Influence of Polyalkylmethacrylate VIIs on Boundary Film Formation,Friction,Wear and Efficiency of Lubricants

Polyalkylmethacrylates (PAMAs) are well-known as viscosity index improvers and dispersant boosters. This paper shows that PAMAs are able to adsorb from oil solution on to metal surfaces, to produce thick, viscous boundary films.These films enhance lubricant film formation in slow speed and high temperature conditions and thus produce a significant reduction of friction. A systematic study of this phenomenon has made use of the highly flexible nature of PAMA chemistry. A range of dispersant and non-dispersant polymethacrylates has been synthesized. The influence of different functionalities, molecular weights and architectures on both boundary film formation and friction has been explored using optical interferometry and friction-speed charting. From the results, guidelines have been developed for designing PAMAs having optimal boundary lubricating properties.Through their ability to form boundary films PAMAs can significantly contribute to reduce wear in engine, gear and hydraulic lubrication. As a consequence of their viscometric and tribological performance PAMAs can furthermore improve fuel and energy efficiency in different, namely engine and hydraulic applications.Extensive work is currently conducted in the lubricant industry to develop engine oils with lower sulfur, phosphorus and metal content (low SAPS) and to optimize their frictional properties through the use of friction modifiers or synthetic base stocks. We have investigated the contribution of PAMA viscosity index improvers and boosters to improve fuel economy and to reduce wear levels. This paper reports our efforts to develop a new range of PAMAs that have been optimized in terms of composition, architecture, molecular weight and functionality and which can be used in low viscosity, low SAPS formulations to help meet the stringent requirements of modern engine oils.     

摩擦改进剂在重负荷柴油机油中的应用

以中海油气(泰州)石化有限公司生产的石蜡基润滑油基础油为原料,添加一定量的复合添加剂、黏度指数改进剂、有机钼摩擦改进剂、高分子聚合物摩擦改进剂等,制备了符合GB/T 11122—2006质量标准的4种重负荷柴油机油CI-415W-40,主要考察摩擦改进剂对重负荷柴油机油的理化性能、抗磨极压性能、行车性能的影响.结果表明...     

润滑油燃料经济性要求及其对发动机油发展影响

总结了评价润滑油燃料经济性发动机程序试验的发展历程，并介绍了下一代发动机油规格ILSAC GF-5开发新燃料经济性发动机程序试验的最新进展。燃料经济性要求的提高，使得目前发动机油的发展呈现出低粘度化的应用趋势；同时必须添加性能优异的摩擦改进剂以获得良好的燃料经济性。     

高原地区柴油发动机燃用混合燃料的研究

针对高原地区低温、低压、低氧特点,考虑油料与车辆发动机适应性,并综合考虑混合燃料代用效益最大化,考察了分别添加不同体积分数4种油品的0#车用柴油混合燃料的理化性能和SRV摩擦磨损性能,同时进行了发动机台架试验。结果表明,与0#车用柴油相比,各混合燃料的凝点和十六烷值均降低;添加93#车用汽油者的馏程和运动黏度(40℃)均降低,而添加10#航空液压油、HM32液压油和SF15W/40内燃机油者的则均升高。25℃时,随着载荷的增加,加入体积分数20%的93#车用汽油者的平均摩擦系数增大,而添加10#航空液压油、SF15W/40内燃机的柴油混合燃料的平均摩擦系数均减小;70℃时,这3种柴油混合燃料的平均摩擦系数均未随载荷的增加而增大。除添加15% SF15W/40内燃机油者外,分别添加20% 93#车用汽油、20% HM32液压油和30% 10#航空液压油者的磨斑直径均未随温度或载荷的变化而减小,且这4种柴油混合燃料均能满足高原地区柴油发动机使用要求。与0#车用柴油相比,此4种柴油混合燃料的燃油消耗率均增大;除添加30% 10#航空液压油者外,其他三者的功率和扭矩均减小。     

A Fuel Economy Study in Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Lubricants

Internal combustion engines′ fuel economy is an important role for engine designers,engine manufacturers over the past 30 years,especially passenger car motor oils.In heavy duty diesel engine,over the past 20 years,fuel economy has in some cases been sacrificed for exhaust gas emission optimizations.Now,Heavy Duty Automotive and the related industries have strong interest in fuel economy and the lubricants.It is driven by competitive market forces as well as government mandates and new emission regulations.Japan was the first country in the world to establish and implement heavy duty trucks and buses fuel economy standards.Other countries also have followed either by establishing direct fuel economy standards or greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions standards which are directly tied to fuel economy.This paper is discussing that heavy duty diesel engine lubricants can contribute on fuel economy.The contribution of various aspects of engine oil formulations on fuel economy will be discussed such as lubricant viscosity grade,lubricant additives and friction modifiers.In this paper,the evaluation discussions are based on fuel economy measurements in some bench tests,standardized laboratory engine tests and field tests.     

无硫磷型有机减摩剂的研究与应用进展

环保法规的限制推动了发动机油及添加剂的低硫磷化发展趋势,而对发动机油燃油经济性的更高要求促使减摩节能剂在润滑油中的应用日益广泛。减摩剂也在不断朝着低硫磷化的方向发展。文章详细介绍了几类主要的无硫磷型有机减摩剂的化学结构、主要合成路线、作用机理、优缺点及其在发动机油中的应用状况,对无硫磷型有机减摩剂的发展趋势做了简要分析。     

生物质燃油对柴油机润滑油成膜性能的影响

生物质燃油作为化石能源燃料的替代品之一,应用过程中的燃油稀释问题不可避免,研究生物质燃油对发动机润滑油成膜性能的影响极为重要。利用活塞环 缸套摩擦磨损试验机,研究发动机新型代用燃料--生物质燃油对发动机润滑油(CH 4 20W 50)成膜性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜及附带的能谱、X射线光电子能谱仪等分析手段对摩擦后的缸套表面形貌、摩擦反应膜组分进行了分析。结果表明,生物质燃油(其质量分数为10%)稀释致使润滑油黏度从2455 mm2/s下降到1455 mm2/s,进而引起油膜厚度降低;此外,摩擦诱导缸套表面形成含有ZnO、Fe的氧化物、硫化物、磷酸盐和含氮有机物类物质的摩擦反应膜,其中ZnO、FeS、含氮有机物和磷酸盐起着主要的抗磨减摩功效。燃油的稀释作用及引起摩擦反应膜的组成的变化是生物质燃油对润滑油成膜性能影响的主要原因。     

New PAMA Technology Helps Tackle the New Challenges of China Automotive Sector

Polyalkylmethacrylate (PAMA) based viscosity index improver (VII) and pour point depressant (PPD), with the versatile chemistry and unique performance characteristics, are widely used in advanced formulations, enabling fluids to meet rheological requirement of modern specifications. This paper will be dedicated to the application of PAMA in helping China automotive lubricant formulators tackle the challenges of improving fuel economics from using lower viscosity fluids, of better protection strengthten in t...     

The Friction-Reducing, Antiwear and Antioxidation Properties of an Organo-Molybdenum Lube Additive without Sulfur and Phosphorus

The engine oil specifications of ILSAC GF - 4 （ implemented 2004 ） and GF - 5 （ expected 2010 ） have in common three important OEM needs： （1） improved fuel economy and its retention, （2） emissions system compatibility （related to phosphorus and sulfur content）, and （3） improved oil robustness for extended oil life capability （e. g., reduced high temperature deposits and engine sludge, improved oxidative stability, and better valve train wear protec- tion）. For emission systems compatibility, there is a trend towards lower phosphorus and sulfur content in engine oils while maintaining high anti - oxidation and anti - wear performances. In this paper, the friction - reducing, antiwear and antioxidant properties of a sulfurfree and phosphorusfree molybdate ester compound as lubricant additive are discussed. The investigation showed that the molybdate ester enables good frictionreducing ability of the lubricant, and maintains low friction coefficients even after period of severe oil oxidation, which indicates the potential for excellent fuel economy retention in passenger car vehicles. For other organomolybdenum additives, the investigation showed their frictionreducing ability decreased greatly after oxidation of the oil, although the performance appeared to be very good with the fresh oil before aging. In addition, the molybdate ester demonstrated a synergistic effect in anti - wear protection with zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate （ZDDP）, a well- known commonly used additive in engine oils; this suggests that excellent wear protection is possible for an engine oil with reduced sulfur and phosphorus content. Moreover, the molybdate ester is also a strong synergist with arylamine antioxidants, which can retard its depletion in oxidized oil, extend its oxidative induction time, and reduce its high temperature deposit - forming tendency. Thus, this type of sulfur - free and phosphorus - free organo- molybdenum lubricant additive truly provides multifunctional performances, reducing friction, wear, and oxidation of an engine oil when combined with other suitable additives. Due to its phosphorus - free, sulfur- free and multifunctional properties, the molybdate ester compound can be extremely useful in formulat- ing modem engine oils with low phosphorus and sulfur content.     

美国内燃机油新规格对粘度指数改进剂的挑战

过去20年低温泵送性是发动机油重要的指标,但是历来都只针对新油,最近才对使用后油的有所要求。受到各种因素的影响,在发动机整个使用过程中油品低温泵送性可能变得很差。本文使用工业发动机以及专用的发动机试验来考察使用后油品的低温泵送性,特别考察了粘度指数改进剂对其的影响。实验表明：使用某些种类的粘度指数改进剂其使用后油品可保持不错的低温泵送性能,而使用另一类粘度指数改进剂则使用后油品的低温泵送性变差,尽管他们的低温启动性并不受到多大影响,降凝剂也对用后油低温泵送性影响不大。     

低排放、长寿命柴油机对燃料和润滑油的需求

降低环境污染是世界共同关注的目标，重负荷柴油车作为氮氧化物和颗粒物排放的贡献者，清洁型柴油机是达到排放要求的关键因素，柴油机后处理系统对燃料和润滑油提出更高要求，带有尾气后处理发动机必须使用低硫燃料和低硫、低磷、低硫酸盐灰分（低SAPS）柴油机油。     

中国国Ⅳ排放法规对柴油发动机润滑油影响及对策

国Ⅳ排放法规的实施促使柴油发动机制造厂商改进发动机设计,增加后处理装置以适应环保的要求。柴油发动机的变化对润滑油产生了极大的影响,要求发动机油具有低硫盐灰分、低硫、磷元素,对产品配方及单剂提出了新的挑战。各OEM厂采用后处理技术各异,对发动机油要求也不尽相同,研制满足各发动机厂商国Ⅳ排放专用油是目前发动机油研发的一个重要方向。     

重负荷柴油机油烟炱分散性能研究

现代高档重负荷柴油机对润滑油的烟炱分散性能要求很高,研究表明,分散剂类型、分散型粘度指数改进剂、高温清净剂及抗氧抗磨剂等发动机油常用添加剂对油品的烟炱分散性能都有很大影响。通过对各添加剂的优化,很好地解决了油品的烟炱分散性能,顺利通过了MackT-8E烟炱分散发动机试验。     

柴油机油滚子随动件磨损试验的建立

调配了一种能替代柴油机油滚子随动件磨损试验专用燃料的燃料。建立的柴油机油滚子随动件磨损试验具有良好的重复性和区分性,满足滚子随动件磨损试验的要求,可以用于评价柴油机油滚子随动件的磨损性能。     

New Progress in Design and EngineeringDevelopment of Hydrogenation Units3 - Engineering Development and Commercial Application of Lube Oil Hydrogenation Technology

1 Introduction 　　 With the automotive industry embarking on the development route toward high speed, energy conservation,low fuel consumption, low emissions and extended oil condemning limits in the 1990s, better quality lubricant products are needed. The previous approach for improving the performance of lubricant products through adjustment of additive composition can no more meet the demand. Higher requirements for the quality of lube base stocks are raised. These requirements are:(1) higher oxidation stability; (2) better viscosity temperature performance; (3) better low temperature flow property; and (4) excellent shearing stability and antiwear property. In the meantime, the development of industrial technology and stricter environmental and safety requirements have raised their demand for highquality industrial lubricating oils. The quality of mineral lubricating oils made by traditional means of lube technology has been reaching its limits without room for further improvement. In addition the crude oil resources that are suitable for making lube oils are depleting. The lube oil production is forced to opt for the inferior heavy crude, posing a difficult dilemma for the traditional petroleum processing industry.……     

液压技术的发展对液压油的性能要求

由于汽车、机械加工和建筑等行业的快速发展,液压油的用量在近年内有了很大的增长,随着液压技术不断发展,液压油的规格与性能也在不断发展变化,出现了清洁液压油、高过滤性液压油和多级液压油,为了满足液压系统不断提高的用油要求,油品供应商必须提高调合技术,使用高性能基础油,改善添加剂性能,并与OEM供应商密切合作,达到共同发展的目的。     

润滑油节能技术

解决汽车节能和排放的途径是改善汽车发动机设计，提高燃料质量和应用润滑油节能技术，重点讨论了润滑油的低粘度化（多级油）和摩擦改进剂是润滑油节能技术的关键以及摩擦改进的实际应用，并简要论述了国外润滑油的发展及节能评定方法。     

三嗪杂环衍生物水基润滑添加剂的初探

 对摩擦性能优良的三嗪进行水溶性改良,合成了3个新型无灰无磷三嗪衍生物--2 ,4 ,6-三(N,N-二羟乙基氨基)-均三嗪(添加剂A)、2 ,4 ,6-三(N-羟乙基氨基亚甲基硫代)-均三嗪(添加剂B)、2 ,4 ,6-三(N,N-二羟乙基氨基亚甲基硫代)-均三嗪(添加剂C),将其作为水基润滑添加剂,采用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了其在基础水液中的摩擦学性能。结果表明,添加剂B能够明显提高基础液的极压性能;添加剂B、C能够显著改善其抗磨减摩性能;在较低载荷下,添加剂A显示良好的抗磨减摩性能。通过磨斑表面的金相照片和X光能量色散谱(EDS)分析可知,在摩擦过程中,该系列添加剂可能与摩擦副表面发生了复杂的摩擦化学反应,在摩擦副表面生成含硫、氮等的复合边界润滑膜,从而起到了极压抗磨减摩作用。     

内燃机油添加剂的研究现状及发展趋势

介绍了金属清净剂、无灰分散剂、抗氧抗腐剂、摩擦改进剂等内燃机油几大功能添加剂的研究现状及发展趋势，并提出了今后润滑油添加剂的研究方向。随着发动机功率的不断提高，燃料经济性将促使润滑油不断升级换代，环境友好的要求将推动润滑油更加清洁，节能、环保、无灰等高性能、多功能添加剂必将成为未来的发展趋势。     

粘度指数改进剂对车用润滑油性能影响

粘度指数改进剂的种类很多，性能各异，影响润滑油流变能力的粘度指数改进剂是调配车用油的关键成分。文章介绍了不同粘度指数改进剂的作用与性能，分析了不同粘度指数改进剂对车用油低温粘度及高温高剪切粘度产生的不同影响，阐述了不同粘度指数改进剂在不同油品中的选择性与适应性。对于不同用途的车用油，选择合适的粘度指数改进剂是非常重要的，除了考虑其增稠能力、低温性能等指标外，还需关注其剪切稳定性。实验证明，选择剪切稳定性好的粘度指数改进剂，对保证优良、稳定的产品质量，进而突出产品特色是不无裨益的。