基于IPCC-CMIP5 预估21世纪中国近海海表温度变化

观测事实表明,近百年来全球气候经历了显著的变暖过程,并且在人类活动排放的CO_2等温室气体不断增加的前提下,未来变暖将会持续下去.利用IPCC第五次评估报告中34个CMIP5模式对于未来不同CO_2排放情景下的输出结果,评估了未来百年中国近海海表温度(SST)的变化趋势.结果表明,基于当前人类的CO_2典型排放速度(RCP4.5),中国近海的大部分海区在2030年以后普遍升温并将接近或超过1℃(相对于1970~2005年的历史海温).其中,中高纬度海区的升温速率最为明显,黄海、渤海和东海的增温幅度明显高于南海,在2030~2039、2060~2069年和2090~2099年间的升温将会分别超过1、2℃和3℃左右.在CO_2加倍排放的情景下(RCP8.5),渤海在21世纪末最大升温可能接近5℃,从而成为全球升温幅度最大的区域之一.由此可见,未来气候变暖背景下中国近海的环境生态将面临严重挑战,这也使得控制减少温室气体的排放、降低气候变化的风险成为当前的紧迫议题.     

CMIP5模式对中国近海海表温度的模拟及预估

基于观测和再分析资料;利用多种指标和方法评估了国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP5）中21个模式对中国近海海温的月、季节和年际变化模拟能力。多模式集合能够再现气候平均意义下近海海温的空间分布特征;但量值上存在一定的低估。在渤海和黄海;集合平均与观测差别比较明显。在年际尺度上;与观测数据对比;模式模拟海温与Niño3指数相关性较小。中国近海海表面温度在1960-2002年有明显的升高趋势;从2003年开始增温趋缓。评估结果表明;ACCESS1.0、BCC-CSM1.1、HadGEM2-ES、IPSL-CM5A-MR、CMCC-CM、FGOALS-g2、CNRM-CM5-2、INMCM4八个模式对中国近海海温的变化有较好的模拟能力。利用ACCESS1.0、INMCM4、BCC-CSM1.1、IPSL-CM5A-MR、CMCC-CM这5个模式结果对中国近海海温未来的变化进行了预估。在RCP4.5、RCP8.5情景下;未来近100年中国近海海温有明显升高趋势;最优模式多模式集合平均增温分别可达到1.5℃、3.3℃;净热通量变化和平流变化共同促进了东海升温。     

基于IPCC-CMIP5的中国东部近海表层水温未来预估分析

近海海表温度（sea surface temperature,SST）的变化对我国沿岸海洋生态环境和渔业资源具有重要影响,研究其变化规律尤其是预估其未来变化一直是物理海洋学的重要研究课题。政府间气候变化专门委员会（Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC）第五次评估报告（The fifth Assessment Report,AR5）对全球及部分典型区域的未来气候变化进行了预估,已成为全球公认的研究气候变化的科学依据。本文利用IPCC第五次评估报告的模式比较计划（Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5,CMIP5）中五个具有代表性的模式（ACCESS1.3、BCC-CSM1.1、CCSM4、GFDL-ESM2G、MPI-ESM-MR）,对未来80年（2030、2060、2090年）相对于2010年中国东部近海（渤海、黄海、东海）表层水温的年代际及季节性变化规律在RCP4.5气候情景下进行了预估分析。通过分析发现中国东部近海表层水温在未来80年内有明显升温趋势：从年代际上看,到2090年表层水温升温幅度达1.18—1.71℃,其中2030—2060年升温最快,2060—2090年升温速度减缓;从季节上看,不同海域不同季节表层水温升温幅度达1.16—2.04℃,中国东部近海各海区在夏季升温幅度较大,冬季较小。     

基于CMIP5模式的南海海平面未来变化预估

Future potential sea level change in the South China Sea(SCS) is estimated by using 24 CMIP5 models under different representative concentration pathway(RCP) scenarios. By the end of the 21 st century(2081–2100 relative to 1986–2005), the multimodel ensemble mean dynamic sea level(DSL) is projected to rise 0.9, 1.6, and 1.1 cm under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, resulting in a total sea level rise(SLR) of 40.9, 48.6, and 64.1 cm in the SCS. It indicates that the SCS will experience a substantial SLR over the 21 st century, and the rise is only marginal larger than the global mean SLR. During the same period, the steric sea level(SSL) rise is estimated to be 6.7, 10.0, and 15.3 cm under the three scenarios, respectively, which accounts only for 16%, 21% and 24% of the total SLR in this region. The changes of the SSL in the SCS are almost out of phase with those of the DSL for the three scenarios. The central deep basin has a slightly weak DSL rise, but a strong SSL rise during the 21 st century, compared with the north and southwest shelves.     

基于CMIP5模拟预估21世纪珠江三角洲地区由于海平面上升而导致的淹没区面积

Projections of potential submerged area due to sea level rise are helpful for improving understanding of the influence of ongoing global warming on coastal areas. The Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition method is used to adaptively decompose the sea level time series in order to extract the secular trend component. Then the linear relationship between the global mean sea level(GMSL) change and the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Delta(PRD)sea level change is calculated: an increase of 1.0 m in the GMSL corresponds to a 1.3 m(uncertainty interval from1.25 to 1.46 m) increase in the PRD. Based on this relationship and the GMSL rise projected by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 under three greenhouse gas emission scenarios(representative concentration pathways, or RCPs, from low to high emission scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5), the PRD sea level is calculated and projected for the period 2006–2100. By around the year 2050, the PRD sea level will rise 0.29(0.21 to 0.40) m under RCP2.6, 0.31(0.22 to 0.42) m under RCP4.5, and 0.34(0.25 to 0.46) m under RCP8.5, respectively.By 2100, it will rise 0.59(0.36 to 0.88) m, 0.71(0.47 to 1.02) m, and 1.0(0.68 to 1.41) m, respectively. In addition,considering the extreme value of relative sea level due to land subsidence(i.e., 0.20 m) and that obtained from intermonthly variability(i.e., 0.33 m), the PRD sea level will rise 1.94 m by the year 2100 under the RCP8.5scenario with the upper uncertainty level(i.e., 1.41 m). Accordingly, the potential submerged area is 8.57×103 km2 for the PRD, about 1.3 times its present area.     

东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)的体型月间变化及环境效应

为了掌握茎柔鱼体型生长变化及其与栖息环境因子的效应关系, 2017年2—4月和6—8月,在东太平洋赤道海域逐月随机采集了3 628尾茎柔鱼样本,进行体质量、胴长的月间变化分析和胴长与海表温、叶绿素a浓度的效应关系研究。结果显示,雌性个体胴长分布范围为163—468mm,体质量分布范围为123—3034g;雄性个体胴长分布范围为171—475mm,体质量分布范围为145—2 681 g。不同月份之间,雌性、雄性个体的胴长和体质量均存在显著性差异,雌雄性个体胴长、体质量均以2月份的最大, 6—8月份的较小。然而,每个月份雌性、雄性个体的胴长分布均为单峰值区间分布。体质量-胴长幂函数关系显示,2—4月份雌雄性个体多倾向于匀速生长、体征较差,6—8月份个体则以负异速生长为主、体征较为良好。雌性、雄性个体胴长与采样海域海表温、采样纬度呈显著的正效应关系,采样海域叶绿素a浓度对雌性胴长产生正效应影响。研究表明,东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼体型的月间差异性显著,体型变化与采样海域海表温、采样纬度关系密切,并且雌性体型与海域叶绿素a浓度呈正效应关系。     

日本21世纪的海洋政策

本文简要介绍了日本文部省、通商产业省、环境省、水产省等省厅的21世纪的海洋政策。     

Short-term changes of marine bacterioplankton in antarctic coastal environment

Observations of the short-term changes of seawater bacterioplankton were carried out during the summer of 1988 in Antarctic coastal surface waters. The studies were designed to compare the variations of bacterioplankton in freemoving and enclosed seawater. Even when a diurnal cycle is present the data collected from the enclosed seawater experiments remain much more constant than the corresponding data in free-moving seawater. The wide range of parameters used in the two experiments reveals common properties which illustrate the major role of displacements of water masses at a fixed sampling station in the temporal changes observed in free-moving Antarctic coastal seawater.     

Arctic climate changes and possible conditions of Arctic navigation in the 21st century

Assessments of current and expected climatic changes in the Arctic Basin are obtained, including ice-cover characteristics influencing the duration of the navigation season on the Northern Sea Route (NSR) along Eurasia and the Northwest Passage (NWP) along North America. The ability of modern climate models to simulate the average duration of the navigation season and its changes over recent decades is estimated. The duration of the navigation season for the NSR and NWP in the 21st century is estimated using an ensemble of climate models. The assessments differ significantly for the NSR and NWP. Unlike the NSR, the NWP reveals no large changes in the navigation season in the first 30 years of the 21st century. From the multimodel simulations, the expected duration of the navigation period by the late 21st century will be approximately 3 to 6 months for the NSR and 2 to 4 months for the NWP under the moderate anthropogenic SRES-A1B scenario.     

21世纪初我国海洋科学的展望

大气、海洋和陆地对自然变异和人类活动的响应速率和规模,具有明显的区别:大气的响应速率快、规模大,全球效应突出;陆地的响应则较缓,且局域效应明显;海洋的响应速率和规模居于大气和陆地之间,但其具体表现则甚为复杂。海洋的板块构造保存了海底地壳的发展历史、而海底沉积物也     

21世纪初期海上丝绸之路大陆岸线位置变化特征

基于遥感和GIS技术,利用Landsat影像目视解译提取2000和2015年海上丝绸之路大陆岸线数据,从整体、洲际尺度、国家尺度、热点区域和港口城市5个空间尺度分析大陆岸线位置变化特征.结果表明:(1)整体方面,2000年和2015年海上丝绸之路沿线地区岸线扩张和后退的比例(速度)分别约为8.21％(27 m·a–1)...     

General forecast of the evolution of the coastal zone of the Eurasian Arctic seas in the 21st century

Principal regularities of the evolution of the Arctic coasts of Eurasia in the 21st century related to the climate warming and sea level rise are assessed. It is stated that the most significant changes may be expected in the most ice-covered seas of the Arctic Ocean, where the area of the ice cover may significantly decrease while the duration of the ice-free periods will grow. Thermoabrasive coasts will be the most subjected to the changes; the rate of their recession will increase 1.5–2.5 fold. The further development of accumulative coasts in the Arctic seas will proceed against the background of a transgression; meanwhile, in the 21st century, one can expect no catastrophic changes such as washing away of coastal accumulative features.     

Estimating climate changes in the northern hemisphere in the 21st century under alternative scenarios of anthropogenic forcing

Possible changes in the climate characteristics of the Northern Hemisphere in the 21st century are estimated using a climate model (developed at the Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (OIAP), Russian Academy of Sciences) under different scenarios of variations in the atmospheric contents of greenhouse gases and aerosols, including those formed at the OIAP on the basis of SRES emission scenarios (group I) and scenarios (group II) developed at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI). Over the 21st century, the global annual mean warming at the surface amounts to 1.2?C2.6°C under scenarios I and 0.9?C1.2°C under scenarios II. For all scenarios II, starting from the 2060s, a decrease is observed in the rate of increase in the global mean annual near-surface air temperature. The spatial structures of variations in the mean annual near-surface air temperature in the 21st century, which have been obtained for both groups of scenarios (with smaller absolute values for scenarios II), are similar. Under scenarios I, within the extratropical latitudes, the mean annual surface air temperature increases by 3?C7°C in North America and by 3?C5°C in Eurasia in the 21st century. Under scenarios II, the near-surface air temperature increases by 2?C4°C in North America and by 2?C3°C in Eurasia. An increase in the total amount of precipitation by the end of the 21st century is noted for both groups of scenarios; the most significant increase in the precipitation rate is noted for the land of the Northern Hemisphere. By the late 21st century, the total area of the near-surface permafrost soils of the land of the Northern Hemisphere decreases to 3.9?C9.5 10⁶ km² for scenarios I and 9.7?C11.0 × 10⁶ km² for scenarios II. The decrease in the area of near-surface permafrost soils by 2091?C2100 (as compared to 2001?C2010) amounts to approximately 65% for scenarios I and 40% for scenarios II. By the end of the 21st century, in regions of eastern Siberia, in which near-surface permafrost soils are preserved, the characteristic depths of seasonal thawing amount to 0.5?C2.5 m for scenarios I and 1?C2 m for scenarios II. In western Siberia, the depth of seasonal thawing amounts to 1?C2 m under both scenarios I and II.     

CMIP5气候模式对北半球夏季阻塞的评估

利用美国国家环境预报中心和美国大气科学研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)的逐日再分析资料,评估了耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(The fifth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project,简称CMIP5)17个气候模式对于20世纪北半球夏季气候态阻塞频数和振幅的模拟能力,从线性趋势和年际变化2方面评估了欧亚3个关键区(欧洲区、乌拉尔山区和鄂霍次克海区)夏季阻塞频数的模拟能力。结果表明:(1)尽管模式对北半球夏季阻塞频数和振幅的模拟结果存在偏差,但大部分模式可以很好模拟出气候态特征,模式对频数的模拟结果略优于振幅;无论频数或者振幅,CanESM2均为17个气候模式中模拟效果最好的,CMCC-CESM和MIROC-ESM为模拟效果最差的,多模式集成的结果优于大部分单一模式。(2)大多数模式可以较好的模拟出欧亚3个关键区夏季平均阻塞频数和标准差,但对阻塞频数线性趋势和年际变化特征的模拟能力有限。