Recognition of diamond grains on surface of fine diamond grinding wheel

The accurate evaluation of grinding wheel surface topography, which is necessary for the investigation of the grinding principle, optimism, modeling, and simulation of a grinding process, significantly depends on the accurate recognition of abrasive grains from the measured wheel surface. A detailed analysis of the grain size distribution characteristics and grain profile wavelength of the fine diamond grinding wheel used for ultra-precision grinding is presented. The requirements of the spatial sampling interval and sampling area for instruments to measure the surface topography of a diamond grinding wheel are discussed. To recognize diamond grains, digital filtering is used to eliminate the high frequency disturbance from the measured 3D digital surface of the grinding wheel, the geometric features of diamond grains are then extracted from the filtered 3D digital surface, and a method based on the grain profile frequency characteristics, diamond grain curvature, and distance between two adjacent diamond grains is proposed. A 3D surface profiler based on scanning white light interferometry is used to measure the 3D surface topography of a #3000 mesh resin bonded diamond grinding wheel, and the diamond grains are then recognized from the 3D digital surface. The experimental result shows that the proposed method is reasonable and effective. __________ Translated from Journal of Dalian University of Technology, 2007, 47(3): 358–362 [译自: 大连理工大学学报]     

高速钢材料的粗金刚石砂轮轴向进给数控磨削机理研究

根据正交试验确定了影响高速钢材料的粗金刚石砂轮轴向进给数控磨削表面粗糙度值Ra的最主要因素是进给速度Vf.在此基础上,进行进给速度Vf单因素数控磨削实验,对数控磨削后表面粗糙度值进行了分析.     

金刚石砂轮表面形貌测量系统

为了实现对金刚石砂轮表面形貌的非接触精密测量,开发了基于干涉原理的金刚石砂轮表面形貌专用测量系统,研究了该系统的测量原理和关键技术。根据垂直扫描白光干涉显微测量原理以及被测对象的特征,提出了适用于砂轮测量的方法,研究了系统的自动扫描范围、垂直方向的扫描方法、单次测量三维表面的恢复算法和磨粒的识别算法。结合自行设计的夹具搭建了砂轮测量系统,并对多次测量拼接算法进行了实验分析。实验结果表明:基于区域重合大小(重合度为30%~50%)的拼接算法获得的拼接前后重合区域的相关系数均大于0.8,拼接后重合区域的高度差均小于0.4μm。得到的结果显示所搭建的系统可以恢复砂轮的形貌,其测量范围和精度满足砂轮磨粒评定和分析的要求。     

Form-truing error compensation of diamond grinding wheel in CNC envelope grinding of free-form surface

In computer numerical control (CNC) grinding of free-form surface, an ideal arc profile of trued diamond grinding wheel is generally employed to plan 3D tool paths, whereas its form-truing errors greatly influence the ground form accuracy. A form-truing error compensation approach is proposed by using an approached wheel arc profile to replace the previously designed ideal one. The objective is to directly compensate the trued wheel arc-profile errors. It may avoid the time consumption of traditional approach that compensates the measured coordinate point errors of workpiece to an iterative grinding operation. First, the 3D tool path surface was constructed to plan the 3D tool paths. Second, the CNC arc truing of grinding wheel was conducted to analyze the form-truing error distribution relative to the applied wheel arc profile. Then, the form-truing error compensation was carried out in CNC envelope grinding. Finally, the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm was used to match the measured coordinate points of workpiece to ideal free-form surface. It is shown that the 3D tool path surface constructed is practicable to plan arbitrary 3D tool paths for the form-truing error compensation. The ICP matching may be used to investigate 3D ground form error distribution. It is confirmed that the form-truing error compensation can directly improve the 3D ground form accuracy. It may decrease the 3D ground form error by about 20% when the 2D form-truing error is reduced by about 58% using the same truing conditions for CNC grinding.     

金刚石微粉砂轮超精密磨削技术

论述了金刚石微粉砂轮超精密磨削的特点、存在的技术难题及其发展前景。对金刚石微粉砂轮超精密磨削机理进行了探讨，认为它是以微切削为主的多种作用的融合；研究了金刚石微粉砂轮修整机理及其常用的有效修整方法；提出了树脂-金属复合结合剂金刚石微粉砂轮的构想，论述其结构的形成、制作过程及其实际磨削效果；最后，探讨了进行金刚石微粉砂轮超精密磨削时的影响因素及环境条件。     

基于LabVIEW的砂轮磨粒检测

为了对砂轮的状态进行检测,利用高倍显微镜景深小的特点,基于聚焦融合原理,建立了一套砂轮检测的三维成像系统,此系统用COM组件将LabVIEW和Matlab紧密结合起来后进行联合编程,既利用了LabVIEW的硬件控制能力又利用了Matlab的算法实现能力.然后使用动态轮廓模型对所得到的磨粒轮廓进行了提取,并通过使用遗传算法来进行动态轮廓模型的演化计算.最后对磨粒进行了分析.     

多颗粒金刚石小砂轮的耗损规律研究

多颗粒金刚石小砂轮轴向进给磨削能实现工程陶瓷等硬脆材料的高效加工,横向裂纹和中位裂纹的扩展均产生材料的去除.通过对多颗粒金刚石小砂轮结构和实验方案设计,能更好地研究端面边缘金刚石对陶瓷加工过程的影响及金刚石的磨损规律.还利用边缘检测和轮廓曲线拟合的方法来实时追踪检测金刚石顶尖曲率半径变化来研究金刚石颗粒的耗损规律,实验结果证明:磨粒顶锥角越大,金刚石磨粒磨削行程越长;材料磨削深度与进给速度两加工参数越大,磨削力和磨削温度越高,金刚石颗粒磨削行程越短.     

圆弧砂轮的修整和金刚笔的调整方法

介绍了磨削球轴承沟道用砂轮的修整方法及修整砂轮圆弧所用金刚笔的不同调整方法,对保证和提高球轴承沟道磨削质量和加工效率具有借鉴作用。     

Wear of diamond grinding wheel in ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding of silicon carbide

It is recognized that grinding efficiency and ground surface quality are determined by grinding wheel performance. Additionally, the investigation on wear behavior is essential for evaluating the grinding wheel performance. There is a lack of research on the tool wear behavior during ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding (UAG), whose grain motion trajectory differs from that in conventional grinding (CG). In the present work, CG and UAG tests of silicon carbide (SiC) were conducted in order to investigate the effects of ultrasonic vibration on the tool wear through tracking observation of grains. Meanwhile, the grinding forces and ground surface roughness correlated to the tool wear stages were studied. The results demonstrated that the main wear types during UAG were micro-fracture and macro-fracture which caused the wheel sharpening, while during CG, the main wear type was attritious wear that made the wheel blunt. As a result, UAG obtained lower and more stable grinding forces while slightly rougher ground surface in comparison with CG.     

Image processing of grinding wheel surface

Identifying the situation of grinding wheel wear and loading is a very important issue for high efficiency grinding operations. This paper presents a new method that detects and identifies the chip loading and cutting edge wear of a grinding wheel using the image processing toolbox of MATLAB. The different optical characters of the metal chips and the abrasive grains are analysed. The Sobel operator is adopted to make edge detection. A sensitivity threshold based on the global condition is used to decrease the noise. Image dilation and erosion processes are used to ensure the edge of each loaded chip is covered by a continuous section. The ratios of chips are calculated and displayed to monitor the wheel surface working status.     

金刚石滚轮修整器的设计及磨削方式

金刚石滚轮是新兴的砂轮修整工具,可以修整出各种复杂形面。介绍金刚石滚轮修整器的设计原理及磨削方式。     

Grinding of brittle materials with brazed diamond grinding wheel

Brazed diamond grinding tool is the most promising tool, which is fitter for powerful and high-efficiency grinding and may be the substitute of plated one in the future. But the research of the tool on brittle material grinding is still few. In the paper, it has been proved that the tool can achieve much better surface quality than any other tools, though large grit size is used in the tool fabrication. Analysis shows that most brittle material surface quality can be improved with the decrease of depth of cut of single grit, but they cannot be improved further because of some unavoidable surface defects.     

Simulation and assessment of diamond mill grinding wheel topography

The topography of grinding wheel has a remarkable effect on grinding process. In this paper, the topographies of two mill grinding wheels with different grain sizes were measured by using an Olympus confocal scanning laser microscope. Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality tests were carried out to obtain distribution characteristics of abrasive grains. The test results indicate that the surface of grind wheel is of non-Gaussian nature. Consequently, a non-Gaussian statistical model was proposed to simulate the mill grinding wheel topography. Simultaneously, some parameters of “Birmingham 14” were introduced to assess the grinding wheel surface quantitatively. Simulated profile of the grinding wheel is found to correspond well in appearance with that of the actual grinding wheel.     

多晶体金刚石磨轮磨削光学玻璃的研究

采用冲击压缩法(Shock Compression Method,SCM)合成的多晶体金刚石磨粒,设计磨削光学玻璃的实验装置.实验结果表明,采用该方法磨削光学玻璃,与单晶体金刚石磨粒磨削光学玻璃相比,采用多晶体金刚石磨粒加工光学玻璃能得到良好的加工表面.     

Image processing of the grinding wheel surface

Identifying the situation of grinding wheel wear and loading is a very important issue for high-efficiency grinding operations. This paper presents a new method that detects and identifies the chip loading and cutting edge wear of a grinding wheel using the image processing toolbox of the MATLAB package. The different optical characters of the metal chips and the abrasive grains are analysed. The Sobel operator is adopted to make the edge detections. A sensitivity threshold based on the global condition is used to lower the noise. Image dilation and erosion processes are used to ensure that the edge of each loaded chip is covered by a continuous section. The ratios of chips are calculated and displayed to monitor the wheel surface working status.     

Experimental study on fabrication and evaluation of micro pyramid-structured silicon surface using a V-tip of diamond grinding wheel

A mechanical fabrication of micro pyramid-structured silicon surface is proposed using crossed grooving with a 60° V-tip of diamond grinding wheel. It can obtain high form-accuracy, good surface quality and efficient productivity in contrast to laser machining and etching, and also assure a high aspect ratio in contrast to other mechanical processes. In order to describe its micro-structured topography, a white-light interferometer was employed, and its measured point cloud was matched using an Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. In micro grinding, a novel CNC mutual-wear truing was first developed to sharpen the wheel V-tip; then, the effects of microscopic wheel topography, silicon crystal-orientation and grinding parameter were investigated on ground micro-topography, truing ratio and material removal ratio; finally, its form-accuracy, pyramid top radius, groove tip radius, surface roughness and aspect ratio were evaluated. It is shown that better microscopic grain protrusion topography on wheel V-tip produces much larger material removal ratio and much better micro-structured topography in micro grinding, but it leads to much less truing ratio in finer GC truing. In micro grinding, silicon crystal-orientation has little effect on micro-structured topography due to diamond crystal-orientations that are randomly distributed on wheel V-tip. Although the micro pyramid-structured form error is only about 3.4 μm, its V-groove bottom and pyramidal top have very large form errors (23.1-47.9 μm) due to the sharpness of wheel V-tip and the frangibility of micro pyramid top. On increasing feed speed, its pyramid top radius decreases and its groove tip radius slightly increases, ultimately leading to an increase in aspect ratio, whereas its surface quality descends. It is concluded that the micro-pyramid arrays may be precisely patterned on silicon surface using a SD600 wheel with crossed tool paths, on-machine V-tip truing and the depth of cut in 1 μm.     

基于修整力的树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮机械修整

研究了树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮修整过程中修整力与修整效果的关系,基于修整力的变化表征了砂轮的表面形貌及磨削性能。首先,对碳化硼、碳化硅、白刚玉3种砂轮修整工具进行实验,并采集了修整过程中修整力的变化;然后,利用白光干涉仪观测修整后砂轮的表面形貌;最后,对修整后砂轮进行磨削验证实验,得到不同修整工具修整后砂轮的磨削性能。基于上述实验,分析并验证了修整力的变化与砂轮表面形貌和砂轮磨削性能的关系。结果表明,法向力Fn能够表征砂轮的磨粒切削刃密度以及磨粒突出高度;修整比率β反映了砂轮的锋锐程度,当β稳定时,砂轮达到充分修整。因此修整力反映了砂轮表面形貌和磨削性能,根据修整力的变化可以把握砂轮的修整进程。     

In-process dressing of fine diamond wheels for tool grinding

In tool grinding operations, especially ceramic cutting tool materials, two aims are important: high production efficiency and high-precision cutting edges with minimum surface and subsurface damage. Using conventional grinding conditions, these two aims cannot be combined without essential restrictions. In-process dressing enables efficient use of fine-grained grinding wheels to obtain superior cutting edge quality.