Further evaluation of alternative air-filtration systems for reducing the transmission of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by aerosol

The purpose of this study was to compare 4 methods for the reduction of aerosol transmission of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV): high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration, 2x-low-cost filtration, bag filtration, and use of a filter tested against particles derived from dioctylphthalate (DOP). The HEPA-filtration system used a prefilter screen, a bag filter (Eurovent [EU] 8 rating), and a HEPA filter (EU13 rating). The low-cost-filtration system contained mosquito netting (prefilter), 2 fiberglass furnace filters, and 2 electrostatic furnace filters. Bag filtration involved the use of a filter rated EU8 and a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 14. The 95%-DOP, 0.3-microm-filtration system involved a pleat-in-pleat V-bank disposable filter with a 95% efficiency rating for particles 0.3 microm or greater in diameter and ratings of EU9 and MERV 15. No form of intervention was used in the control group. The experimental facilities consisted of 2 chambers connected by a 1.3-m-long duct containing the treatments. Recipient pigs, housed in chamber 2, were exposed to artificial aerosols created by a mechanically operated mister containing modified live PRRSV vaccine located in chamber 1. Aerosol transmission of PRRSV occurred in 0 of the 10 HEPA-filtration replicates, 2 of the 10 bag-filtration replicates, 4 of the 10 low-cost-filtration replicates, 0 of the 10 95%-DOP, 0.3-microm-filtration replicates, and all 10 of the control replicates. Using a similar approach, we further evaluated the HEPA- and 95%-DOP, 0.3-microm-filtration systems. Infection was not observed in any of the 76 HEPA-filtration replicates but was observed in 2 of the 76 95%-DOP, 0.3-microm replicates and 42 of the 50 control replicates. Although the difference between the 95%-DOP, 0.3-microm and control replicates was significant (P < 0.0005), so was the level of failure of the 95%-DOP, 0.3-microm system (P = 0.02). In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, some methods of air filtration were significantly better than others in reducing aerosol transmission of PRRSV, and HEPA filtration was the only system that completely prevented transmission.     

Evaluation of systems for reducing the transmission of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by aerosol

The purpose of this study was to compare 3 methods for the reduction of aerosol transmission of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV): high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration, low-cost filtration, and ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation. The HEPA-filtration system involved a pre-filter screen, a bag filter (EU8 rating), and a HEPA filter (EU13 rating). The low-cost-filtration system contained mosquito netting (pre-filter), a fiberglass furnace filter, and an electrostatic furnace filter. For UV irradiation, a lamp emitted UVC radiation at 253.7 nm. No form of intervention was used in the control group. The experimental facilities consisted of 2 chambers connected by a 1.3-m-long duct. Recipient pigs, housed in chamber 2, were exposed to artificial aerosols created by a mechanically operated mister containing modified live PRRSV vaccine located in chamber 1. Aerosol transmission of PRRSV occurred in 9 of the 10 control replicates, 8 of the 10 UVC-irradiation replicates, 4 of the 10 low-cost-filtration replicates, and 0 of the 10 HEPA-filtration replicates. When compared with no intervention, HEPA filtration and low-cost filtration significantly reduced PRRSV transmission (P < 0.0005 and = 0.0286, respectively), whereas UV irradiation had no effect (P = 0.5). However, low-cost filtration and UV irradiation were significantly less effective (P = 0.043 and P < 0.0005, respectively) than HEPA filtration. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, HEPA filtration was significantly more effective at reducing aerosol transmission of PRRSV than the other methods evaluated.     

Evaluation of aerosol transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus under controlled field conditions

The aim of this study was to determine whether porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) could be transmitted by aerosol under field conditions. A total of 210 five-month-old PRRSV-negative pigs were housed in a mechanically ventilated finishing facility containing 11 pens. Pen 1 contained 10 pigs (indirect contact controls) and pen 2 remained empty, providing a barrier of 2.5 m from the remaining pigs in pens 3 to 11. Fifteen or 16 of the pigs in each of pens 3 to 11 were infected experimentally with a field isolate of PRRSV and the other six or seven pigs served as direct contact controls. Five days after the pigs were infected, two trailers containing 10 five-week-old PRRSV-naive sentinel pigs were placed along each side of the building; one was placed 1 m from the exhaust fans on one side of the building, and the other was placed 30 m from the fans on the other side, and the sentinel pigs remained in the trailers for 72 hours. They were then moved to separate buildings on the same site, 30 and 80 m, respectively, from the infected barn, and their PRRSV status was monitored for 21 days. The direct and indirect contact control pigs became infected with PRRSV but the sentinel pigs did not.     

Experimental quantification of the transmission of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

We conducted an experiment to determine the ability of vaccine against Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to reduce the transmission of PRRSV among pigs. At the end of the experiment, transmission rates did not differ significantly (P = 0.61) between the vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs, the mean R-values being 0.598 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.136 to 3.218) and 0.264 (95% CI 0.008 to 2.266), respectively. The unusually low rate of PRRSV transmission in both groups may not have provided a sufficient challenge to detect a vaccine effect. Several factors could affect the rate of PRRSV transmission: isolate virulence, inoculation dose, inoculation route, number of passages of the challenge virus in cell culture, and population size. Of these, isolate virulence appears to be the most important factor associated with the low transmissibility observed in this study. More studies comparing rates of transmission between PRRSV isolates with diverse levels of virulence are needed to better understand this association.     

Evaluation of the aerosol transmission of a mixed infection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

To evaluate the transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) by aerosol as either a single or mixed infection, 28 pigs were inoculated intratracheally with M hyopneumoniae on day 0 and infected intranasally with PRRSV on day 35; they were housed together in a barn. To assess the aerosol transmission of M hyopneumoniae as a single infection, one trailer (A) containing 10 five-week-old sentinel pigs was placed along the south side of the infected barn (1 m from the fans) on day 28. To assess the mixed infection, two trailers (B and C), each containing 10 five-week-old sentinel pigs, were placed along each side of the barn on day 42. The sentinel pigs in the three trailers were exposed to the exhaust from the fans for seven days. No M hyopneumoniae infection was detected in the sentinel pigs in trailer A, but it was detected in the sentinel pigs in trailers B and C. No PRRSV was detected in any of the sentinel pigs.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征诊断技术研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）是猪群中的一种免疫抑制性传染病,是严重危害我国养猪业的主要疫病之一,应用各种诊断技术对该病做出准确的诊断是预防和控制该病的前提。PRRS诊断技术包括检测病毒、检测血清抗体技术及分型诊断,涉及的技术和方法包括病毒分离、免疫组化、RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光试验、免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验、酶联免疫吸附试验和基因芯片技术等。每种诊断技术都有其各自的优势和局限性,应根据研究目的及工作条件等综合情况予以选择,文章就各种诊断技术的原理、方法及特点进行了概述和比较,并对今后的应用前景和发展趋势进行了展望。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒地方株的分离与鉴定

从河南省某猪场发病仔猪体内分离到1株病毒,该病毒能在 Marc-145细胞上增殖并产生特征性的细胞病变 (CPE),在 Vero、PK-15细胞上不出现CPE.该病毒能被猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒阳性血清特异性地中和,用 PCR反应能扩增出 720 bp的特异性片段.分离病毒回归 30日龄仔猪可出现高热和呼吸道症状.初步鉴定该分离株为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒.     

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: routes of excretion

This study was conducted to delineate potential sites of exit and duration of shedding of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Two experiments of 6 pigs each were conducted. Pigs were farrowed in isolation, weaned at 7 days of age, and housed in individual HEPA filtered isolation chambers. In each experiment, 3 pigs served as controls and 3 were inoculated intranasally with PRRSV (ATCC VR-2402) at 3 weeks of age. In a first experiment, on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 post inoculation (PI), pigs were anesthetized and intubated. The following samples were collected: serum, saliva, conjunctival swabs, urine by cystocentesis, and feces. Upon recovery from anesthesia, the endotracheal tube was removed, rinsed, and the rinse retained. In the second experiment, the sampling schedule was expanded and serum, saliva, and oropharyngeal samples were collected from day 55 to day 124 PI at 14 day intervals. Virus was isolated in porcine alveolar macrophages up to day 14 from urine, day 21 from serum, day 35 from endotracheal tube rinse, day 42 from saliva, and day 84 from oropharyngeal samples. No virus was recovered from conjunctival swabs, fecal samples, or negative control samples. This is the first report of isolation of PRRSV from saliva. Virus-contaminated saliva, especially when considered in the context of social dominance behavior among pigs, may play an important role in PRRSV transmission. These results support previous reports of persistent infection with PRRSV prolonged recovery of virus from tonsils of swine.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒生物学特性

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)为当前危害世界养猪业的重要疾病之一.本文根据当前各国学者对此病原的研究成果从病毒的分类地位,形态、理化特性,组织分布,培养特性,免疫学特性,病毒的基因组成、表达及其功能,病毒蛋白及功能,基因组的遗传和变异作一个系统的综述.     

高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)气溶胶的发生与传播机制

为深入认识猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)气溶胶的发生与传播机制,将35日龄无PRRSV抗体仔猪预饲1周后分为4组(PRSSV攻毒组、直接接触组、间接接触组和阴性对照组),饲养于正负压隔离器中。2个隔离器置于不同室内并通过管道相连,采用AGI-30收集器收集其空气样品。然后,将其接种Marc-145细胞,再用RT-PCR检测病毒;并检测血常规和抗体变化。结果发现,攻毒组于攻毒后4d开始形成气溶胶,并持续到试验结束。气溶胶高峰出现在攻毒后15d。气溶胶传播的间接接触组从临床症状、病理变化、提取病理组织核酸和抗体检测等多个方面都证明其感染了PRRSV,并经鼻腔向外排毒;直接接触组和间接接触组几乎同时感染PRRSV。试验表明,PRRSV不仅能形成气溶胶并且能够通过其迅速感染临近猪群。     

应用RT-PCR检测猪粪便中PRRSV

通过逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR),设计特异性引物检测猪粪便中猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒ORF7基因片段.结果发现,所检测的8份猪粪便样本中有6份扩增出了目的条带,判定为阳性.     

应用RT-PCR检测猪粪便中PRRSV

通过逆转录一聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR），设计特异性引物检测猪粪便中猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒ORF7基因片段。结果发现，所检测的8份猪粪便样本中有6份扩增出了目的条带，判定为阳性。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒检测技术研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征是一种能引起母猪繁殖障碍、新生仔猪呼吸道症状及高病死率的传染病.文章就其检测技术,如病毒分离,抗原检测,血清抗体检测,免疫胶体金技术的研究进展做一综述.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒分子生物学研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）是严重危害养猪业的病原,论文概述了PRRSV的生物学特性和基因组的结构及编码的结构蛋白,综述了PRRSV新型疫苗、反向遗传技术和分子诊断的研究进展,为PRRS的预防和诊断提供科学依据。     

用PCR法检测猪繁殖-呼吸综合征病毒和猪圆环病毒混合感染病例研究

根据已发表的猪繁殖-呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)的核苷酸序列设计特异性引物，应用PCR方法对从福清市某养猪场病猪采集的淋巴结、肺、脾等器官组织病料进行检测，发现该猪场病猪病料的检测结果PRRSV和PCV-2同时为阳性，从而证实了PRRSV和PCV-2在该病猪体内混合感染。     

高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank上猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)变异株的核苷酸序列与古典美洲株的核苷酸序列,设计一对高致病性PRRSV特异性引物,结合快速的RNA抽提试剂和一步法RT-PCR,建立高致病性PRRSV快速RT-PCR检测体系。通过测序和同类试剂盒检测效果比对,证实该体系检测结果准确,体系特异性和灵敏度试验结果显示,该体系对猪瘟病毒、普通PRRSV、禽流感病毒无扩增产物,至少能检测经10万倍稀释后的临床阳性样品。该方法可直接对可疑组织样品进行检测,操作简单、快速、价廉、受环境因素污染概率小,适合临床样品的检测。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒胶体金检测试纸卡的研制

为快速检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒,应用抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒单克隆抗体PRRSV-3D10株和4H11株分别作为胶体金标记物和诊断抗体,羊抗鼠IgG作为质控线,制备胶体金免疫层析抗原检测试纸。该试纸卡具有良好的特异性、敏感性、重复性和稳定性,与PCR方法对比总符合率为93．3％。研究显示,本试纸卡能够快速、准确检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒,可为临床诊断提供参考。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5蛋白研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)是由猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)引起的猪的传染病,对养猪业危害很大.GP5蛋白是PRRSV ORF5基因编码的一个糖基化的囊膜蛋白,具有较好的免疫原性,能够诱导产生中和抗体.因此,GP5蛋白在PRRSV的致病性、诊断、预防与控制等方面研究中具有重要意义,是研制基因工程疫苗的最佳候选基因.近年来对GP5蛋白的研究取得了重要的进展,现就GP5蛋白的特征、免疫作用及疫苗等方面做一综述.     

进境种猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的快速检测

采用ELISA方法对812头份进境种猪血清进行猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)抗体检测,结果发现编号213的血清呈阳性反应,其余呈阴性反应。对213号血样进行实时荧光RT-PCR扩增和凝胶RT-PCR扩增,结果显示荧光RT-PCR扩增呈阳性,凝胶RT-PCR扩增获得374 bp大小特异性片段,与已知的美洲株片段大小相符。该研究建立的先采用ELISA法检测血样,对可疑或阳性样本提取总RNA后进行荧光RT-PCR和凝胶RT-PCR的检疫模式,为PRRSV的快速检测和鉴定提供了新的技术手段,可满足大批量进境种猪快速检疫的需要,同时,该模式的建立,也为其他疫病的检疫提供了借鉴。