2-羟基-3-甲基-2-环戊烯酮、愈创木酚、麦芽酚和4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮 (HDMF),其中,2,6-二甲基吡嗪、5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮、2-羟基-3-甲基-2-环戊烯酮、麦芽酚和HDMF的香气活性值>1,对老抽酱油整体香气起主要贡献作用。感官评价结果表明,老抽酱油随着储存时间的延长,烤香味和烟熏味的气味强度得分升高。该研究分析了老抽酱油的关键气味化合物以及在储存过程中气味特征变化,为老抽酱油相关风味研究提供了理论参考。     

不同淀粉质原料对高盐稀态酱油香气品质的影响

为了研究不同淀粉质原料(面粉、麸皮)对高盐稀态酱油香气品质的影响,本文利用定量描述分析(QDA)对面粉类酱油(FSS)、麸皮类酱油(WSS)的感官特征进行分析,通过顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和液液萃取(LLE)结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)定量对比分析了两种酱油挥发性化合物组成。FSS中酸香、土豆香、麦芽香显著性高于WSS,焦糖香、烟熏香显著性低于WSS(p0.05)。GC-MS共分离鉴定出94种挥发性化合物,其中以酸类、酮类、醛类占主要比例,HS-SPME法能萃取出较多的醛类、含硫化合物,LLE法对呋喃(酮)类、酸类化合物萃取效果较好。通过对酱油中17种关键香气活性物质定量分析以及香气活性值(OAV)的计算,有9种化合物OAV值大于20。其中3-甲基丁醛OAV值最高,HDMF、愈创木酚均有较高的OAV值,且在WSS中高于FSS,与感官分析中的焦糖香、烟熏香结果一致;FSS中2-甲基丁醛、3-甲硫基丙醛的OAV值高于WSS,与麦芽香、土豆香感官分析结果相符。     

10种市售鸡肉香精的挥发性风味化合物分析

为了研究市售鸡肉香精的香气组成,本文通过顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)与气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析10种商业样品,共检出挥发性化合物131种。其中,萜类、醛类和含硫化合物检出种类最多,分别有25、28和29种,另外,检出化合物还包括酯、呋喃(酮)、酮、吡嗪、酚、醇、酸类等。不同香精其香气组成差异较大,以香气组成最复杂的香精为代表,首次通过气相色谱-嗅闻检测技术(GC-O)剖析鸡肉香精的香气组成,共检出香气活性化合物30种。其中代表性香气活性物质及其主要香型分类如下:主体肉香(甲基(2-甲基-3-呋喃基)二硫醚、甲基糠基二硫醚)、特征脂肪香((E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛)、葱蒜香(二甲基三硫、二烯丙基二硫醚)、辛香(4-甲氧基苯甲醛、4-乙基愈创木酚)、烘烤香(3-甲硫基丙醛)、甜香(2,4-二氢-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮、4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮)、酸香(乙酸)和奶香(2,3-丁二酮)。     

SPME-DSE联用分析不同固形物浓度发酵对酱油香气物质的影响

通过固相微萃取(SPME)、直接溶剂萃取(DSE)以及气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)结合的方法,研究不同固形物浓度(S1.1,S1.5,S2.0,S2.5)发酵对酱油香气物质的影响。SPME和DSE共检测出114种挥发性香气成分,其中含量较多的物质是醇(12种),酸(6种),醛(12种)、酮(14种)、酯(15种)。GC-MS分析得出,四种固形物浓度测得的香气物质种类相同,但含量却有较大差异。随着固形物浓度的增加,酸和醛类化合物的含量呈现增长趋势,其中酸类物质在S1.1中的含量分别是S1.5的2.5倍,S2.0的2.2倍,S2.5的1.99倍。另外除2,3-丁二醇,愈创木酚在高固形物浓度中呈现较低含量外,其他如苯乙醇、2-3甲基-丁醛、乙酸、4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮(HDMF)和4-羟基-2-乙基-5-甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮(HEMF)等重要香气物质均随固形物浓度的增加而提高,进一步表明提高固形物浓度有利于酱油香气的平衡。     

高盐稀态酿造酱油中香气活性成分在灭菌前后的变化

为了确定高盐稀态酿造酱油中香气活性成分在灭菌前后的变化情况,采用液液萃取结合溶剂辅助风味成分蒸发法提取灭菌前后酱油样品中的挥发性成分,采用气相色谱-嗅觉检测器联用仪对提取物进行分析,从中检测到24?种香气活性物质,经过与标准品的香气特征、质谱、保留指数进行比对,对其结构进行确定。以2-辛醇为内标,采用内标标准曲线的方法对其进行定量;根据定量结果和香气阈值,计算香气活性值。结果表明,导致灭菌前后香气差别的主要原因为3-甲硫基丙醛、麦芽酚、5-乙基-4-羟基-2-甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮、4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)呋喃酮、己醛、香兰素、愈创木酚和4-乙基愈创木酚质量浓度的变化,此结果与香气评价的结果一致。     

花生油炸制油条香气物质的分析鉴定

采取同时蒸馏萃取制备样品,气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、稀释法气相色谱-嗅闻(GC-O)对花生油炸制油条香气成分进行分析鉴定。基于检索NIST14质谱库、保留指数,气-质联机鉴定出83种化合物,包括醛类、酮类、醇类、酯类、酸类、含硫化合物、含氮杂环、含氧杂环、烃类、其他类,含量最高的是醛类,其中己醛、壬醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、(E,Z)-2,4-癸二烯醛的含量远高于鉴定出的所有其它化合物。基于GC-MS鉴定结果、嗅闻的保留指数、嗅闻的气味特征及标准品,GC-O分析鉴定出30种香气活性物质,其中3-羟基-2-丁酮、3-乙基-2,5-二甲基吡嗪、糠醇、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、2,3-二甲基吡嗪、己醛、庚醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、(E)-2-十一烯醛、3-甲基丁醛、3-甲硫基丙醛、丙醛、辛醛、壬醛、(Z)-2-癸烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇等17种化合物具有较高的稀释因子(log₂FD≥5)。通过本实验研究发现,花生油炸制油条中挥发性化合物种类丰富,构成了花生油条独特的油脂香、焦香、甜香等风味,其中醛类、含氧杂环化合物及含氮杂环化合物含量较高,是花生油炸制油条风味物质的主要成分。     

气相色谱-嗅闻/质谱联用分析酵母菌发酵酱油中香气物质

酱油香气物质的形成与酵母菌的代谢息息相关,本文旨在研究酵母菌对发酵酱油中香气物质形成与含量的影响。采用固相微萃取(SPME)结合气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱(GC-O/MS)联用技术分别对不加酵母菌、加AY酵母菌以及加入T酵母菌发酵制得酱油中的香气物质进行检测分析。结果显示:加入酵母菌的酱油中形成的各类香气物质更加丰富,其中AY型鲁氏酵母菌能够产生更多种类的酯类(11种)及醇类(12种)物质;T型鲁氏酵母菌有助于醛类(7种)物质的形成。且AY型鲁氏酵母菌在酱油酿造过程中产生的酯类(155.19 μg/L)、呋喃酮类(68.53 μg/L)、醛类(86.46 μg/L)等物质的含量更高,T型鲁氏酵母菌的产醇类(1260.64 μg/L)物质能力则更加优越。通过对酱油样品中OAV的计算,发现,AY酵母菌酿造酱油中的4-羟基-2-甲基-5-乙基-3(2H)-呋喃酮(HEMF),2/3-甲基丁醛、及苯乙醛的OAV高于其他样品的OAV值,T型鲁氏酵母菌的1-辛烯-3-醇及3-甲硫基丙醛的OAV值高于其他样品的OAV值。将OAV值与PCA结合分析,可以看出,AY型鲁氏酵母菌发酵酱油的香气优势明显,并且T型鲁氏酵母菌发酵酱油以熟土豆气味为主,并伴有蘑菇香气;AY型鲁氏酵母菌发酵酱油以甜香香气为主,并伴有麦芽香气。综上,AY型鲁氏酵母菌的整体产香优于T型鲁氏酵母菌的产香效果。     

郫县豆瓣特征挥发性物质演变及其香型特性研究

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)、气相色谱-嗅闻(GC-O)和定量描述感官分析等方法,对郫县豆瓣在不同发酵阶段特征挥发性物质的演变及其香型特性进行研究。结果表明,郫县豆瓣中共鉴定出36种特征挥发性物质,赋予产品醇香、酸香、花香、果香、焦糖香、烟熏香、酱香和辛辣刺激味等多种风味特性。采用偏最小二乘回归模型(PLSR)探究特征香气化合物与香型特性的相关性,分析表明:醇香与2-甲基-1-丁醇的关联性最强;酸香主要与乙酸紧密相关;花香主要来自于苯乙醛和苯乙醇;果香则可能主要来源于乙酸乙酯、异戊酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸和苯乙醛;酱香与3-甲硫基丙醛、糠醛和四甲基吡嗪紧密相关;而焦糖香可能是由2-甲基丁醛、愈创木酚、苯甲酸乙酯、HDMF和HEMF共同形成。本研究结果可为改善郫县豆瓣的香气特征提供一定理论参考。     

2种不同工艺酱油原油的挥发性成分的分析

通过用SPME萃取结合GC-MS分析了2种不同工艺酱油原油的挥发性成分,用面积归一化法测定其组分的相对含量,2种酱油中共鉴定出117种(7大类)挥发性风味化合物,天然晒露的酱油共有62种,低盐保温发酵原油有84种,所鉴定的风味化合物包括15种醇,10种酚,18种酸,19种酯,21种醛酮化合物,27种杂环化合物和7种含硫化合物。其中O-愈创木酚、乙酸、3-甲基丁酸、2-甲基丁酸、2-甲基丁醛、苯甲醛、苯乙醛和三甲基吡嗪为2种酱油中都存在的主体物质。尽管酱油中多数香气成分含量极微,但是多种香气成分的存在极大地丰富了酱油的风味。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.