不同双极膜和离子交换膜电渗析提取琥珀酸的性能对比

琥珀酸作为一种重要的C4平台化合物,可以直接用于表面活性剂、离子螯合剂等化学产品的制备,其30多种衍生物具有更广阔的应用领域.鉴于双极膜电渗析能成功将琥珀酸钠转换成琥珀酸,对比研究了两种双极膜及两种离子交换膜提取琥珀酸的差异.研究结果表明,使用双极膜BPM-2时,琥珀酸回收率在90%以上,能耗在4kW·h/kg以下,电流效率大于80%.此外,两种离子交换膜相比较,性能上没有太大差别.     

离子交换树脂的电再生法

发明了一种离子交换树脂的电再生方法，这种电再生方法利用水作为再生剂，在直流电场作用下，水电离为H^ 和OH^-离子，用其再生失效的离子交换树脂。该方法只消耗电，不用酸碱化学药剂，对环境无污染，使用方便，费用低廉。它是对原有传统离子交换树脂再生技术的重大革新。介绍了这种离子交换树脂电再生方法的原理和装置，还讨论了推广应用中的若干问题。     

离子交换膜的重大国家需求和创新研究

离子交换膜的发展可以追溯到60年前,也是我国最早开发的膜过程,目前已经从当初实验室的研究走向不同工业的应用,特别是近年来,随着国家对环境保护的不断重视,以离子交换膜为基础的过程由于能够实现离子的定向或者选择性迁移,在环境保护、清洁生产和分离等具有举足轻重的地位.本文针对国家目前的产业发展政策阐述了离子交换膜的重大国家需求及其创新研究,对今后该领域的发展进行了展望.     

双极性膜内水迁移速度与最大电流密度间的关系

介绍了水向双极性膜中迁移的速度与膜的最大电流密度之间的关系。理论分析和初步实验说明水的迁移可以用溶解扩散机理来描述，为提高膜的最大电流密度必须提高膜对水的迁移能力。     

离子交换膜金属复合材料的特性及应用

离子交换膜金属复合材料以其良好的致动性和传感性引起了广泛的关注,结合近年来的研究成果,介绍IPMC在静电压作用下的机械特性,在交变电压作用下挠曲变形饱和状态与驱动电压和频率的关系,描述材料的制备方法和关键技术,分析它的致动机理.介绍了IPMC作为人工智能材料在不同领域的应用情况,并对由它制作的致动器在当前研究中存在的问题进行了分析阐述,指出未来研究的工作重点.     

关于液膜迁移过程理论的一点建议

本文提出了用界面吸附—扩散迁移的理论来解释溶质通过液膜扩散迁移机理,并建立了相应的液膜通量方程式,用实验结果进行验证,获得了理论与实验的一致性。     

新型通用离子交换膜的研究与实践

基于离子交换膜的电膜技术,由于其独特的离子传递特性,可以进行离子物系的分离分级,在清洁生产、节能减排、环境保护、能量转换等方面有着广泛的应用前景。然而,目前国内相关均相离子膜产品尚处于起步阶段,以日本为首的国家对我国进行相关技术封锁和价格垄断。正是基于这样的产业背景和现实意义,开发出新型的均相离子膜制备路线尤为重要。本课题组提出了一种简单而通用的侧链型离子化芳香族聚合物的合成方法,即“离子单体聚酰基化”均相离子交换膜制备路线,并通过ATRP法来设计离子交换膜的主链憎水、侧链亲水的接枝结构,通过对接枝密度和接枝长度进行调节,实现对膜性能的调控,以满足不同的应用过程对膜性能的要求。此种均相离子交换膜的制备工艺及产业化生产攻关,可以打破以日本为首的国家对我国离子膜产品的技术封锁,实现具有我国自主知识产权的离子膜技术的产业化。制备条件温和、制备工艺简单、快捷,而且整个过程没有传统方法中常用的季铵化或磺化步骤,有效地简化工艺和降低环境污染,可用于扩散渗析、普通电渗析以及双极膜电渗析过程对高性能离子交换膜材料的需求。该系列离子交换膜在特种废水处理、有机酸生产、氨基酸分离纯化、重金属废水处理等诸多领域得到了广泛的使用,均取得了较为满意的使用效果。     

钴离子在P507—CCl4液膜体系中的活性迁移

研究了在Ｐ５０７－ＣＣｌ４大块液膜体系中，载体Ｐ５０７浓度、反萃液硫酸的浓度、料液ｐＨ、醋酸根浓度等因素对Ｃｏ２＋的活性迁移的影响．实验结果表明，载体浓度增加，Ｃｏ２＋的迁移通量增加．反萃液硫酸浓度增加，料液ｐＨ及醋酸根浓度适度增加均有利于Ｃｏ２＋的迁移．实验中观察到Ｃｏ２＋在膜迁移中的滞留现象，并在支撑液膜实验中测定了较大的Ｐ５０７浓度时Ｃｏ２＋的渗透系数Ｐ．     

电去离子过程脱除低浓度铜离子的研究

采用一级两段的膜堆,以模拟废水为对象,考察了电去离子(EDI)过程脱除低浓度铜离子的性能,为开发一种更环保更经济的重金属废水处理技术提供理论与实验基础.研究证实,脱除铜离子的EDI存在"增强传质"和"电再生"两种模式.在"增强传质"模式操作时,淡室的树脂保持为盐型,阴膜的浓室侧表面无结垢产生.在"电再生"模式下,树脂被水解离产生的H 和OH-所再生,EDI可将铜离子从 50mg/L 左右脱除至火焰原子吸收分光光度法无法检出,同时在阴膜浓室侧表面形成黑色的CuO结垢.选择适当的膜堆形式和工艺条件能够防止结垢,获得一个连续稳定的EDI过程.     

"老字号"的尴尬与"品牌"的魅力

"头戴马聚源,脚蹬内联升,身穿瑞蚨祥,腰缠四大恒",这句民谣道出了老字号在人们心中的份量.遗憾的是,这首民谣是多少年前的流行曲,当年哼着这首民谣的先生小姐老爷太太们如今大都作了古.现在要是谁还这么一身行头一边哼着一边显摆,一旦让没有准备的主儿碰上估计得吓上一跳.     

Use of single-mode waveguides to correct the optical defects of a nulling interferometer

In the area of long-baseline nulling interferometry, high rejection ratios are needed to cancel out the light of a bright central source and look for nearby faint structures or companions. These rejection requirements directly translate into drastic optical constraints. We discuss the possibility of using single-mode waveguides for such applications. Conversely to simple pinholes, single-mode waveguides efficiently correct wave-front defects of both high- and low-order spatial frequencies, ensure a perfect matching of the amplitude profiles coming from the various beams, and can be used with almost optimum coupling efficiency over a broad optical bandpass (typically an octave). They then appear to greatly enhance the feasibility of high-dynamic interferometric coronagraphs.     

Synthesis of a system to correct mechanical suspensions used in standard equipment

This article examines standard equipment which reproduces the angular velocities of centrifuges, revolving platforms, and other apparatus that employ mechanical suspensions. An optimum control system is developed to compensate for constant or slowly changing exciting moments. Values are obtained for the coefficient matrices of the correction system.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 33–34, February, 1995.     

Designing lenses to correct peripheral refractive errors of the eye.

The purpose of this work was to design ophthalmic lenses that correct peripheral refractive errors of human eyes along a meridian. We designed lenses with the tangential section of one surface based on a figured spheroid but figured in the tangential section only. The curvature of the sagittal section of this surface was adjusted separately. A merit function was used to modify these surfaces until the lenses had power errors that corrected the eye. Examples are presented of lenses that correct a schematic eye. They do excellent jobs of correcting the peripheral power errors of the eye and are relatively insensitive to small changes in fitting distance. We conclude that it is theoretically feasible to design lenses to correct peripheral refractive errors.     

The change from an eponym to a representative name: Wegener to granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Scientometrics - In 2011, professional societies recommended the use of the representative name “Granulomatosis with polyangiitis GPA” followed by the parenthetical eponym...     

正确理解、认真贯彻"法定计量检定机构考核规范"促进法定计量检定机构工作与国际接轨

本文论述了“JJF1069”与“ISO／IEC指南25：1990”的关系和区别，结合本单位实际，从质量体系、质量改进、以顾客为中心原则等方面，对“JJF1069”的主要要求、特点以及法定机构采取的相应措施进行了阐述和总结，并就法定机构在向国际通用法则接轨过程中如何来运作、实施法则条款做了探讨。     

An inherent-optical-property-centered approach to correct the angular effects in water-leaving radiance

Remote-sensing reflectance (R(rs)), which is defined as the ratio of water-leaving radiance (L(w)) to downwelling irradiance just above the surface (E(d)(0?)), varies with both water constituents (including bottom properties of optically-shallow waters) and angular geometry. L(w) is commonly measured in the field or by satellite sensors at convenient angles, while E(d)(0?) can be measured in the field or estimated based on atmospheric properties. To isolate the variations of R(rs) (or L(w)) resulting from a change of water constituents, the angular effects of R(rs) (or L(w)) need to be removed. This is also a necessity for the calibration and validation of satellite ocean color measurements. To reach this objective, for optically-deep waters where bottom contribution is negligible, we present a system centered on water's inherent optical properties (IOPs). It can be used to derive IOPs from angular R_rs and offers an alternative to the system centered on the concentration of chlorophyll. This system is applicable to oceanic and coastal waters as well as to multiband and hyperspectral sensors. This IOP-centered system is applied to both numerically simulated data and in situ measurements to test and evaluate its performance. The good results obtained suggest that the system can be applied to angular R(rs) to retrieve IOPs and to remove the angular variation of R(rs).